*s-w- “one's own, relative, friend”
PMA
sawa-ni “wife” Lahuda, Multani,
T'ali, D'anni
syanini “wife” W. Pahari
swasni “wife” E. Pahari
swain “wife” Gar'wali
sakha “friend” Sanskrit, also
siva “friendly,
auspicious, happy” Sanskrit
IENH 169:
*sy[a|&]w- “to give birth, be born” Proto-Nostratic >
*s[e|o]w(H)- “to give birth” Proto-IndoEuropean
*s^w- “to give birth, be born” Proto-Kartvelian
*ce:(y)- “son, child, lad, youth” Proto-Dravidian
SIG, IESSG, VISW:
Two roots:
1
*s-p- “abstain” pre-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic
*s-w- “abstain” Proto-IndoEuropean
+ t- > pre-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic
*sápat- pre-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic
+ d- Proto-IndoEuopean
*s-wd- intr. Proto-IndoEuropean
eúdo: Greek
=
*s-b- “abstain” pre-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic
+ f- > pre-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic
+ p- Proto-IndoEuopean
*sw-p- Proto-IndoEuropean
swefan “sleep” Old English
sofa id. Old Norse
svápnas “sleep” n. Sanskrit
svefn id. Old Norse
swefn id. Old English
somnus id. Latin
húpnos id. Greek
svefja “becalm, quiet, pacify” Old Norse
o-grade
so:pi:re “put to sleep” Latin
sæ:fa “kill” Old Norse
+ laryngeal
*sw-pâ- Proto-IndoEuropean
svápiti “falls asleep” Sanskrit
=
+ X- Semitic
sabaXa “he was free from work,
he slept deeply” Arabic
sabXun “the being unoccupied,
free from work,
the being in a state of rest,
or in a state of sleep” Arabic
tasbi:Xun id. and
“the sleeping every hour,
he sleeping soundly” Arabic
+ laryngeal(H.- ?) Proto-IndoEuropean
*sapáH.- (: Semitic *s-b-H.- ?) >
*swa:- Proto-IndoEuropean
+ kW- or ghW- Proto-IndoEuropean
geswo:gen ptc “swooned” Old English
swo:ghenen,
swo:unen “to swoon” Middle English
geswo:gung,
-swo:wung “swooning” Old English
swo:uning id. Middle English
+ y- Proto-IndoEuropean
*s-wy- intr. Proto-IndoEuropean
perhaps
savjá- “link” Sanskrit
havja- id. Avestan
*sw-y- tr. Proto-IndoEuropean
+ m-suffix
svi:mi “dizziness, unconsciousness,
swoon” Old Norse
swi:ma id. Old English
swi:me id. Middle Low German
zwijm id. Dutch
swi:men “become unconscious” Middle Low German
zwi:men >
zwijmen id. Dutch
swi:mel “dizziness, vertigo” Middle High German
swi:mel id. Middle Low German
zwijmel id. Dutch
beswi:melunge “extasis” Middle High German
swimra “feel dizzy” Old Norse
swi:men, sweimen “soar” Middle High German
sweim “soaring” n. Middle high German
+ n-suffix
swi:nan “dwindle, waste away,
lessen, be reduced, abate” Old high German
swi:nen id. Middle High German
swi:nen “faint” Middle high German
derived or /m/ > /n/ before dental?
swintilo:n “feel vertigo” Old High German
swindeln id. Middle High German
svina “abstain; abate” Old Norse
and several derivatives of *sw-y- “abstain”
+ k- or gh- Proto-IndoEuropean
swi:ge:n “be silent” Old High German
sweigen “becalm, quiet, pacify” Old High German
sweigen id. Middle High German
+ bh- Proto-IndoEuropean
sveiban “abstain, cease” Gothic
swifast w. gen. “abstain, shrink from” Old Norse
swifte “calm, quieted” Middle High German
giswifto:n “becalm, quiet” Old High German
swiften id. Middle High German
swebe:n “swim, soar = be carried
(by the water or air)
without own effort” Old High German
sweben id. Middle High German
sweibo:n “soar” Old High German
sweiben id. Middle High German
+ g-
svai~kti “become dizzy” Lithuanian
svaigìmas “dizziness” Lithuanian
svai~ginti “make dizzy” Lithuanian
swi:can “abstain, cease” Old English
swi:can “become weary, negligent” >
“become untrue, a traitor” Old Saxon
swi:hhan id. Old High German
+ Y.- pre-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic
*sapáY.- pre-IndoEuropean.AfroAsiatic
*swo:- Proto-IndoEuropean
so:a “kill” Old Norse
so:inn ptc Old Norse
+ n-
*swo:na:- “abstain from hostlity,
praise peace” Proto-IndoEuropean
swo:ne, so:ne “atonement” Middle Low German
zwoens “atonement, peace” Middle Dutch
suona id. Old High German
giso:nian “atone, reconcile, recompense” Old Saxon
suonen id. Old High German
with r-suffix
svaran, svo:r “swear” Gothic
sverja, s(v)o:r id. Old Norse
swerren, swuor id. Old High German
:
*s-P.-Y.- > Proto-Semitic
s^-b-3- Hebrew
ni-s^ba3 niph “swear (someone peace)” Hebrew
hiph “let swear, swear to someone” Hebrew
ithpe “swear” Jewish Aramaic
aph “swear to someone” Jewish Aramaic
a^eBu3a: “oath (of allegiance)” Hebrew
s^eBu3Ta: id. Jewish Aramaic
:
*s-P.- Proto-Semitic
s-b- Semitic
+ t- > Semitic
s-b-t- Semitic
s-p-t- in
s^apattum =
u:m nu:X libbi “Tag der Beruhigung
des Herzens” Assyrian
with /p/ = Proto-IndoEuropean /w/ : Semitic /b/,
or /p/ written for /b/
s^a:BaT “stop (working), rest” Hebrew
sabtun “stillness, rest” Arabic
s^æ`BæT “stopping, abstaining” Hebrew
s^abba:T “day of rest, sabbath” Hebrew
sabata “he was (became) quiet, still,
ceased from works,
rested, took rest” Arabic
suba:tun “heavy sleep like a swoon,
lethargic slumber” Arabic
musbiyun he died” Arabic
masbu:tun “in a swoon > dead” Arabic
'asbata IV “he was (became) motionless” Arabic
caus. “(a medicine) produced suba:t,
it torpefied or benumbed” Arabic
If E. Mahler in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen
Gesellschaft 62, p. 33- is right in the assumption that Semitic
s-b-t- originally meant intr. “be finished”, tr. “finish,
complete”, then s-p-t- : s-P.-t- (> Semitic s-b-t) acquired
the sense “abstain, rest” already in pre-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic.
+ H.- Semitic
sabaH.a “he swam (also
“the stars”), was empty,
he was at rest, he slept” Arabic
ta-sbaH.u “glide along = pass along
(in the firmament)” Arabic
sabH.un “the being still, quiet,
motionless,
the state of sleeping” Arabic
+ h-
(partly =
*sw-y- Proto-IndoEuropean)
sabahun “senile dementia, dotage” Arabic
suba:hun “apoplectic fit” Arabic
subiha “was demented because of
senility” Arabic
+ H.- pre-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic
*s-p-H.- pre-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic
*s-wa:- “beget” Proto-IndoEuropean
savi-tá: “male originator” Sanskrit
savi-trí: “female originator” Sanskrit
reduced
*suH- > *su:-
su:- “originator, creator” Sanskrit
su:s “pig” Latin
hus “pig” Greek
sy:r “sow” Old Norse
su: “sow” Old English
su: “sow” Old Low German
su: “sow” Old High German
hu: “pig” Avestan
su-kará- “boar, swine” Sanskrit
su:nú- “son” Sanskrit
su:nùs “son” Lithuanian
synU “son” Old Church Slavonian
sú:-te: “begets” Sanskrit
with n-infix
*sunéH > *suná: Proto-IndoEuropean
huna:-mi “beget” Avestan
whence, perhaps, analogically with short -u-
hunu- “son” Avestan
*sunu- “son” Germanic
Alternating forms
*s-p- “pour, shed” Semitic
extended with -k-
safaka “poured out, shed” Arabic
s^aPaX- “poured out, shed” Hebrew
s^apa:ku “pour out” Assyrian
is^pak pret. Assyrian
extended with -z^-
s^-p-y- “abound” West Semitic
s^a:Paz^ “flowed abundantly” Modern Hebrew
s^&Paz^ “flowed abundantly” Syrian
s^&Paz^ “flowed abundantly” Jewish Aramaic
s^&Pz^å “effusion” Syrian
:
s-b-z^- “abound” Arabic
extended with -H-
s-p-H- “pour, shed semen” pre-IndoEuropean-Semitic
safaHa “he poured out or forth (water),
shed (blood, tears)” Arabic
sa:faHa-ha: III “he shed semen with her” Arabic
sifa:Hun “the commiting fornication
with another” Arabic
mu-sa:fiHun “a fornicator” Arabic
s^iPHa: “slave woman (especially of the
wife whom she can give to her
husband as a concunine” Hebrew
mi-s^pa:Ha: “tribe, clan, nation, people” Hebrew
:
*s-P.- > *s-b- Semitic
extended with -l-
sabalun “rain, shower” Arabic
2
*s-X^-r- pre-IndoEuropean-Semitic
with w-preformative and metathesis
*sw-k^-r- Proto-IndoEuropean
socer “father-in-law” Latin
hekurós Greek
s^vas^ura Sanskrit
swehur Old High German
swaihra Gothic
hekurá: f. Greek
s^vas^rú: f. Sanskrit
socrus f. Latin
swigar Old High German
swaihro: Gothic
*s.-h-r- Semitic
s.ihrun “father or brother or other
kinsman of a man's wife,
relationship consisting in
being a father or brother or
other kinsman of a man's
wife” Arabic
s.ihratun “mother-in-law” Arabic
Germanic e: > West, North Germanic a: = Arabic a:
swa:ger “brother-in-law” Middle High German
swa:ger “brother-in-law” Low German
sværa “mother-in-law” Old Norse
s.a:hara III “he became that kind of
relation called s.ihr” Arabic
*z-w- pre-IndoEuropean
*s-w- “move” Proto-IndoEuropean
*z-w-y- pre-IndoEuropean
*s-w-y- Proto-IndoEuropean
*séwy- >
sávi (high tone) Sanskrit
savi-tár- “impeller, driver” Sanskrit
sávi-man- “impulse, drive” Sanskrit
*suy- >
su:- (toneless) Sanskrit
su:tá “moved, impelled, driven” Sanskrit
z-w-y- “impel, drive” Semitic
za:ya (perf.) “impel, drive” (camel) Arabic
zåy (perf.) “moved, was moved” >
“trembled all over” Syrian
(aph.) “moved, confused, frightened” Syrian
whence
zawyå: “motion, confusion”
especially “eartquake” Syrian
za:y (inf. zu:ay) “yield, be agitated, tremble” Jewish Aramaic
(pa.) “make tremble, frighten” Jewish Aramaic
z-w-y- “tremble” > “show fear” Hebrew
za:y “trembled” Hebrew
zewa:ya: “worry, fear” Hebrew
“earthquake, storm” Modern Hebrew
zo:ya:, zo:yaTa: f. “earthquake, storm” Jewish Aramaic
KMNL 18:
Kartvelian
*siz^e- “son-in-law”
si'e- id. Georgian
si/n/z^a-, sinda- id. Mingrelian
siz^a- id., “bridegroom” Las
c^iz^e- “son-in-law” Svan
AfroAsiatic
East Cushitic
*s/s^Vz- “in-law”
sóddog “father-in-law” Somali
sóddóh “mother-in-law” Somali
seyyóh., soyyóh. “mother-in-law” Rendille
seyyóh. “father-in-law” Rendille
sìddâh “mother-in-law, father-in-law” pBoni [sic]
sodd-a “...in-law” Oromo
soqo “son-in-law” Gollango
soddá; sóh “in-law” Arbore
suoz “in-law” Dasenech
West Chadic
*c^a/sy/a “in-law” NBauc^i
The old metathesis from *syac^a-?
Egyptian
sd_.tj “child, ward”
Uralic
*c´ec^ä “uncle”
IEW
*se-,
*s(e)we- originally “aside, separate” Proto-IndoEuropean
then
reflexive pronoun “oneself” Proto-IndoEuropean
possessive adjective
*s(e)wo- “one's own” Proto-IndoEuropean
*sewe-, *swe-
Suio:nes “Swedes” Latin
swe:s “own; property” Gothic
sva:ss “dear, loved” Old Icelandic
swa:selinc “father-in-law,
son-in-law,
brother-in-law” Middle Dutch
*s(w)e-bh(o)-,
*swo-bho- “of a separate kind”
sa-bhá “community,
community house” Sanskrit
sibja “family, all of
one's own people” Gothic
sjafni “love” Old Icelandic
Semnones (< *Sebnan-ez)
Sabi:ni:
Sabelli (< *safnolo-)
Samni:tes
Sue:bi names of peoples Latin
svoboda freedom (the state
of the family) Old Church Slavonian
*suedh-
svadhá- “particularity, habit,
mores, homestead” Sanskrit
ethos Greek
*sekw- “follow”
*sokwios “companion”
dubious because of -kh- :
sákha “companion, friend” Sanskrit
socius “companion” Latin
*swe-k- <-> *sekw- ? (cf. the IE forms for six)
UEL 12:
*suH-e/o- “set in motion, propel” Proto-IndoEuropean
suváti “sets in motion, propels,
agitates, animates”;
“grants” (mostly of the god
Savitar, Rig Veda Sanskrit
hunaiti “propels smt. to sby.,
tries to get smt. for sby.” Avestan
apa-h_vanvainti “they divert” Avestan
*suH-to- > Proto-IndoEuropean
su:ta Sanskrit
pra-su:ta “set in motion, propelled,
sent” Sanskrit
nr.-su:ta “driven by men” Sanskrit
mainyu-s^u:ta- “driven by spirit” Avestan
with active sense
su:tá-h. “charioteer, stable master”
(“driver”) Sanskrit
s^uwa:i “push, shove” Hittite
*sewH-/*suH- Proto-IndoEuropean
Savitár a god Sanskrit
eáo: “let, permit” (< “let go”) Greek
loaned into
*suxi_ Proto-Uralic
> *su:Ge
> *su:ke
sukkâ- “row” Saami
s^ua-, s^ue- “row, paddle” Cheremis
si_n “row” Syryan
tow- “row” Vogul
t&w “row” Ostyak
*tu- “row” Samoyed
su:G-ta- > Baltic Finnic
souta (inf. soutaa) “row, move back and forth” Finnish
sõuda- “row, soar, move, be agitated” Estonian
sõudik “rower, helmsman”
sõudma
(sõuan, sõuda) “row” South East Estonian
suw'de “transport by rowing” Saami
> *so: >
suo- (inf. suoda) “grant sby. smt.”
(especially of God and other
higher powers) Finnish
soovima “grant, wish for sby. else” Estonian
sõudma
(sõuan, sõuda) “grant, wish for sby. else” South East Estonian
UEL 16:
*sewH-/*suH- Proto-IndoEuropean
sú:-te (med.) “gives birth to, begets,
produces” Sanskrit
(pra-)su:yate
(pass.) “be born, come into being” Sanskrit
sú:- “producer, begetter; birth” Sanskrit
su:tí “birth, coming into being” Sanskrit
huna:mi “give birth” Avestan
haota- “gender” Avestan
*suH-nu- >
su:nú- “son” Sanskrit
su:nùs “son” Lithuanian
synU “son” Old Church Slavonic
loaned into
*suke-/*suki- Early Proto-Finno-Ugric
suke-utu- (sukeutua < suke-)
“become, come into being” Finnish
(-utu- reflexive-medial)
suke-a-,
suke-ne- (inf. sueta < suke-) (dial., old)
id. and “create, get” Finnish
suke- (inf. sukea) “create, get” Finnish
suge- (inf. sugeda,
1st sg. pres. soen, sugen)
“happen, become,
grow, procreate” Estonian
su'gg&^ “become, come into being,
appear, happen” Livonian
*suke- Baltic Finnic
suku “gender;
descendance, birth;
(older) brood” Finnish
sugu “manner, gender;
fruit, child, increase” Estonian
sokkâ “gender” Saami
DSDE
*swe-m- “move” Proto-IndoEuropean
[cf. Estonian sõudma and soovima]
*swem- Præ-Germanic
*swim(m)- > Proto-Germanic
suemme irr. “swim” Old Danish
sømme reg. “swim” Old Danish
etc
*swum- [TP: should be *sum-] > Proto-Germanic
symja “swim” Norwegian dial.
*swem-d-ne- >
to-senn- “persecute” Old Irish
*sum-Da pre-Germanic
*sun-da Popto-Germanic
sund “sound, strait” Danish, Old Danish,
Swedish, Old Norse
sunt “lake, sea” Middle Low German
sund “lake, sea” Old English
Probably identical with
sund “swimming” Norwegian, Old Norse,
Old English
thus something which can be swum over
IELS
*su- “give birth” Proto-IndoEuropean
*su:nu- “son” Proto-IndoEuropean
sunu- “son” Sanskrit
hunu- “son” Avestan
sunus “son” Lithuanian
synU “son” Slavic
huiús “son” Greek
soyä “son” TokharianA
sä “son” TokharianB
*swesor “sister” Proto-IndoEuropean
svasar “sister” Sanskrit
xvanhar “sister” Avestan
kcoyr “sister” Armenian
soror “sister” Latin
swistar “sister” Gothic
sestra “sister” Old Slavic
s^ar “sister” Tokharian
eor “daughter, cousin, relative” Greek
where
*-sor “woman” Proto-IndoEuropean
*swekuros “father of husband” Proto-IndoEuropean
s´vás´ura “father of husband” Sanskrit
xvásura “father of husband” Avestan
skesr-ayr “father of husband” Armenian
socer “father of husband” Latin
hekurós “father of husband” Greek
swáihra “father of husband” Gothic
svekrU “father of husband” Old Slavic
and, slightly altered
sesuras “father of husband” Lithuanian
chwegrwn “father of husband” Welsh
*swekru:s “mother of husband” Proto-IndoEuropean
s'vas´ru: “mother of husband” Sanskrit
skesur “mother of husband” Armenian
socrus “mother of husband” Latin
hekurá “mother of husband” Greek
svaihro “mother of husband” Gothic
svekry “mother of husband” Old Slavic
*swos (< *swe-) reflexive possessive pronoun,
“personal belonging” Proto-IndoEuropean
svoj id. Russian
swes id. Gothic
sva id. Sanskrit
... Slavic, Baltic and in particular Germanic ... in this group the
terms derived from *swe refer to kinship by alliance and not to
consanguineous kinship.
svat “suitor; related by marriage
(eg. as between husband's father
and wife's father” Russian
svojak (< svoj) “brother-in-law” Russian
svest' (f.) “wife's sister” Russian
sváinis “wife's brother;
sister's husband” Lithuanian
svainé “wife's sister;
brother's wife” Lithuanian
swîo, geswîo “brother-in-law,
sister's husband” Old High German
If we have in these derivatives survivals of an ancient lexical
state of affairs, we can see how interesting they are for the
interpretation of those fundamental words common to all Indo-European
languages, which seem to be composed with *swe, that is 'sister'
(*swesor-) and 'parents-in-law' (*swekru:-, etc). It would mean that
these terms connect those so designated with the other exogamic
'moiety'. In fact, the sister belongs there potentially, and the
mother-in-law does so in fact. Theoreticians, who might be prompted
by the present study to reconsider the analysis of kinship in
Indo-European societies, will be better able to assess the
significance which is to be attached to this observation.
*swed- Proto-IndoEuropean
ídios “private,
which belongs to somebody” Greek
whediestas (pl.) id. Dorian
soda:lis “companion, colleague” Latin
*swet- Proto-IndoEuropean
éte:s “kinsman” Greek
hetaîros “companion” (in some activity,
eg. battle) Greek
*swedh- Proto-IndoEuropean
eío:tha “be accustomed to” Greek
éthos “habit” Greek
su:-s “pig” Latin
su: facere “to sacrifice by means
of an animal” (old abl.) Latin
hû:-s “pig” Greek
su:kara “pig” Sanskrit
hu:- “pig” Avestan
xu:k (< *hu:kka) “pig” Iranian
Thus Indo-Iranian had a form with a suffix -k which, over the
domain of Indic and Avestan, referred only to the wild species.
The reason is that neither in India nor in Persia were pigs bred
in ancient times. There is no mention of pig breeding in our texts.
The situation which has been reconstituted by this connexion
reproduces the proper sense of Indo-European *swe, which implies
both distinctiveness from all else, the isolation of the 'self',
the effort to separate oneself from everything which is not *swe,
and also, within the exclusive circle thus marked off, the close
relationship with those who form part of it. From this comes this
double heritage, both idió:tes the isolated member of society,
and also the soda:lis, the member of a closed fraternity.
This duality survived, as is revealed by the etymology, in the
two forms se in Latin, which have become independent; the
reflexive se, indicating 'self', and the separative se-, sed
"but", marking distinction and opposition.
Nostratica-L 32:
sval “to live” Etruscan
sawl “health, prosperity” Hurrian
NEOVF 2:
*s^ew'V “to want, agree, allow” Nostratic
*seuH-/*suH- “to let, encourage” IndoEuropean
suváti, sávati “urges, encourages” Sanskrit
eáo: “I permit, leave” Greek
*suH-mo- (noun) >
vir-su:men “to miss[, neglect]” Old High German
versäumen id. High German
*s^w' “to ask” AfroAsiatic
*s^w' Semitic
s^w' “to ask for help” Old Hebrew
*s^Vw- Cushitic
s^i:w- “to ask, demand” Bilin
s^iw- id. Kemant
säw- id. Kwara
s^äw- id. Dembea
c,aw- id. Khamir
*s^w- “to let, leave” Kartvelian
s^v- id. Georgian
s^k(w)- id. Chan, Megrel
s^gvan “to let go, dispatch” Svan
*seb or *s´eb “to like” (< “to want”) Turkic
säb- “to like” Old Turkic
säv- “to like” Old Uighur
*s´öbV- “to ask” Tungusian
s^uburme “I ask” Manchu
*s^ewV- “to allow, agree” Uralic
hevillä, hevin “easily, with pleasure” Finnish dial.
*ci:v- “to agree, to give (to the
socially disadvantaged)” Dravidian
i:(v-) id. Tamil
i:vu “pressure, present,
distrubution” Tamil
i: “to allow” Kannada
iccu, ivv- “to permit, allow” Telugu
si:- “to give” Kolami
si:ana “to give, allow” Gondi
si:va-, ji:va- “to give, permit” Kui
According to origin, grammatical affixes that can be traced back to
the root *s^ew'V have two meanings: desiderative and causative. Both
meanings can be considered to be a derivative of the meaning for the
analytical construction 'X + *s^ew'V' "to want X, agree to X"
*-s- : IndoEuropean
desiderative
s´us´rus.ate “wants to hear” Sanskrit
*weid-s-o: >
vi:sso: > vi:so: “I want to see” Archaic Latin
> future
deíkso: “I shall show” Greek
leipso: “I shall release” Greek
dixo “I shall tell” Old Latin
faxo “I shall do” Old Latin
capso “I shall take” Old Latin
fust “will be” (3rd sg.) Oscan
duos “he will give” Lithuanian
*-syo- IndoEuropean
desiderative > future
bu:-s.ia-nt “he who will be” Sanskrit
bys^a,s^c^e-ye “future, coming” Old Church Slavonic
bú:siu “I shall be” Lithuanian
*-su/*-sü,
*-su:/*-sü: voluntative (the speaker's
desire to perform an action) Mongolian
*ora-su “let me enter!” Mongolian
*ögsü “let me give!” Mongolian
-su, sü
kele-sü “I will say” Middle Mongolian
-su:n (with secondary -n) Moghul
-su-gay, -sü-gey Written Mongolian
*-sun/*-sün 3rd pers. optative Turkic
-zun, -zün Old Turkic
-sun, -sün Old Uighur
-sun Modern Uighur
-sun, -sün, -sïn, -sin Azerbeidjani
*su irregular 3rd and 2nd sg. imperative
in some archaic verbs Tungus
bi-su “let it be, be!” Manchu
bi-su “be!” Nanaj
o-su “let it be, be!, come to be!” Manchu
o-su “come to be!, become!” Nanaj
gay-su “take!” Manchu
ga-su “buy!” Nanaj
bay-su “ask!” Manchu
di-su “come!” Nanaj
-sâi > se
me_k-se “I want you to eat,
I want to eat,
he may eat” Korean
*-s^V- causative prefix and suffix AfroAsiatic
*s_V- Semitic
s^V Akkadian
s^ Ugaritic
s Minaean
sV-, -hV- Aramaic
hV- Old Hebrew
'V- Arabic
s.- Egyptian
*sV-, *-sV Cushitic
a-so:-dir “I make someone kill someone” Beja
te-so:dir-a “you make someone kill someone”Beja
a-s-gidifé “I make someone kill someone” Saho
possibly
causative Yukaghir
-su, -se Tundra
-s^ Kolyma
-s- causative Japanese
TP
Si- 'instrumental mood' prefix Austronesian
NS 169:
*sVx.V/*?sx.V “blood” Proto-Nostratic
*sagV “blood; health” Proto-Altaic
*sVHwV “soul, breath” Sino-Caucasian
*sua: “breathe, live” Sino-Tibetan
*du?(x.) “smoke” Proto-Yeniseian
*si_?_wV “soul, breath” North Caucasian
NS 171:
*s^/E/wV “bear, produce” Proto-Nostratic
*s^(V)wV “bear; son, offspring” Sino-Caucasian
*su: “grandchild, descendant” Sino-Tibetan
*ïs^wV “bear; son, daughter” North Caucasian
KI
sua, bersua dengan,
tersua “meet with; find, come across”,
“turn out, work out” Indonesian
mempersuakan “bring into contact with,
introduce to” Indonesian
suai (sesuai),
bersuai “fit, fitting, suitable,
appropriate, corresponding” Indonesian
suami “husband” Indonesian
CELR III 27:
*wun- “son” West Chadic
*xwan- “sister” Central Chadic
h.wn “son” Egyptian
IEIE
*s^w- “boar, pig” Kartvelian
e-s^v-i “tusk” Georgian
o-sk-u “pigsty” Mingrelian
*su(:)- “pig” Proto-IndoEuropean
xWy- “pig” Ossetic
xWydon “pigsty” Ossetic
xWygæs “swineherd” Ossetic
*zisxl.- “blood” Kartvelian
sisxl- id. Georgian
zisxir- id. Mingrelian
dicxir- id. Laz
zisx id. Svan
*esH-r.- id. Proto-IndoEuropean
Reduplication with voicing of *s-, typical of Kartvelian
*s^w- “give birth, be born” Kartvelian
s^w- id. Georgian
s^v-il-i “son” Georgian
*p'ir-m-s^we- >
p'ir-ms^o- “first-born” Old Georgian
cf
pu:rva-sú:- id. Sanskrit
skw- “lay egg” (of bird) Mingrelian
skua “son” Mingrelian
sg- “give birth, be born” Svan
&msge “son” Svan
*seu- “give birth, be born” Proto-IndoEuropean
sú:h. m., f. “parent”, “sire, stud”, “dam” Sanskrit
+ t-
suth “birth; fruit, fetus” Old Irish
sú:tu- “pregnancy” Sanskrit
+ y-
huiús, gen. huiéos “son” Greek
soy “son” Toch. B
}
sawa “wife” SE Papuan, Proto-Austronesian
sawe “wife” Ngaju-Dayak
a-sawa “wife” Philippines
sa “wife” Sui
suong “wife” Axamb
saoi “wife” Letemboi
a-soan “wife” Maskelynes
asu-k “wife” Lironesa
aso-ku “wife” Faulili, Maat
hoang “wife” Vowa
asa-k “wife” Nume
sawani “husband” Wandammen
swa- “husband” Biak-Numfor
sau-ki “woman” Kosirava Maisin,
Uyaku Maisin
PMA
sawa “wife” SE Papuan, Proto-Austronesian
sawe “wife” Ngaju-Dayak
a-sawa “wife” Philippines
sa “wife” Sui
suong “wife” Axamb
saoi “wife” Letemboi
a-soan “wife” Maskelynes
asu-k “wife” Lironesa
aso-ku “wife” Faulili, Maat
hoang “wife” Vowa
asa-k “wife” Nume
sawani “husband” Wandammen
swa- “husband” Biak-Numfor
sau-ki “woman” Kosirava Maisin,
Uyaku Maisin
PMA
soa- “friend, friendly” common Polynesia,
hiwa?- “beloved, esteemed,
choice black color,
pet black pig” Hawai'i
hoa- “friend” Hawai'i
sahabat, sobat- “friend” Malay, Indonesia,
saing- “friend” Malay
sinta- “loved one” Tagalog
sakay, sangkay- “friend” Proto-Philippine
(Zorc & Charles)
hata, hagu, hai- “friend” Arosi
si'ohana, hoe-na- “friend” Are'are
sa- “friend” Fiji
sata- “friend” Lau
TP:
A pig in this context is interesting, cf IE *su-, *su-in-.
PMA
purus^a “man (vir), soul, spirit” Sanskrit
This word is rather mysterious and it may be that it lost its
original root sense.
TP :
persu “god of the underworld” Etruscan
persona “mask used in plays” Latin < Etruscan
VMPSIE:
poso “heart” Tagalog
foo, foh, fô “heart” Madagascar
máfu “heart” Tongan
PMA:
A similar word is found in Ilocano:
parsua “man, humans (as created)” Ilocano
from root
sua “to create”
There is also:
Mamar-sua “Creator” Ilocano
Related terms in Austronesian probably derived from the same
“sua” root are
sua-hasoli “man” Iarkei
suah “person” Iarkei
hua “progeny, product,
to bear fruit” Maori
hua “to give birth,
product, produce” Hawai'i
fua “to give birth, product” Samoa
sua-haha-ku “child” SE Papuan
sisuh “child” Sanskrit
sisu, susu “child” Prakit
sisua Mate
susua Api
cingmai Lehalurup
suahaha-ku SE Papuan
susngei Lehali
susu-pwau Arosi
susu “youngest child” Saa, Ulawa, Are'are
ha'a-susu “to bear child” Arosi
susu-buri “youngest child” Lau
sua-hasoli “man” Iarkei
suah “person” Iarkei
AG:
SIBLING.
*(n)tsi PAustric
*ci(q), *ñ'ci 'sibling' PAA
*Suaji 'younger sibling' AN (ACD)
MK:
(1) *ci(q):
kynsi 'spouse's sibling' Khasi
kam.ci /k?mci?/ 'sister' Mon (Old)
kum.ci /k?mci?/ id. Mon (Old)
ici /i?ci/ 'parent's younger sister' Mon (Spoken)
ache 'great-grand child' Pacoh
*kmcii? 'younger sibling, sister' Proto-Mon
(2) *ci > *ñci > *ji(q):
ji-duat /ci:tù?t/ 'great-grand-parent' Khmer
ji /ci:/ 'polite title used by old
people to a young man,
especially if he has
been a novice' Khmer
ji-tun 'grandmother' Khmer
ji-ta /cI:ta/ 'grandfather' Khmer
je? 'neveu [nephew]' Khmu'
si/soe/ 'parent's younger sister' Mon (Spoken)
si gni /s?ni/ 'spouse's younger sibling' Mon (Spoken)
di ro.ch 'mother's younger sister' Muong (Khen)
di 'mother's younger sister' Vietnamese
chi. 'elder sister' Vietnamese
Munda:
(1) *ci > *ñci > *ji:
aji?, 'elder sister' Juang (P38)
?ji 'elder sister' Santali (P38)
aji 'elder brother's wife' Kharia (P38)
aji 'sister-in-law' Kurku (P38)
aji 'grand mother' Mundari (P38)
(2) *ñ’ci:
a:yin 'younger sister' Sora (P38)
a:yi? 'younger sister' Sora (P38)
Comment: Cf AT *(s[o]w)a(ñ)ji 'sibling (younger)'
previously compared with
AN (Ben75) *sua(ñ)ji 'younger sibling'
Also note
WMP (ACD) *enzi, *enzi-q 'term of address to girls',
where *z appears to reflect
*nts > *ñc > *z in parallel development to
AA *ts > *ñc > *j
The *Su element of PAN *Suaji may correspond to the unpublished
PAA *caw 'grandchild', suggesting that the antecedent of
*Suaji was
*saw/a/n/tsi, the slashes denoting morpheme boundaries
Last updated: 10/2/01
Published: A1:159,162 as *(i,a)(n)ci(q)
TP:
Both Møller and Manansala sees this as two roots. Møller
has *s-p-H- and *s-X-r-. But in the latter he lets IndoEuropean
introduce a -w- ("w-preformative and metathesis"), after which
it might as well have been derived from his *s-p-H- (or rather,
both might be derived from a *s-p- with extensions).
The semantics of Manansala's roots follow those of Møller, ie.
he has a “wife” and an “in-law, associate”, *s-w- and *s-k-,
respectively, I reconstruct, but then I know nothing of phoneme
developments in Austronesian. What intrigued me, was the occurence
of a “pet black pig” in the among the descendants of the *s-k-
root. In IndoEuropean, the root for “sow, pig” *su:-, *su-in-
belongs with the *s-w- root. The three first of Manansala's
examples seemed out of place (soa- “friend”, hiwa?- “beloved,
pet black pig”, hoa- “friend”) in having no discernible velar,
so I might have decided to allocate them to *s-w-, but given
my ignorance of Austronesian historical sound laws I can't
rule out that they once had a -k- and thus belong with *s-k-.
To solve this problem I have gone along with Pokorny (IEW)'s
proposal, that there is a metathesis(?) *s-kW- <-> s-w-k-.
This obviates the need for Møller's "w-preformative and
metathesis".
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