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ENDNOTES

A Brief History of the Fossil Record and Historical Geology

¹Adams, 137.

²A Book on fossil Objects, chiefly Stones and Gems, their Shapes and Appearances.

³Rudwick, 6.

⁴Gesner's On fossil Objects was part of a multiwork volume.

⁵Rudwick, 14.

⁶Rudwick, 33.

⁷Rudwick, 45. It is appropriate to note that Kuhnian paradigm shift is a useful concept regarding this issue.

⁸The importance of philosophical views regarding which lines of scientific inquiry are and are not followed has until recently been underappreciated in historiographical analysis of science. As a result it is at times difficult to use many of the secondary sources presently available.

⁹Steno, from Mather, 36.

¹⁰It is to be noted that for much the same reason continental drift was not taken seriously until long after Wegener proposed it. Because his hypothesis for how was flawed, it was taken for granted that his what was also wrong. See Hallam.

¹¹Rudwick, 64.

¹²Hallam, 4.

¹³Hallam, 24.

¹⁴Faul, 138.

¹⁵Cuvier widely admitted that Brongniart did most of the work, but Cuvier as the higher placed scientist was listed first. Faul, 141.

¹⁶Faul, 141.

¹⁷Hallam, 30.

¹⁸Hutton, from Hallam, 31.

¹⁹The selection referred to is reprinted in Hallam, 32-33.

²⁰Hallam, 111.

American Popular Culture: Outdoor Entertainments

¹John Bill Ricketts' Circus. Eckley, pg. 1.

²Arbitrary date, extrapolated from the end of rail circuses under canvas, and the death knell of "proper" freakshows.

³Gresham, pg. 8.

⁴A still date is when an organization, like the Lions club, provides the space for a percentage of the gate.

⁵These pay out cheap prizes to every player, "dime a dozen" at a ten cent game.

⁶I am uncertain what this looks like, but they seem to oscillate, and can be self-powered.

⁷Another term for a merry-go-round, the earliest had very rudimentary animals, if any at all.

⁸Carrousel animals were frequently either imports or produced by recent immigrants.

⁹One may juggle in the square, and show freaks in an inn, but trick riding needs an arena.

¹⁰Speaight, pg. 121.

¹¹Besides the main tent, there were also a cook tent, dressing tent, and menagerie tent.

¹²The nut is the daily cost of the show.

¹³Whether this is one of the various circus combinations with his name, himself, or one of his agents is not very clear.

¹⁴Room(s) of interesting bric-a-brac collected by the extremely wealthy.

¹⁵Collections of references objects.

¹⁶ Man, and woman, likes to feel part of a group. This social impulse can, as in music hall, express itself in song.

¹⁷In this way it is kind of like a Siamese twin surgical separation; they're two but bear the memories of not always being so.

¹⁸Freak shows, ten-in-ones, and kid shows are basically the same thing. A ten in one specifically refers to ten acts under one tent for a single price.

¹⁹Queen Victoria and President Lincoln were both very taken with General Tom Thumb.

²⁰Actually, Abraham Lincoln used the same conventions to beat wags to the comparison. It is one of the few times the respectable freak mode has been used in conjunction with great height.

²¹Greenhalgh, and Rydell.

²²Operating more in the realm of folk, as opposed to popular, culture, carnivals and circuses balance novelty and tradition. Some 'novelties' develop staying power, such as the Saracens that continue as game targets long after the Crusades, while others quickly disappear.

²³Rydell, pg. 11. Sculpted by a woman from Arkansas.

²⁴[footnote skipped and very belatedly noticed missing.]

²⁵This was the origin of the term for a special area of amusement, either at a circus or agricultural fair.

²⁶Medicalization of freaks doesn't truly set in until the beginning of the eugenics movement. While presentation style changed before the 1920's, this largely reflected increased "science fact", which contradicted earlier theories such as "maternal influences" such as fear or sorrow producing freaks.

²⁷This was a period during which issues of high-brow versus low-brow were in active ferment.

²⁸Amusement parks have succumbed to the Theme Park, a much more sanitized and controlled venue.

Science in 16th and 17th Century Europe.

¹Rudwick, 70.

²Or pre-Victorianist; I have heard college seniors express the almost "religious" view that science is that which is scientific.

³Ronan, 327.

⁴Ibid., 328. The equant is geometrically equivalent to an epicycle.

⁵I can't think of any major song involving Newton, a la Galileo by the Indigo Girls and certainly no major popular cultural recognition of Huygens. Albert Einstein is probably the only other scientist with as much recognition value.

⁶Hemmendinger, 115. It is noticeable that the popular presentation of the historiography has not changed much, leaving intact a very peculiar notion of science.

⁷Serg*, 16.

⁸Hemmendinger, 115.

⁹Serg*, 49. Taken from a tercentenary address, see J. R. Newman's The World of Mathematics.

¹⁰Leibnitz independently developed calculus, as did several others at the time. In fact, it is Leibnitz's notation that is used, as Newton's was (purposely?) unwieldy.

¹¹Adams, 137.

¹²A Book on fossil Objects, chiefly Stones and Gems, their Shapes and Appearances.

¹³Rudwick, 6.

¹⁴Gesner's On fossil Objects was part of a multiwork volume.

¹⁵Rudwick, 14.

¹⁶Rudwick, 33.

¹⁷Rudwick, 45. It is appropriate to note that Kuhnian paradigm shift is a useful concept regarding this issue.

¹⁸The importance of philosophical views regarding which lines of scientific inquiry are and are not followed has until recently been under appreciated in historiographical analysis of science. As a result it is at times difficult to use many of the secondary sources presently available.

¹⁹Steno, from Mather, 36.

²⁰It is to be noted that for much the same reason continental drift was not taken seriously until long after Wegener proposed it. Because his hypothesis for how was flawed, it was taken for granted that his what was also wrong. See Hallam.

²¹Rudwick, 64.

A Ramen Western? The Magnificent Seven

¹a skateboarding rebel turtle without a cause.

²The correct polite term is "seppeku"; hari kari is in actuality a vulgarity, but general unfamiliarity of the reading public leads to the continued use of the vernacular.

³Sartre, No Exit, final act.

⁴ "Big Yellow Taxi", Joni Mitchell, 1960.

Science Education's Bulldog: Huxley Speaks.

¹Bibby, 247.

²Huxley, as an agnostic, was unsure about not having an afterlife, and granted that extinction wasn't a pleasant thought, and that a comfortable Hell might be okay.

³Bibby, 254.

⁴Nash et al., 261.

⁵Huxley, 116.

⁶Nash, 291.

⁷Huxley, 153.

⁸Huxley, 160.

⁹Bibby, 42.

¹⁰Huxley, 127.

¹¹Huxley, 204.

¹²Huxley, 110.

¹³Nash, 294.

¹⁴Nash, et.al. 255-256.

¹⁵Huxley, 73-74.

¹⁶Taken from Bibby, 113-114.

¹⁷Taken from Bibby, 134.

¹⁸Bibby, 138

¹⁹Bibby, 138

²⁰Bibby, 139.

²¹Nash, 298.

²²Huxley, 198.

²³Partly from Di Gregorio, 188-189. This work is primarily a scientific biography, as Huxley's position in science was blurred by his work as "Darwin's Bulldog" as well as his numerous educational promotional activities.

²⁴Taken from Nash, et. al, 268.

²⁵Joseph Payne had not thought him serious and issued a challenge to men of science to teach what they preached.

²⁶Taken from Bibby, 156. Primary and secondary schools were parallel systems at the time. Only the secondary schools truly fed into University and the professions.

²⁷Bibby, 147-148.

²⁸Bibby, 157.

²⁹Huxley, 215.

³⁰Bibby, 255.

³¹Huxley, 296.

³²Nash, 306.

³³Bibby, 130-131.

³⁴Bibby, 255.

³⁵Nash, et al, 272-273.

The Life and Times of Erasmus

¹Augustijn, Cornelis. Erasmus: His Life, Works, and Influence. University of Toronto Press. Toronto:1991. pg. 21.

²Ibid., pg. 22

³Nash, Paul., Andreas Kazamias and Henry Perkinson, eds. The Educated Man: Studies in the History of Educational Thought. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York:1965. pg. 161.

⁴Ibid., pg. 160.

⁵Allen, P. S. Erasmus:Lectures and Wayfaring Sketches. Clarendon Press. Oxford:1934.

⁶Nash, et. al. pg. 149.

⁷Nash, Paul. Models of Man:Explorations in the Western Educational Tradition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York:1968. pg. 193.

⁸Nash, et. al. pg. 151.

⁹Nash, pg. 184.

¹⁰Weiland, J. Sperna, and W. Th. M. Frijhoff. Erasmus of Rotterdam: The Man and the Scholar. E.J. Brill. Leiden:1988. pg. 126.

¹¹Weiland, pg. 125.

¹² Nash, et. al. pg. 155.

¹³Weiland, pg. 127.

¹⁴Ibid., pg. 126.

¹⁵Nash, et. al. pg. 155.

¹⁶Weiland, pg. 129.

¹⁷Hillerbrand, Hans J. ed. Erasmus and His Age. Harper & Row. New York:1970. pg. 20.

Lawrence of Arabia

1The Cairo office was one of three different loci of control over British Empire concerns as regarded the Middle East.

²The desert in question has no waterholes at all, requiring water for for the whole trip to be brought for the people and for the camels to go without water for the entire trip.

³The telegraph had unfortunately been destroyed.

⁴Prince Feysel's younger brother.

⁵He killed one of the group Lawrence gained as allies to take Aqaba. Lawrence dispatching him satisfied the honor of the wronged group yet preserved the dignity of the other group, thus preventing a bloodfeud.

⁶The Arabs needed to take Damascus before the British troops under Cairo command, in order to win it for the Arabs.

⁷Of course, bloodfeud isn't picky with regard to individuals of a tribe, but then "personally" can be considered in a slightly corporate sense when tightly knitted small groups are concerned.

Popular American Entertainments: Circus, Carnival and Freak show.

⁶ Besides the show tent, there were a cook tent, dressing tent, menagerie tent, plus those for the sideshow.

⁷ Eckley, pg. 31. There were earlier instances of rail transport for circuses. Seemingly it is considered that they didn't possess all the features of a "true" railroad circus.

⁸ Speaight, pg. 138. Supposedly, at the turn of the century German soldiers were sent to America to get jobs as roustabouts in order to learn how such feats were achieved. Considering that elephants were a major factor, I'm not sure how helpful this would have been.

⁹ Since railroads charged by the car and not by weight, circuses had specially built cars that were double-length. Additionally, everything was in perfect fractions so no space was left over when wagons or cages were loaded.

¹⁰ Whether this is one of the various circus combinations with his name, himself, or one of his agents is not very clear.

¹¹ In this way it is kind of like a Siamese twin surgical separation; they're two but bear the memories of not always being so.

¹² Isn't it interesting to note how much the Victorians weren't who they said they were?

¹³ Bogdan, pg. 32.

¹⁴ "Creative enhancement" expresses this idea well. "Humbug" is another.

¹⁵ Like Connecticut, in the case of the "Wildmen of Borneo".

¹⁶ The basic requirements were an appealing figure, darkish hair, and a fair complexion.

¹⁷ Sword-swallowers, fire-eaters, and other "feats" were used to round out kid shows as they were more available and cheaper than freak acts.

Early Russian Historiography

⁷ Riasanovsky, pg. 133 of Hardcave.

⁸ Ibid. pg. 134.

⁹ As an aside it is also interesting to note for how many offenses three grivnas is the appropriate fine.

10 Dmytryshyn, pg. 156.

Peter the Great and Russia

¹ While Russia did in fact have merchants, I think it is arguable that they did not constitute a merchant class. I consider an important signifier of a merchant class is capital.

Stalin

* People generally presume others to be just like themselves. As a result it was hard to believe that a military-industrial complex would be built before the basic needs of the people were met. Sadly, such thinking has been proven naive time and time again.