Archbishops Of Canterbury

		Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, son of a wealthy citizen of Pavia; born 1005, died 1089. He became a monk of the Benedictine abbey of Bec in 1042, and prior in 1046. In 1062 William of Normandy made him abbot of Caen, and after the Conquest he became archbishop of Canterbury (1070). He did much to purify and reform the church, at the same thee preserving its insular independence. He enjoyed the confidence of William I., and promoted the peaceable succession of William Rufus, under whom he exercised the chief authority till his death. His writings were printed in 1647, and again at Oxford 1844
Lanfranc 1070 - 89
		Anselm, (St.), a celebrated Christian philosopher and theologian, born at Aosta, in Piedmont in 1033; died at Canterbury 1109. At the age of twenty-seven (1060) he became a monk at Bec, in Normandy, whither he had been attracted by the celebrity of Lanfranc.   Three years later he was elected prior, and in 1078 he was chosen abbot, which he remained for fifteen years. During this period of his life he wrote his first philosophical and religious works: the dialogues on Truth and Free-will, and the treatises Monologion and Proslogion ; and at the same time his influence made itself so felt among the monks under his charge that Bec became the chief seat of learning in Europe.
Anselm 1093 - 1109

In 1093 Anselm was offered by William Rufus the archbishopric of Canterbury, and accepted it, though with great reluctance, and with the condition that all the lands belonging to the see should be restored. William II. soon quarreled with the archbishop, who would show no subservience to him, and would persist in acknowledging Pope Urban in opposition to the anti-pope Clement.

William ultimately had to give way. He both himself acknowledged Urban and conferred the pallium upon Anselm. The king became his bitter enemy, however, and so great were Anselm's difficulties that in 1097 he set out for Rome to consult with the pope. Urban received him with great distinction, but did not venture really to take the side of the prelate against the king, though William had refused to receive Anselm again as archbishop, and had seized on the revenues of the see of Canterbury, which he retained till his death in 1100. Anselm accordingly remained abroad, where he wrote most of his celebrated treatise on the atonement, entitled Cur Deus Home (Why God was made Man; translated into English, Oxford, 1858). When William was succeeded by Henry I Anselm was recalled; but Henry insisted that he should submit to be reinvested in his see by himself, although the popes claimed the right of investing for themselves alone .

Much negotiation followed, and Henry did not surrender his claims till 1107, when Anselm's long struggle on behalf of the rights of the church came to an end. Anselm was a great scholar, a deep and original thinker, and a man of the utmost saintliness and piety. The chief of his writings are the Monologion, the Proslogion, and the Cur Deus Homo. The first is an attempt to prove inductively the existence of God by pure reason without the aid of Scripture or authority; the second is an attempt to prove the same by the deductive method; the Cur Deus Homo is intended to prove the necessity of the incarnation. Among his numerous other writings are more than 400 letters. His life was written by his domestic chaplain and companion, Eadmer, a monk of Canterbury.

POPES

GREGORY the name of thirteen popes, of whom we need to note the following :-

Greogory I., called also the Great born at Rome, of noble family, about 540. He became a member of the senate, and was made prefect of Rome in 573. He expended his inheritance in the foundation of monasteries, and charitable institution, and then took monastic vows himself . Pope Pelagius II. sent him on an embassy to Constantinople, and afterwards made him Papal secretary. On the death of Pelagius in 590 he was chosen his successor. He displayed great zeal for the conversion of heretics, sending missionaries to Sicily, Sardina, Lombardy, England, &c., as well as for the advancement of monachism, and the enforcement of clerical celibacy. He died in 604. The works ascribed to him are very numerous; his genuine writings consist of a treatise on the Pastoral Duty, Letters, Scripture Commentaries, &c. :-

		Gregory VII. (Hildebrand), born about 1020 at Soana, in Tuscany; passed part of his early life in Rome, became a monk at Cluny, ad then returned to Rome with Bruno on the election of the latter to the papal chair. He exercised great influence over Leo IX. (Bruno) and his successor, Victor II., Nicholas II, and Alexander II; and under Nicholas II. he succeeded in depriving the clergy and people of Rome of a voice in the election to the pontificate by giving the power of nomination to the cardinals alone. On the death of Alexander II. (1073) he was raised to the Papal chair. His chief aim was to found a theocracy in which the pope should be the sovereign ruler, in political as well as ecclesiastical matters. He therefore prohibited simony and the marriage of priests (1074), and abolished lay investiture (1075), the only remaining source of the authority of princes over the clergy of their dominions.
Gregory VII.

The Emperor Henry IV. refused to obey this decree, and Gregory, after deposing several German bishops who had bought their offices of the emperor, and excommunicating five imperial councillors concerned in this transaction, summoned the emperor before a council at Rome to defend himself against the charges brought against him Henry then caused a sentence of deposition to be passed against the pope by a council assembled at Worms. The pope, in return, excommunicated the emperor and Henry, finding himself in difficulties, went to Italy and submitted at Canossa. (1077) to a humiliating penance, and received absolution . After defeating Rodolph of Suabia, however, Henry caused the pope to be deposed by the Council of Brixen, and an antipope, Clement III., to be elected in 1080, after which he hastened to Rome and placed the new pope on the throne. Gregory passed three years as a prisoner in the castle of St. Angelo, and though finally liberated by Robert Guiscard, he was obliged to retire under the protection of Guiscard to Salerno, where he died in 1085 

Gregory XIII. ( Ugo Buoncompagno ) born at Bologna in 1502; created cardinal in 1565; chosen successor of Pius V. in the popedom in 1572. He permitted the Cardinal of Lorraine to make a thanksgiving for the massacre of St. Bartholomew, encouraged plots against Queen Elizabeth, and incited Philip II. to attack her. His foreign policy cost him much money for subsidies to excite enemies to the Turks and heretics, and his financial expedients to fill his exchequer ruined the trade and disturbed the peace of his own dominions. He did much to encourage education, his expenditure for this purpose exceeding two million Roman crowns, out of which many colleges at Rome were endowed.

He reformed the Julian calendar. He died 10th April, 1585.