There are two inertial reference frames shown in Fig 1, defined as follows:
Fig1 Two inertial reference frames with relative speed vo along x direction
the unprimed frame,with the starting point 0
the primed ( ' ) frame with the starting point 1. The coordinate x, of the frame is in the same line with the coordinate x
of the unprimed frame. We take the primed system to be moving at a speed vo in the positive x
direction with respect to the unprimed frame. The other two carthesian coordinates (y,z,y',z') are not shown.
Suppose the starting points 0 and 1 are identical at time t = 0. A flash of light is iniciated at t=0 in the two starting points in x
direction. The light beam reaches point 2 at time t. The distance the beam travels in the unprimed frame is c*t, where
c= 2,9997··· *108 ms-1 is the speed of light in a vacuum, considered by scientists to be
constant in all inertial reference frames. Within the same time interval the primed system starting point 1 has passed the
displacement vo*t, and the light inside the primed system has passed the displacement given by the length
of the abscissa 1 - 2. This displacement however is of vo*t shorter than the displacement passed by the
beam of light inside the unprimed system. The problem and great surprise arises when performing the speed measurement,
because the same light speed magnitude is measured in both reference frames. Albert Einstein, perhaps the most famous scientist
of the twentieth century, published his Special theory of relativity based on two postulates:
The laws of physics are the same in all inertial systems. No preffered inertial system exists.
The speed of light in a vacuum is the same in all inertial systems.
Using the two postulates and Lorenz transformation of coordinates Einstein derived a set of equations to apply when
transforming variables between two reference frames in a relative motion. They give rise to some fascinating relationships
and phenomena, like time dilation, length contraction and the mass increase, as viewed by observers in two different reference
frames.
Now, despite the Special relativity is supported by experimental evidence, people find that Special relativity is not so difficult
to understand , as it is hard to believe. Partly because its conclusions and predictions are outside of everyday experience and
partly because it does not offer explanation.
Space and time of the primed system differ from the space and time of the unprimed system. The space in direction 1 - 2
seems to be of higher density.The following conclusions can be derived from Fig 1 if the change of the space (or spacetime)
density is taken as a reason making to keep constant speed of light in a vacuum possible.
2.1 The 1cm long abscissa, or bar (made of a material breathing with space) in a primed frame will be measured
shorter than 1cm provided that the measurement is performed by the ruler from the unprimed system, that does not adapt on
the space density of the primed system (or does not breathe with the space). And, the 1cm abscissa in an unprimed frame will
be measured longer than 1cm if the ruler is calibrated in the primed frame and does not breathe with the space. However when
the bar is measured by the ruler which breathes with space, the 1cm abscissa will stay 1cm long in both cases.
In case, however, when the 1cm abscissa (or bar) made of a material not breathing with space and calibrated for
unprimed system was removed into a system of a higher space density, its length would be measured there :
longer , if measured by the ruler breathing with space
the same , if measured by the ruler not breathing with space and calibrated for the system of the
lower space density (unprimed system now),
and shorter , if measured by the ruler not breathing with space and calibrated for the system of a
higher space density (primed system now).
And, of course, when 1cm abscissa (or bar) , made of a material not breathing with space and calibrated for
primed system (system with higher space density now) was removed into unprimed system (system of a lower space
density now), its length would be measured there:
shorter, if measured by the ruler breathing with space,
the same, if measured by the ruler not breathing with space and calibrated for the system of the
higher density (primed system now),
and longer, if measured by the ruler not breathing with space and calibrated for the system of a lower
space density (unprimed system now).
This "gedanken" experiment could be carried out by the only ruler as well, equipped for three modes of the
measurement:
a
In the 1st position of the control switch of this sophisticated meter, the ruler breathes with the space. By means
of the ruler switched to this mode, the 1cm abscissa breathing with space is calibrated in both frames, and the
following measurement are carried out:
aa
the length of the 1cm bar breathing with space, in both frames. The measurement shows 1cm in both cases.
ab
the length of the 1cm bar not breathing with space and calibrated for the system of lower space density.
The measurement shows :
aba
the length of the bar =1cm in a frame system of lower space density
abb
the length of the bar > 1cm in a frame system of higher space density.
ac
the length of the 1cm bar not breathing with space and calibrated for the system of higher space density. The results show :
aca
the length of the bar < 1cm in a frame system with lower space density
acb
the length of the bar =1cm in a frame system with higher space density.
b
To the 2nd position the ruler is switched in a frame system with lower space density. In this mode the ruler stops
breathing with the space, and keeps the scale calibration for the system of lower density. Then the following measurement
is carried out :
ba
the length of the bar =1cm if the bar breathing with space is measured in a frame system of lower density,
bb
the length of the bar < 1cm if the bar breathing with space is measured in a frame with higher density,
bc
the length of the bar =1cm, if the bar not breathing with space and calibrated for the frame with lower
space density is measured,
bd
the length of the bar < 1cm, if the bar not breathing with space and calibrated for the frame with higher
density is measured.
c
To the 3rd position the ruler is switched in the higher space density. Now again the ruler stops breathing with the
space,however it keeps the scale calibration for the system of higher density. The length,s measurement shows the following
results :
ca
the length of bar > 1cm if the bar breathing with space is measured in a frame of lower density,
cb
the length of bar =1cm if the bar breathing with space is measured in a frame of higher density,
cc
the length of bar > 1cm, if the bar not breathing with space and calibrated for the frame of lower space
density is measured,
cd
the length of bar > 1cm, if the bar not breathing with space and calibrated for the frame of higher space
density is measured.
2.2 Considering that the basic physical laws of motion and gravitation are pointing at a close connection of the mass
and spacetime, we may expect that all material objects do breathe with the spacetime structure. All physical phenomena not
only take place in the spacetime continuum, but they are directly connected with the spacetime structure. This is why all physical
quantities and the laws of physics may be considered as the same inside of all inertial systems, in a similar way as the 1cm
abscissa length is measured (by the meter breathing with space of course,because it is made of a material breathing with space)
the same in the space of different density.In case only when one physical phenomenon (or quantity) is influenced by the
phenomena (or quantities) from different reference frames, and contemporary or "con-space" events are necessary to be
determined, the physical quantities have to be transformed to the same scale. The typical example of such case is the resultant
speed of the speed components from different reference frames. Another phenomena that might be considered as a reason to
modify the laws of physic are:
possible existence of another (or paralel) spacetime continuum. This theme is not delt with in the paper. The possible
existence of another spacetime continuum however, especially the spacetime of a very low density, gives an advice how to
travel at a speed many times exceeding the speed of light.
the existence of the modified spacetime structures, like for instance in a gravitational field.
The distance "l" the light has travelled in a spacetime structure within given time interval can be defined as a number of the
spacetime cells travelled by photon within time unit, and lined up in a direction of the speed vector, which is the same in all
reference frames. This is why the distance "l" is the same in all reference frames, not depending on the space density (see
par. 2.1/aa) . Looking at the distance "l" however from the frame system of another density, we can see, or measure the
distance < l or > l, acc. to par. 2.1/bb or 2.1/ca.
The bar or the ruler not breathing with space, as they are described in the "gedanken experiment" can hardly be made of
a material substance. Therefore probably the only substance that can be used to construct the bar not breathing with space is
the space structure itself. We can imagine that the abscissa 0-1 in Fig1 is defined :
by the length dimension L' of the primed system density space
or by the length dimension L of the unprimed system density space.
Then, looking from the unprimed system, we can understand L' as a bar not breathing with space and calibrated for the
primed system. And, looking from the primed system, L can be understood as the bar not breathing with space and
calibrated for the unprimed system.
There is one known way only how to detect the change of the spacetime density and how to detect or measure the length of the bar in scale of the reference frame system of a different space density. It is light (or any other suitable) radiation. For the reason only that the light beam travels on the shortest way between two points of the space, we can construct the telemetering ruler not breathing with space.
