People eventually concluded that some form of government support was necessary to provide the public with free access to books. By the early 19th century, libraries had spread in large numbers throughout Europe, but communities had made little effort to act on the principles of Naudé and Leibniz. Funds to maintain libraries were still generally inadequate, libraries had not taken steps to systematically acquire and catalog books, and the position of librarian was still not a full-time occupation in many countries. However, the Industrial Revolution was rapidly changing European society in ways that boosted the development of libraries and refined their services. With education and literacy widespread by the 19th century, the public wanted to be able to read recreationally. To meet this demand, public libraries became common features in most European countries between 1850 and 1900. The Industrial Revolution, with its emphasis on science and technology, led to the rise of the special library. Businesses, industries, research foundations, and government agencies all saw the need to establish their own libraries that would enable them to undertake the research and development they needed to survive in an increasingly competitive world. By the late 19th century, libraries of all types were better financed, stocked, and staffed. A new professionalism also emerged during this period as librarians formed organizations to promote support for libraries and to advance the profession of librarianship. In Britain, librarians formed the Library Association in 1877, one year after the founding of the American Library Association. G1Germany In the 16th century the Reformation had forced the various principalities of Germany into separate Catholic and Protestant territories. When converts to Protestantism assumed control of formerly Catholic territories, they often plundered and sometimes destroyed monastic libraries full of books that supported the Catholic faith. However, many texts found their way into the libraries of controlling princes. These court libraries became models for most German libraries for the next 200 years. In the 17th century, for example, Duke August of Brunswick built a library in Wolfenbyüttel to house his impressive collections. Frederick II, who was king of Prussia during the 18th century, amassed a library of 150,000 volumes, which he organized and stored in a separate building. By the end of the 18th century, the court library in Dresden consisted of 170,000 volumes that had been organized using a unique geographical-historical classification scheme. At the beginning of the 19th century Germany sought to compensate its princes for losses suffered in the Napoleonic Wars . Part of this compensation included the contents of entire monastic and cathedral libraries within the ecclesiastical territories that Napoleon had made secular in 1802. As a result, many court libraries grew tremendously. For example, the Munich Court Library became owner of the largest collection of incunabula in the world when it obtained more than 200,000 items that Bavarian monasteries and convents had been collecting and preserving for centuries. Libraries experienced more growth when many German states began imposing legal deposit requirements, which mandated that any author seeking to obtain a copyright had to deposit at least one copy of the book in an archive of copyrighted works-usually a government library. As the 19th century progressed, and as the separate German states moved toward a unified nation, court libraries gradually transformed into regional institutions supported by public funds. By the time the German states unified in 1871, members of a growing middle class, which had been given only limited access to regional libraries, had developed their own independent reading societies and commercial lending libraries to satisfy their information needs. These libraries provided a foundation for an early-20th-century movement to establish public libraries. .
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