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Born 1366. Married first Anne of Bohemia, daughter of emperor of Germany; secondly, Isabella, daughter of Charles VI. king of France. No children by either wife. Began to reign, 1377. - Reigned 22 years. Deposed 1399.

DOMINIONS

Richard succeeded to the kingdom of England and to the diminished French possessions of his grandfather, but the internal dissension's of his reign led to no serious diminution of what remained, though French fleets ravaged the shores of England.

In 1378 Charles the Bad of Navarre and Evreux put certain Norman fortresses into English hands, and Cherbourg was held till 1396, Brest was put into the hands of the English in 1378 by the Duke of Britanny, and restored in 1397.

Richard II.., King of England, son of Edward the Black Prince, and grandson of Edward III., was born at Bordeaux in 1366, He succeeded the latter in 1377. Eldest son of Edward III - A mystery character,only ten when he mounted the throne in 1377 and only thirty-two when he toppled from it in 1399. He was a golden haired, slightly - built youth who in many ways lacked manliness. His temper was so violent that he would hurl his hood or his boots out of the window.

He was often foolishly arrogant and self-willed and sometimes outrageously rude. He loved fine clothes and pageants and was ruinously extravagant. Yet there were times when he showed remarkable spirit and the ability to rule wisely.

PRINCIPAL EVENTS.
John of Gaunt, regent. Imposition of a poll tax, 1378; which, in 1381, led to a peasant insurrection, headed by Wat Tyler, who was slain. The papal power abolished in England by parliament, 1392. The Lollards persecuted, 1394. The duke of Gloucester, the king's uncle, murdered, 1397. The duke of Hereford, son of John of Gaunt who died 1398, banished from the kingdom; but returns the next year and claims the crown, which he obtained .

During his early years, while the country was governed by a Council, the Scots were harrowing the north. The French, carrying the Hundred Years War into enemy country, were burning and raiding in the south. And the islanders themselves were at odds over the widespread troubles inherited from the previous reign.

It is strange to think that only five or six hundred years ago the English peasants, or " villeins," were still serfs. They were bound to labour on the landholders home-farms at stated times and to render various other humiliating and burdensome dues. And they could not leave their villages: they were tied to the soil, like the cattle. None the less, an old practice of commuting the labour services for a money rent was spreading steadily, though it did not release the labourers from their other servile ties. Meantime, largely owing to the Black Death of 1348, labour had become scarce and dear and the landholders were at their wits end . The labourers who had not commuted their field services worked grudgingly - if at all; and to hire free labour was both difficult and costly. Under these conditions the big feudal manors were breaking up. On the other hand, the peasant class was on the up grade. Wages being high and land cheap, many workers rented land on their own account and became yeomen farmers. It is not surprising, therefore, that they chafed under their feudal bonds and demanded to be set free. The Statutes of Labourers, passed in 1351 and later, had aimed at keeping wages at their former low level. But they had only inflamed the workers sense of grievance and in 1381 the rumbling volcano of their discontent broke into violent eruption.

The Peasant Revolt, or Wat Tyler's Rebellion took place in 1381 the suppression of which the boy-king showed considerable capacity and boldness. Bands of armed rebels from Kent and Essex surged on London (whose citizens also had their labour and other grievances) and spread fire and slaughter among their most hated oppressors. While the Council trembled with fear Richard boldly took the situation in hand. Riding out to face the angry mob, he demanded to know their grievances. Richard granted their petition on the spot. All labour services were to be commuted and villeinage abolished. But the insurrection was not yet over. Richard had to imperil his life in another parley with the more violent of the rebels. By sheer force of character and superb courage he pacified them and soon London was quiet again. And then came the great betrayal.

The charters of liberation Richard had issued were revoked. The landholders in Parliament declared they were illegal without their consent and hotly refused to surrender their rights. The rebel leaders were everywhere hounded down and hanged or imprisoned. Villeinage continued as before. Yet it was already in decline and, as the changing times made it increasingly out of date, it gradually died a natural death

In his sixteenth year (1382) he married Anne, daughter of the Emperor Charles IV.

Wycliffe's religious crusade, began by trouncing the clergy for their wealth and worldliness and the Pope for his interference in matters of Church government and discipline. Afterwards, he and his followers, the Lollards, went much further. They challenged some of the foremost spiritual teachings and practices of the Roman Church. Here, however, they were in advance of their time. Wycliffe, indeed, was a religious pioneer, one of the bold spirits who go forth and blaze a trail for others to follow. He began an organised campaign for purifying the Church and abolishing superstitious beliefs, many of which falsely exalted the authority of Popes and priests. The movement largely failed to have any immediate success, but it lingered on underground until finally its teachings were absorbed by the Reformation of the sixteenth century. Another great work of Wycliffe's was the part he took in giving the English people their first complete translation of the Latin Bible.

Wars with France and Scotland, and the ambitious intrigues of the Duke of Lancaster, one of his uncles disquieted some succeeding years. The proper government of the kingdom was interfered with by contests for power between the king with his favourites, and his uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, backed by parliament.

While Richard was growing up, the control of the government were by the King himself and his youngest uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, together with his baronial confederates. In 1389 the king dismissed Gloucester and his adherents from his council, and took the reins of government himself. Richard showed how wisely he could rule when he liked, but then came a remarkable change. Richard turned tyrant and openly gloried in his tyranny.

In 1394 Anne of Bohemia died, and two years later Richard married Isabella of France. This union was strongly opposed by the Duke of Gloucester who in consequence, was suffocated in Calais, where he had been sent for safe custody, others of his former opponents were executed, murdered or imprisoned . A quarrel having broken out between Richard's cousin, the Duke of Hereford, son of John of Gaunt and the Duke of Norfolk, Richard banished them both.

The next year 1399, the Duke of Lancaster died, and Richard confiscated his estates. This unjust act was the immediate cause of the kings fall. During his absence in Ireland, Bolingbrok, as the Duke of Hereford was called, landed in Yorkshire with a small force, and the king on his return to England was induced to abdicate, and formally deposed by parliament September 30, 1399, and the crown awarded to Henry. ( See Henry IV. ) .

Richard was then imprisoned in the castle of Pomfret where he died in 1400, which, of course, was very convenient for Henry.

Archbishops - Simon of Sudbury, beheaded by Wat Tyler's rioters, 1381; William Courtenay, translated from London, 1381 - 1395; Thomas Fitz-Alan, translated from York, brother to the Earl of Arundel, 1395 - 1398; in 1398 Fitz - Alan, often called Arundel, was translated to St. Andrews on the king's request, being at the time in exile, and Roger Walden was consecrated his successor, but Fitz - Alan returned in 1399 and Walden was deposed.

Chancellors. - Adam de Houghton 1377 - 1378; Lord Scrope, 1378 - 79; Simon, the Archbishop, 1379 - 1381; William Courteney, Archbishop, 1381; Lord Scrope, 1381 - 1382; Robert de Braybrooke, Bishop of London, 1382 - 1383; Michael de la Pole, 1383 - 1386; Thomas Fitz - Alan, Bishop of Ely, 1386 - 1389; William of Wykeham, 1389 - 1391; Thomas Fitz - Alan, Archbishop of York, 1391 - 1396; Edmund Stafford, Bishop of Exeter, 1396 -1399; in 1399, after the landing of Henry of Bolingbroke, Fitz-Alan returned and began at once to act as chancellor and archbishop.

In 1386 a Council of Regency superseded the king. They were Courtenay the Archbishop, Neville, Archbishop of York, William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, Thomas Brentingham, Bishop of Exeter and Treasurer, the Abbot of Waltham, the Dukes of Gloucester and York, the king's uncles, the Earl of Arundel, Lord Scrope, Lord Cobham, and Sir John Devereux.
In 1388 the following five Lords Appellant appealed the king's favourites of treason, the Duke of Gloucester, the Earl of Derby, afterwards King Henry IV., the Earl of Nottingham, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Arundell, the Earl of Warwick
In 1393, the Act of Praemunire, 16 Rich. II. c. 5, was passed, inflicting very heavy penalties upon all who tried to evade Edward III.'s acts against Papal Provisions, making the Papal authority in fact only valid in England, or between Englishmen, with the royal consent and confirming a real royal supremacy. Printed in the Statute. In 1395 the bill of the Lollards, against religious and social abuses, was delivered in Parliament. The decay of charity, the sinfulness of war, denunciation of useless trades, the doctrine that "dominion is founded in grace," the principle upon which the saints claimed to rule in 1653, appear side by side with Protestant views. Printed in Wilkins and Spelman, Councils, ed. Haddan and Stubbs, iii. 225. In 1397 Richard seized absolute power, and by Act of Parliament in 1398, 21 Rich. II. c. 1-13, annulled the Council of Regency of 1386 and all the Acts of the Parliament of 1388, punished those engaged with the Lords Appellant in those years, and made it treason to attempt the repeal of the acts of the present Parliament. By 21 Rich. II. c. 16, the powers of Parliament were delegated to eighteen commissioners who were supposed to be in the king's interest Printed in the Statutes.

The same Parliament voted the subsidy on wool, woolfells, and leather to the king for life. (Rolls of Parliament, iii. 368.)
In 1399 thirty-three articles of accusation were exhibited in Parliament and were voted sufficient ground for the deposition of the king. (Rolls of Parliament, iii. 416 - 422.)

Though there was continuous warfare with the French and in Britanny, in Flanders, and in Spain, where the Duke of Lancaster long prosecuted a claim to the crown of Castile through his second wife, daughter to Pedro the Cruel, there were no great battles. In 1387 the Earl of Arundel captured a French fleet in the Flemish harbours near Sluys, and in 1388 the most famous of the border battles was fought at Otterbourn, where Henry Percy, called Hotspur, was defeated and taken, but the Scotch leader, the Earl of Douglas, slain. In 1396 Richard made peace with France for thirty years on marrying the child Isabella, daughter to Charles VI., and withdrew the English garrisons from Cherbourg and Britanny.

During this period Scotland was even more disturbed than England. In 1384 a raid into England was arranged by the nobles against the king's wish, in order to provide sport for a party of French knights who had come to Scotland. The English naturally made a raid in return, and then the French Admiral, John de Vienne, was sent with a considerable army to aid the Scots. The Scots of the Border country knew that they must always be prepared for raids by the English. So they never built very substantial villages, but only huts which could be replaced quickly whenever they were destroyed by an enemy. When a large English army invaded Scotland, the Borderers made off to the hills or woods with all they valued most, and left the English to weary themselves by marching though a deserted country where they could find no food for either men or horses. The Scots could pounce upon stragglers and foraging parties; but they saw nothing to be gained by staying to face the English knights and archers in a pitched battle. In spite of the presence of the French, the English laid waste the lowlands of Scotland with terrible severity, burning Melrose Abbey and the towns of Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee.

In 1388 a party of Scots raiders retiring with their booty was caught up at Otterburn, twenty miles on the English side of the Border, by Henry Percy (the "Hotspur" who was later killed at Shrewsbury). The battle of Otterburn is supposed to be described in the ballad of Chevy Chase.

Raids continued going on, with the English being led by, the Percies and the Douglases on the Scotish side. The most important battle was at Homildon or Humbleton Hill, near Wooler in Northumberland. Archibald, Earl of Douglas, was there taken prisoner; the next year he fought along with his captor, Percy, against Henry IV at Shrewsbury, and was again on the losing side and again made prisoner. In 1406 England had a more notable success, for Prince James, the heir to the Scots throne, then a boy of twelve, was captured off Flamborough Head when on his way to the French court. His father died a few weeks later, and his uncle, the Duke of Albany, who was about seventy years old, became regent.

Albany ruled for fourteen years, more strongly than any king of Scotland since the War of Independence. He held so much land that he was able to live on his own revenues, without levying taxes. Although there were still raids on both sides, he kept on fairly good terms with England; and, like Henry IV, he cultivated the friendship and support of the Church by burning at least one heretic. In his time St. Andrews University was founded, the first university in Scotland (1414).