meteoris
The Earth's atmosphere is made up of several different layers. At increasing altitudes different layers occur. Traces of the atmosphere are at altitudes of 10,000 km (620 miles).
Atmospheric conditions on Earth have been significantly altered by the presence of life forms, which create an ecological balance that modifies the surface conditions. About 71% of the surface is covered with salt-water oceans.
Long term periodic changes in the orbit of the planet are believed to have caused the ice ages that have covered significant portions of the surface in glacial sheets.
Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing, augmented by ice delivered by comets, produced the oceans. The highly energetic chemistry is believed to have produced a self-replicating molecule around 4 billion years ago.
The development of photosynthesis allowed the sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms; the resultant oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and resulted in a layer of ozone [O3] in the upper atmosphere. Aided by the absorption of harmful ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer, life colonized the surface of Earth.
It has been hypothesized that severe glacial action between 750 and 580 million years ago, during the Neoproterozoic, covered much of the planet in a sheet of ice (snowball earth hypothesis), and is of particular interest because it preceded the Cambrian explosion, when multicellular life forms began to proliferate.
Following the Cambrian explosion, (535 mya), there have been five mass extinctions.
The Earth's shape is very close to an oblate - a rounded shape with a bulge around the equator. The rotation of the Earth creates the equatorial bulge so that the equatorial diameter is 43 km (27 mi) larger than the pole to pole diameter.
The largest local deviations in the rocky surface of the Earth are Mount Everest (8,848 m above sea level) and the Mariana Trench (10,911 m below sea level).
The Earth is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminum (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to mass segregation, the core region is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.
A little more than 47% of the Earth's crust consists of oxygen. The more common rock constituents of the Earth's crust are nearly all oxides; chlorine, sulfur and fluorine are the only important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1%. The principal oxides are silica (SiO2, 59.71%) alumina (Al2O3 15.41%), iron oxides (FeO 3.52%, Fe2O3 2.63%), lime (CaO 4.90%), magnesia (MgO 4.36%), potash and soda (Na2O 3.55%).
The interior of the Earth, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is chemically divided into layers. The Earth has an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovicic discontinuity, and the thickness of the crust varies: averaging 6 km under the oceans and 30–50 km on the continents. The geologic component layers below the surface of the Earth are at the following depths :[27]
Depth Layer Density g/cm3 Kilometres Miles 0–60 0–37 Lithosphere (locally varies between 5 and 200 km) — 0–35 0–22 ... Crust (locally varies between 5 and 70 km) 2.2–2.9 35–60 22–37 ... Uppermost part of mantle 3.4–4.4 35–2890 22–1790 Mantle 3.4–5.6 100–700 62–435 ... Asthenosphere — 2890–5100 1790–3160 Outer core 9.9–12.2 5100–6378 3160–3954 Inner core 12.8–13.1 The internal heat of the planet is thought to be produced by the radioactive decay of potassium-40, uranium-238 and thorium-232 isotopes. At the center of the planet, the temperature may be up to 7,000 K and the pressure could reach 360 GPa .[29] A portion of the core's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by Mantle plumes ; a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher-temperature rock. These plumes can produce hotspots and flood basalts .[30]
. The conductivity of the atmosphere increases exponentially with altitude. The amplitudes of the electric and magnetic components depend on season, latitude, and height above the sea level. The greater the altitude the more atmospheric electricity abounds.
Above this is the troposphere, the densest layer of the atmosphere and it extends from the surface up to about 10 km (6.2 mls).
The atmosphere above 10 km is called the stratosphere The thermosphere The exosphere
Total electron density profiles and ion velocity measurements indicate the geometry and orientation of plasmaspheric plumes, their evolution and motion.
18.9. ... those stones that are condensed beneath the apex fall to the earth, while those ascending frequently rise toward the lighter plateau and explode, to be attracted back within the wark belt. This belt compares to the cloud belt near the earth. There the wind currents make raindrops and snowflakes; here the currents make the first nebulous formations that come under the name corpor.
a = 0.4 + 0.3 × 2m
For the outer planets, each planet is 'predicted' to be roughly twice as far away from the Sun as the next inner object.
The table compares the distances of planets calculated from the rule with the real ones
13.10. Behold, it is still one hundred and eighty years till dawn of dan. In that time Cpenta-armij will come ... But until that time, alas, great darkness will be in heaven and earth ...
We'll start with all thats within the magnetosphere.
Earth's magnetosphere forms an obstacle in the path of the solar wind, causing it to be diverted around it, at a distance of about 70,000 km [43496 mls] (before it reaches that boundary, typically 12,000 [7457] –15,000 km [9321 mls] upstream, a bow shock forms). The width of the magnetospheric obstacle, abreast of Earth, is typically 190,000 km [118061 mls], and on the night side a long "magnetotail" of stretched field lines extends to great distances.
The ring current system consists of a band, at a distance of 3 to 5 RE(1), which lies in the equatorial plane and circulates clockwise around the Earth (when viewed from the north).
On the upstream side, the magnetopause is observed at a
geocentric distance of ~ 10 RE (RE being the earth’s radius, ~6400 km). The radius of the
magnetosphere dawn-dusk cross section is 12-13 RE, rising to ~ 30 RE farther down the tail. The
entire length of the magnetospheric tail is estimated to be more than 220 RE [Kivelson and
Russell, 1996]. The closed field line portion of the magnetotail is usually less than about 60 RE.
37/4.18. And Tae perceived that he could determine the dominions of the lower heaven, and from this revert to the earth and discover what had been in ages past. Then Tae classified cycles at three thousand years, and the wave [time –ed.] of the Great Serpent at two hundred years and four hundred years. He subdivided these again, and found that every thirty-third year was alike on the earth as to heat and cold, and from these he discovered the nebulous regions within the vortex of the earth, and the cause of the variations in the times of falling meteors.
C = π × D D = C ÷ π = 1,504,000 ÷ 3.14159 = 478,738 R = 239,369 miles
but the vortex of the sun in the places where the earth rides, is three thousand years [in circumference –ed.], which is to say, one year of the earth‘s wark is equal to one year of the sun‘s vortex, which is as one year to three thousand years in the trail of the serpent (sun), and this again gives the orbit of the Great Serpent (solar system) four million seven hundred thousand (4,700,000) years.
4,700,000 ÷ 3000 = 1566.67
The thickness of the magnetosheath is 2-3 RE upstream.qqq
According to the ESA video "climate_210307.mp4" the amount of cosmic particles coming from space is linked to changes in our planets weather. Cosmic rays that penetrate the heliosphere have an influence on ionisation in the lower atmosphere which has an influence on the creation of clouds. Highly energetic particles passing through the atmosphere leave behind trails of ionisation that are building blocks in the creation of clouds which play a role in climate. After a sunstorm solar electrons protons etc pass through the magnetosphere into the atmosphere where their ionising properties favour the creation of clouds. Throught history changes of these particles has changed climate. There was a period during the little Ice Age (1300-1850) when many more particles were coming into the atmosphere causing more clouds. Clouds cool the atmosphere and create a colder climate.
Deserts are formed as a result of sinking air from the Hadley cell.
ing equatorial heat engine and the polar cooling engine are the major drivers of the three cell circulation model. c/f vortexya and m'vortexya.
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In the dissipation stage, the thunderstorm is dominated by the downdraft. If atmospheric conditions do not support super cellular development, this stage occurs rather quickly, approximately 20-30 minutes into the life of the thunderstorm. The downdraft will push down out of the thunderstorm, hit the ground and spread out. The cool air carried to the ground by the downdraft cuts off the inflow of the thunderstorm, the updraft disappears and the thunderstorm will dissipate.
Oahspe refers to "vortexian commotion" and "discord ", which would correspond to "atmospheric instability" and "internal turbulence". The currents of the vortex might form a cold front
in a squall line.
From such an explanation one would think there was no involvment of "overlapping currents in the vortex" in the production of rain, snow and hail when discordant "vortexian overlappings descend to the earth and liberate moisture to create clouds, and with further commotion, these are, atomically, still further liberated, and rain, snow, or hail results.
When Jehovih condensed the earth, and it became firm and crusted over, there rose up from the earth heat and moisture, which continue to this day. But Jehovih limited the ascent of the substances going upward, and the boundary of the limit of moisture was the same as the clouds that float in the air; and the heat was of similar ascent.
And while the moisture and heat rise upward, they are met by the etheric substance of the vortex of the earth, and the moisture and the gases of the air assume the form of needles. On the side of the earth facing the sun the needles are polarized and acting, driving forth, which is called light; but on the face of the earth opposite from the sun the needles are in confusion, and this is called darkness. Jehovih said: So that man may comprehend the structure of the belt that holds the earth, I will give him a sign high up in the air. And Jehovih caused the vapor in the firmament to be frozen and fall to the earth, white, and it is called snow. For the snowflake shows the matrix in which it is molded. Jehovih said: Let this be a sign also, that even as heat and moisture rise up from the earth, so are there representatives of all things on the earth which have also evaporated upward, and all such things rise up to the level of density that is like themselves, every one to its own level, and they take their places in the strata of the vortex. These are called plateaus; or spheres, for they surround the whole earth. Some of them are ten miles high, some a thousand, some a hundred thousand or more miles.
Today its is theorized that when the relatively low-energy solar wind BZ component is favourably oriented (southwards) it reconnects with Earth's magnetic field, and solar particles enter the magnetosphere and are swept to the magnetotail. [The solar wind reaches Earth at 400 km/s, density around 5 ions/cc and magnetic field intensity around 2–5 nT (nanoteslas); Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT. During magnetic storms flows can be several times faster and the IMF may also be much stronger.] Further magnetic reconnection accelerates the particles towards Earth. Aurorae are produced by the collision of these charged particles with molecules of Earth's upper atmosphere (at altitudes above 80 km (50 miles), ie., the lower ionosphere). The particles have energies of 1 to 100 keV.
Auroral arcs can develop small-scale distortions known as vortex streets or curls. Optical ground-based observations of this phenomenon have indicated that curls are often associated with shear flows.
an arc evolving into curls and associated with counter-streaming structures,
Shear velocities between the center and the edge of the arc are investigated
It is believed that the Earth's magnetic shield or magnetopause is a line of defence against the bombardment of the solar wind. The solar wind carries the Sun’s interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) throughout the Solar System. The Earth's magnetic field lines are always oriented from the South to the North poles and are static. In comparison the IMF is dynamic, changing orientation frequently. Sometimes the IMF is aligned with Earth’s and sometimes it points in the opposite direction. When the BZ component of the IMF is oriented southward, the IMF is anti-parallel to the geomagnetic field lines at the 'nose' of the magnetopause facing the Sun.
In July 2001 the Cluster flotilla was flying in formation along the dawn side of the magnetosphere when they observed large variations in all plasma parameters. These were linked to the presence of rolled-up Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices.
These vortices were said to be the result of Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities.
The movie shows the time evolution of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) at the dawnside magnetospheric flank. When the Kelvin-Helmholtz wave passes by the Cluster spacecraft it generates quasi-periodic variations in the density, temperature, total pressure and normal component of the magnetic field. The initial configuration for the simulation is such that the magnetic fields are anti-parallel across the magnetopause in the shear flow plane. In this geometry the KHI can generate reconnection in two different regions within the vortex:
A statistical study of the occurrence of the KHI on both flanks of the magnetosphere will establish, for given solar wind conditions, how much solar material data will swirl down into the magnetosphere via the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Further simulations in 3D are planned, to study the significance of plasma transport due to this mechanism and its effectiveness in the formation of the cold and dense plasma sheet.
"Magnetic reconnection" deals with the apparent topology changes of magnetic field lines (a visualization tool denoting the direction and strength of a magnetic field). Astronomers claim that magnetic fields themselves play the dominant role in physical interactions and in the release of associated energetic outbursts of x-rays, etc. However, they appear to forget that the strength of a magnetic field (and thus the topology of its field lines) is directly dependent upon the strength of the electric current generating it. They also forget that magnetic fields are always a smooth continuum and complete "circuit" so-to-speak. Field lines are not ‘real’ entities that can be broken and rearranged. They simply vary with their source currents. When current strength goes up, so does the strength of the magnetic field. If the current is removed, or the associated charged particles are set into random motion (disrupting current flow), the magnetic field collapses.
In figure 1 (below) from Don Scott’s paper we see the typical magnetic field lines offered by proponents of magnetic reconnection matching closely with the configuration of magnetic fields seen by Cluster. Figure 2 is a diagram of two interacting parallel electric currents and their magnetic field lines.
Both current directions are away from the viewer.
Figures 1 & 2 from Real Properties of Magnetic Fields in the Cosmos by Don Scott (see diagram) is an enlarged view of the region inside the central box of figure 2. The implication is that parallel electric currents will produce the magnetic fields (shown as in "magnetic reconnection") and the "null point" in the center of Figure 1 where the magnetic fields cancel out. Where astronomers see changes in the magnetic field topology (such as that in Figure 1), the source of the changes rests in changes to the currents depicted in Figure 2.
Electric currents in plasma tend to adopt a filamentary structure, with parallel currents braided around each other. This structure is fractal, insofar as small currents may entwine around each other to form a larger filament, those larger filaments may entwine around each other into larger filaments and so on, or large filaments may be composed of smaller braided filaments, which may themselves be composed of even smaller braided filaments.
Birkeland currents tend to flow along magnetic field lines (hence, field-aligned currents).
A curious observation when we superimpose the magnetosphere model onto the above diagram is that right where Meteoris is located is also the boundary of the magnetosphere.
It is important to find out to what degree does the co-rotating particle motion at the plasmapause keep up with the earth's surface. This could verify our calculation of the rim diameter of the earth's vortex. According to the Oahspe theory of the vortex being the driving force the plasmasphere's particle motion, the co-rotation of the plasmapause must slip behind the turning of the earth (ie, the earth does more rotations), though is in the same direction as the earth. This is shown by the following calculation.
Previously we hypothesised that the diameter of the earth's vortex was 471,110 miles broad (758,176 km), and the velocity at its outer rim was 2,263 mph. The speed of the earth's vortex rim was found to be more than twice as fast as at the earth's surface, but the surface rotates 30 times more for one rotation of the vortex , as seen by the moon (there are 30 days or one month).
The formula for a of a circle (C) is C = π × D
This is much faster than at the earth's vortex rim, and it follows force other than the vortex drives the plasmapause, which is unlikely. So the expected speed of the plasmapause must be proporionally less, ie., between 2,263 mph and 1,038 mph (the speed at the surface).
We see also that
471,110 miles broad ÷ 136,805 miles = 3.44
So the outer rim is 3.5 times greater.
Van Allan Belt
The Van Allen radiation belt is a torus of energetic charged particles around Earth, trapped by Earth's magnetic field. The presence of a radiation belt had been theorized prior to the Space Age
It consists of two belts around Earth, the inner radiation belt and the outer radiation belt. The particles are distributed such that the inner belt consists mostly of protons while the outer belt consists mostly of electrons. Within these belts are particles capable of penetrating 1 millimeter of lead.
The Sun does not support long-term radiation belts. The atmosphere limits the belts particles to regions above 200-1000 km. The belts are confined to an area which extends about 65° from the celestial equator.
Van Allen belts are a result of the collision of Earth's magnetic field with the solar wind. Radiation from the solar wind then becomes trapped within the magnetosphere. The trapped particles are repelled from regions of stronger magnetic field, where field lines converge. This causes the particle to bounce back or "mirror." .
Without this sort of "mirroring," ions and electrons would not be trapped in the Earth's magnetosphere, but would instead follow their guiding field lines into the atmosphere, where they would be absorbed and become lost. What happens instead is that every time a trapped particle approaches Earth, it is reflected back. It is thus confined to the more distant section of the field line.
Now and then a violent outburst, known as a magnetic storm, drives tail plasma earthward, into the near-Earth magnetosphere. Electric fields (voltage differences) are essential to this process, to help tail particles break into trapped orbits and to drive them to higher energies. When the outburst ends and the electric field dies away, the particles find themselves locked in trapped orbits of the ring current and the outer radiation belt. Lesser outbursts, known as magnetospheric substorms, occur quite frequently.
Whereas the inner belt is marked by great stability, the ring current and outer belt constantly change. Sooner or later the particles are lost, e.g. by collision with the rarefied gas of the outermost atmosphere, and on the other hand, new ones are frequently injected from the tail. The electric fields which inject the new particles can also draw oxygen ions upwards from the ionosphere, and the ring current contains such ions, typically a few percent of the total, more during magnetic storms.
The Inner Belt
The inner radiation belt extends over altitudes of 650-6,300 km (1.1 - 3.3 RE). This ring is most concentrated in the Earth's equatorial plane. It consists mostly of protons on the order of 10-50 MeV (Flux maximum at about 2 RE), a by-product of collisions between cosmic ray ions and atoms of the atmosphere. The belt also contains electrons, low-energy protons, and oxygen atoms with energies of 1-100 keV. When these electrons strike the atmosphere they cause the polar aurora.
The intensity of the belt fluctuates, partly due to the influence of the solar cycle, and is strongest between 2-5,000 km.
The number of cosmic ray ions is relatively small and the inner belt therefore accumulates slowly, but because the trapped protons are very stable in this belt (with particle lifetimes of up to ten years), high intensities are reached as they build up over many years. The belt was discovered by a Geiger counter on board the Explorer 1 satellite built by James Van Allen.
The inner radiation belt owes its existence to the extraordinary stability of trapped orbits near the Earth. It is a by-product of the cosmic radiation, which by itself has a rather low intensity: the amount of energy received by Earth from cosmic rays is comparable to what it receives from starlight. Only by accumulating particles over the span of years does the inner belt reach its high intensity. [Can you believe this?]
Cosmic rays are fast positive ions, bombarding Earth from all directions, probably filling our entire galaxy. Though their numbers are small, the energy of each particle is quite high, so that when these ions smash into nuclei of atmospheric gases, fragments go flying off in different directions, some of them short-lived particles created by the collision. Most such fragments are absorbed by the atmosphere or by the ground, but a few are also splattered upwards, out of the atmosphere and into space.
If these are electrically charged, e.g. electrons or ions, they will often end up trapped by the Earth's magnetic field. None of these however lasts very long, since trapped orbits which rise from the atmosphere must sooner or later enter the atmosphere again.
Some of the fragments are however neutrons, particles similar to protons but without the electric charge; neutrons make up about half the weight of a typical atomic nucleus. Having no electric charge, neutrons are not affected by the Earth's magnetic field, and moving far too fast for gravity to hold them back, they usually escape into space.
The free neutron is however radioactive: within about 10 minutes it breaks up into a proton, which captures most of the energy, an electron and a massless neutrino. Ten minutes is a fairly long time for a fast particle, time enough for many neutrons to get halfway to Mars. However, decay times are spread out statistically, and while 10 minutes is the average, a few neutrons decay quite soon, while still inside the Earth's magnetic field. The energetic protons which then materialize are grabbed by the Earth's magnetic field, often on trapped orbits which do not return to the atmosphere, in which the proton can stay trapped for a rather long time. That is how the inner belt arises. [this sounds ridiculous]
The Outer Belt
The outer belt contains mainly electrons with energies up to 10 MeV. It is produced by injection and energization events following geomagnetic storms, which makes it much more dynamic than the inner belt (it is also subject to day-night variations). It has an equatorial distance of about 3 - 9 RE (10,000-65,000 km), with maximum for electrons above 1 MeV occurring at about X = 4 RE (14,500-19,000 km). 'Horns' of the outer belt dip sharply in towards the polar caps.
The outer belt is thought to consist of plasma trapped by the Earth's magnetosphere. There are very few particles of high energy within the outer belt. The electrons here have a high flux and along the outer edge and E > 40 Kev electrons can drop to normal interplanetary levels within about 100km (a decrease by a factor of 1000). This drop-off is a result of the solar wind.
The particle population of the outer belt is varied, containing electrons and various ions. Most of the ions are in the form of energetic protons, but a certain percentage are alpha particles and O+ oxygen ions, similar to those in the ionosphere but much more energetic.
The outer belt is larger and more diffuse than the inner, surrounded by a low-intensity region known as the ring current. Unlike the inner belt, the outer belt's particle population fluctuates widely and is generally weaker in intensity (less than 1 MeV), rising when magnetic storms inject fresh particles from the tail of the magnetosphere, and then falling off again.
The outer radiation belt is nowadays seen as part of the plasma trapped in the magnetosphere. The name "radiation belt" is usually applied to the more energetic part of that plasma population, e.g. ions of about 1 Mev of energy. The more numerous lower-energy particles are known as the "ring current", since they carry the current responsible for magnetic storms. Most of the ring current energy resides in the ions (typically, with 0.05 MeV) but energetic electrons can also be found.
Cross-section of the two radiation belts. The intensity contours are banana-shaped, because they follow magnetic field lines to which the particles are attached. We now know that outer-belt ions and electrons probably come from the long "magnetic tail" of stretched field lines on the night side of the magnetosphere.
A sudden increase in solar wind pressure can cause the radiation belts to change shape. In such an instance, particles on the sunward side of the planet will be carried inward (toward the planet), while particles on the far side of the planet will be carried further from the planet. This can give the radiation belts somewhat of a tear-drop shape. After such an incident, the belts tend to return to a more spherical shape.
The gas giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, all have intense magnetic fields with radiation belts similar to the Earth's outer belt.
Jupiter's belt is the strongest, and is affected by its large moon Io, which loads it with many ions of sulfur and sodium from the moon's volcanoes. Saturn seems to have an "inner belt" similar to the Earth's, probably produced by cosmic rays which eject neutrons from Saturn's planetary rings.
Earth's Longitude of ascending node: 348.739 36°
Earth's Argument of perihelion: 114.207 83°
The lunar orbit plane is inclined to the ecliptic by 5.1°, whereas the Moon's spin axis is inclined by only 1.5°
The orbit of the Moon is distinctly elliptical. The non-circular form of the lunar orbit causes variations in the Moon's angular speed and apparent size as it moves towards and away from an observer on Earth. The mean angular daily movement relative to an imaginary observer at the barycentre is 13.176358° to the east. The orientation of the orbit precesses over time. One motion is the recession of the line of apsides: the ellipse of the lunar orbit slowly rotates counterclockwise, and completes a full revolution in about 8.850 years (3233 days). The other motion is associated with the (clockwise) precession of the orbital plane itself about an axis perpendicular to the ecliptic. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the ecliptic (the nodes) precess with time, completing one revolution in about 18.6 years (6793 days).
The ring current system consists of a band, at a distance of 3 to 5 RE, which lies in the equatorial plane and circulates clockwise around the Earth (when viewed from the north). The particles of this region produce a magnetic field in opposition to the Earth's magnetic field and so an Earthly observer would observe a decrease in the magnetic field in this area.
The Moon revolves with the Earth around a common barycenter every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common revolution around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the celestial north pole, the motion of Earth, its moon and their axial rotations are all counterclockwise.
Earth orbits the Sun every 365.2564 mean solar days. From Earth, this gives an apparent movement of the Sun with respect to the stars at a rate of about 1°/day (or a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours) eastward.
in the beginning of a vortex it is long, but in course of time it hath a tendency to become round like a globe, but flattened a little at the poles. This
also happeneth to every vortex that carrieth a satellite: That the periphery of the vortex is undulated; and the extent of its undulation can be determined by the minimum and maximum distance of the satellite from its planet.
14. In consequence of this discrepancy, the lens power of the vortex of the earth varies constantly, even daily, monthly and yearly. Nevertheless, the sum of heat and cold and the sum of light and darkness are nearly the same, one generation with another. This was, by the ancient prophets, called the FIRST RULE IN PROPHECY. This was again subdivided by three, into eleven years, whereof it was found that one eleven years nearly corresponded with another eleven years. This was the SECOND RULE IN PROPHECY. The THIRD RULE was NINETY- NINE YEARS, whereto was added one year.
15. In the case of the tides, a still further allowance of six years was found necessary to two hundred; but in the succeeding four hundred years a deduction was required of five years. Whereupon the moon's time was eighteen years.
6+200+400-5=601 years
(6+200+400-5)/18=33.38889
219515.25
18.6 years (6793 days).
601/18.6=32.31183
16. As the lens power loseth by flattening the vortex, and increaseth by rounding the vortex, it will be observed that the position of the moon's vortex relatively to the earth's, is a fair conclusion as to the times of ebb and flood tide. In periods of thirty-three years, therefore, tables can be constructed expressing very nearly the variations of vortexya for every day in the year, and to prophesy correctly as to the winters and summers, so far as light and darkness, and heat and cold, are concerned. This flattening and rounding of the vortexian lens of the earth is one cause of the wonderful differences between the heat of one summer compared with another, and of the difference in the coldness of winters, as compared with one another. Of these also, tables can be made. Winter tables made by the ancients were based on periods of six hundred and sixty-six years, and were called SATAN'S TABLES, or the TIMES OF THE BEAST. Tables made on such a basis are superior to
calculations made on the relative position of the moon.
17. But where they have prophesied ebb and flood tide to be caused by certain positions of the moon, they have erred in suffering themselves to ignorantly believe the cause lay with the moon. A man may prophesy by a traveling wagon what time it will reach town;
but the correctness of his prophecy does not prove that the wagon pushed the horse to
town. These revelations pertain more to the cause of things, than to giving new
prophecies. What mortals can not discover by any corporeal observation must come by
inspiration. In the year 4 B.K. Leverrier, of France, prophesied the existence of Neptune
by the calculation of planetary disturbances. Other discoveries have been made in the
same way; whereupon they have believed the said disturbances to be caused by one
planet's power on another.
18. Planetary disturbances are not caused by any power or effect of one planet on another;
the cause of the disturbances lieth in the vortices wherein they float. Mortals can not see
the vortices; their only means of prophesying lieth in corpor. A man may prophesy of the
moon by calculations of the disturbances of the tides. But to attribute to the tides the
cause of the moon's position would be no more erroneous than to attribute the cause of
tides to the moon.
19. It is not the intention, in these revelations, to give new calculations in regard to
occurrences on the planets; it is a trifling difference whether a man prophesy by a vortex
or by a planet. Wherein he erreth in regard to judging the cause of things, he should be
put on the right road. Wherein he hath had no knowledge of the forces and currents of the
unseen worlds and their dominion over the seen worlds, revelation only can reach him.
20. They have said there are five elements of corpor; then again sixty; and a hundred. But
in time they will say there are millions. And yet all of them are comprehended in the word.773
corpor. To resolve them, discover them, and classify them, and their combinations, is the
work of man. Where they are aggregated together, as the earth, the result is called a
CREATION, or a created world. When such a globe is dissolved in ethe and sublimated, it is
said a world is destroyed, or a star is destroyed. Nevertheless, in any of these operations,
no one ingredient as such is annihilated. What is creation more than to make a drop of
rain; or the dissolution of a world more than the evaporation of a drop of water?
Wind
Forces which drive or affect wind are the pressure gradient force, the Coriolis force, buoyancy forces, and friction forces. Air tends to flow from the region of high pressure to the region of low pressure. On a rotating planet, flows will be acted upon by the Coriolis force, in regions sufficiently far from the equator and sufficiently high above the surface.
The two major driving factors of large scale global winds are the differential heating between the equator and the poles, and the rotation of the planet.
[edit] Components of wind
Winds defined by an equilibrium of physical forces are used in the decomposition and analysis of wind profiles. They are useful for simplifying the atmospheric equations of motion and for making qualitative arguments about the horizontal and vertical distribution of winds. Examples are:
Geostrophic wind (wind that is a result of the balance between Coriolis force and pressure gradient force; flows parallel to isobars and approximates the flow above the atmospheric boundary layer in the midlatitudes if frictional effects are low)
Thermal wind (not actually a wind but a wind difference between two levels; only exists in an atmosphere with horizontal temperature gradients, i.e. baroclinicity)
Ageostropic wind (difference between actual and geostrophic wind; the wind component which is responsible for air "filling up" cyclones over time)
Gradient wind (like geostrophic wind but also including centrifugal force)
Pressure Gradient, Coriolis and Centrifugal Force,
The pressure gradient force is the acceleration of air from a high atmospheric pressure region to a low pressure region, due to pressure difference, resulting in wind. The pressure gradient force acts at right angles to isobars in the direction from high to low pressure. The greater the pressure difference the stronger the wind.
If the pressure gradient force was the only force that acts on air then low and high pressure regions would eventually disappear. Other forces acting the air include; surface friction, coriolis force, centrifugal force. In large-scale atmospheric flows, the coriolis force generally balances the pressure gradient force, producing winds blowing largely along the isobars. Near the surface friction causes a resulting net wind direction diagonal to the isobars (with a component blowing towards the low pressure center).
Correlation of the Earth's Atmospheric Layers with Heavenly Plateaus of Oahspe.
18.1. Fragapatti halted on the borders of Zeredho ... When they came to the sea of Ctevahwitich, they raised the avalanza fifty thousand miles for the benefit of Hoab and his hosts, for the roadway of Tems lies here, where pass countless numbers of fleets filled with students learning about the dismembered warks belonging to the earth.
18.4. Here the students learn the processes of condensation and dissolution of meteoric stones and small planets, of such diameter that a mortal could walk around one of them in a day. On the outer extreme of this sea, the nebulae is in constant waves, where the vortices play, condensing and bursting, like whirlwinds on the earth or corporeal ocean ...
Here lies the first belt away from the earth capable of having nebulae condensed into meteoric stones. All nebulae lying nearer than this to the earth‘s surface is either attracted to the earth or repulsed from it. Therefore, calculate the distance of this belt from the earth, together with its density, and you shall find that it is the same distance as wark belts belonging to the stars in the firmament of similar size, density and velocity as the earth. The first wark belt of the sun is, therefore, the place of its nearest planet; the second wark belt is the place of its next nearest planet, and so on; and these wark belts are all graded in distances according to what I previously stated.
18.7. So that man might find still further evidence of the earth‘s wark belts, I [Jehovih] created the nearest one with different densities, so that not every year on earth would be alike as to heat and cold. And in certain cycles of dan I condense the first wark belts so that to mortals the sun seems as if in eclipse. For it is through this belt that My cycles of dan‘ha give either light or darkness to mortals spiritually.
18.8. Let man compute My times for his own benefit; I created the first wark to gain in rotation faster than the earth, one year for every eleven. So that when the wark has made twelve of its own years, the earth shall have completed eleven years.
qq
plume motion as determined by different methods:
(i) inner and outer plume boundary velocity calculated from time delays of this boundary
(ii) drift velocity
(iii) global velocity determined from successive EUV images.
These different techniques consistently indicate that plasmaspheric plumes rotate around the Earth, with their foot fully co-rotating, but with their tip rotating slower and moving farther out.
18.10. ... But the beauty and grandeur of these fountains, these fire-spouts, and whirlwinds on fire, together with the roar and whistling of the flying stones, so enraptured Hoab and his hosts, they could do nothing but look and wonder at the glory of it.
Book of Fragapatti Ch 18
The Titius–Bode law (Bode's law)
Bode's law is a hypothesis that planets in our system orbit at an exponential function of planetary sequence. The hypothesis has failed as a predictor of orbits since 1846, on the discovery of Neptune's orbit.
If the semi-major axis of each planet outward from the sun is represented by a, in units such that the Earth's semi-major axis = 10, with a = n + 4
where n = 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 ..., with each value of n > 3 twice the previous value. The resulting values can be divided by 10 to convert them into astronomical units (AU), which would result in the expression
for m = -
, 0, 1, 2,...
Planet
k
T-B rule distance
Real distance
Mercury
0
0.4
0.39
Venus
1
0.7
0.72
Earth
2
1.0
1.00
Mars
4
1.6
1.52
Ceres
8
2.8
2.77
Jupiter
16
5.2
5.20
Saturn
32
10.0
9.54
Uranus
64
19.6
19.2
Neptune
128
38.8
30.06
Pluto
256
77.2
39.44 
Graphical plot using data from table to the left
I would suppose that the earth's vortex concept given in Oahspe to be greater than what scientists term the magnetosphere, as can be seen in the diagram below.
Above: Diagram of the heavenly plateaus of Oahspe compared to magnetosphere. Everything is accurately drawn to scale. It should be born in mind however that the heavenly plateaus do not nessesarily encompass the globe, and only their distance from earth is distinguishable by the colors, not their depth. Also, the magnetosphere and plasmashere are only sphere-like on the sunward side.
Left: Fig. 8 of Oahspe Plate: "Manifestations of Vortexya", showing the vortexian lens of the earth.
Right: Fig. 8 (left) superimposed on the "Diagram of the heavenly plateaus" (above).
If the size of the earth compared to the vortexian lens is to scale in the Fig. 8 Oahspe image, it can be superimposed on the "Diagram of the heavenly plateaus" image above, to gain an idea of where it lies in the the scheme of the magnetosphere. As can be seen, it lies far outside the magnetosphere. I take this to mean that the size of the earth compared to the vortexian lens in the Fig. 8 is not to scale.
9.2. So it came to pass, Jehovih brought ji‘ya upon the earth, and it was in a state of darkness for four hundred years, and the sun did not shine, but was like a red ball of fire, and mortal things were without lights and shadows ...
Now during ji‘ay, there fell perpetual atmospherean substance on the earth, and it was of the nature and kind of substance of which the earth is made, but atmospheric, and this is that which is called ji‘ya.
9.4. And the plateau of Haraiti and Zeredho were driven down to the earth and near the earth; and the belt of meteoris was moved nearer by thousands of miles, and in many places upon the earth, meteoric stones fell like a rain shower, but burning hot.
13.15. After Yima thus instructed the ashars ...
13.16. And eleven days after that, behold, a‘ji began to fall on heaven and earth. The belt of meteoris gave up its stones, and showers of them rained down on the earth, and the sun became like a red ball of fire, and it remained so for one hundred and sixty-six years ...
And yet mortals did not see the a‘ji; but they saw their cities and temples sinking, as it were, into the ground; yet in truth they were not sinking, but were covered by the a‘ji falling and condensing.
14.5. In the fortieth year before dawn, the Voice of the Father came to God, saying: Mouru is becoming uninhabitable; Haraiti shall be moved into the earth; Zeredho shall be no more ... I will take the foundations of Ctusk from under him, and it shall go down into the earth ...
14.8. ... and the light, like a sun, gathered above God‘s head, saying: Come up above Haraiti; behold, I have broken up meteoris; I have fashioned a new plateau in the firmament above.
Book of Divinity
7.18. The place of relocation that Ahura had decided to inherit was in the second belt below meteoris, known in atmospherea at that time as Vara-pishanaha ...
Book of Cpenta-armij
Ruth said: The outer Van Allen radiation belt is approx 12,000 miles at its highest point. The inner Van Allen belt is approx 200 miles high at its highest point. It appears that midway between the outer wark belt (the moon's vortex) and the earth, approx 100,000 miles above the earth, lies the wark belt referred to in Fragapatti.
Here follows the calculations:
If this wark belt is above Zeredho (6 diameters of the earth distant from the earth) and Harait, (10 diameters distant) it must be more than 50,000 miles high, because Zeredho is 47,756 miles high and Haraiti is 79,260 miles high. Fragapatti ascended another 50,000 miles after he left passengers off at Zeredho, so it may be that the wark belt referred to in Chapter 18 is 97,756 miles high or approx 100,000 miles high.
The Magnetosphere
On the side facing the Sun, the distance to its boundary (which varies with solar wind intensity) is about 43,496 mls (11 Earth radii or RE, where 1 RE=3959 mls; all distances here are from the Earth's center). The boundary of the magnetosphere ("magnetopause") is roughly bullet shaped, about 15 RE abreast of Earth and on the night side (in the "magnetotail" or "geotail") approaching a cylinder with a radius 20-25 RE. The tail region stretches well past 200 RE, and the way it ends is not well-known.
8.76570519592
37/4.19. Next Tae subdivided the thirty-third year into eleven, and he found the variation to be one in ninety-nine years.
37/4.22. Tae then cast aside the philosophy of this day, and proved that the attraction of any corporeal world does not exceed seven of its own diameters, and many of them less than two diameters. He also measured the satellites and their distances from their central corpor, and he perceived that the diameters of the vortices could be determined by the loss or gain in the velocity of the satellites.
37/4.23. Where vortices had matured in form, he called them wark, as they had been called among the ancients, and the wark of the earth was one million five hundred and four thousand miles (1,504,000) in circumference,
Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities and Auroral curls
A Kelvin–Helmholtz instability rendered visible by clouds
4.1. Because the currents of the vortex of the earth are in constant change, the following results happen: In the regions where they overlap one another, and break to a limited extent, producing discord in motion, certain eddies and whirlpools result, and the corpor in solution is condensed, forming little planets or meteoric stones, varying in size from a pin‘s head to ten or twenty miles in diameter. When the little broken currents in the vortex lose their prey, these meteoric stones or little planets are carried by the vortexian current down to the earth‘s surface.
4.2. The belt in atmospherea where these things happen is usually about 500-700 miles up from the earth‘s surface. But the belt sometimes ascends 1000 miles. But at farther distances upward other belts exist, and others still beyond.
4.3. Another result that happens from these overlapping currents in the vortex (but closer to the earth) is the production of rain, snow and hail. Certain parts of the earth are given to snow; certain parts to rain and hail; and other parts to drought. In drought regions the vortexian overlappings descend to the very earth, where they are called by various names, such as cyclones, whirlwinds and so on; but if they occur on the ocean, carrying a current of water either up or down, they are termed waterspouts. In regions where there are rain, hail and snowfalls, the vortexian commotion takes place from 0.5-3 miles [0.8-4.8 km] above the earth‘s surface. Here the discord results in liberating the moisture, which was in transparent solution, and clouds result. But if the commotion continues, these are, atomically, still further liberated, and rain, snow, or hail results, which is carried down to the earth.
Noctilucent clouds
Noctilucent clouds are generally colourless or pale blue although occasionally other colours including red and green occur. They can appear as featureless bands but frequently show distinctive patterns such as streaks, wave-like undulations and whirls.
Noctilucent clouds are not fully understood. They are the highest clouds in the Earth's atmosphere, located in the mesosphere at altitudes of around 76 to 85 kilometers (47 to 53 mi) and are made of crystals of water ice 40 to 100 nanometers in diameter (about the size of particles in cigarette smoke). Since their discovery the occurrence of noctilucent clouds has been increasing in frequency, brightness and extent.
Noctilucent clouds are formed from water collecting on the surface of dust particles. The sources of both the dust and the water vapour in the upper atmosphere are not known exactly. The dust is believed to come from micrometeors, although volcanoes and dust from the troposphere are also possibilities. The moisture could be lifted through gaps in the tropopause, as well as forming from the reaction of methane with hydroxyl radicals in the stratosphere.
Ice crystals in clouds need water molecules and something like dust for those molecules to stick to. Water gathering on dust to form droplets or ice crystals is called nucleation. The mesosphere is very cold (-125 C) and dry (one hundred million times dryer than the Sahara desert). How ice crystals form in the arid mesosphere is the mystery of noctilucent clouds.
Noctilucent clouds photographed from the space shuttle.
The exhaust from Space Shuttles, which is almost entirely water vapour, has been found to generate individual clouds. The vapor is released into the thermosphere at altitudes of 103-114 km. This exhaust can be transported to the Arctic region in little over a day, although the mechanism of this very high-speed transport is unknown. As the water migrates northward, it falls from the thermosphere down into the colder mesosphere.
Thunderstorms and Cold fronts
A shelf cloud associated with a heavy or severe thunderstorm
Thunderstorms may line up in a series, and strong or severe thunderstorms may rotate.
Warm air has a lower density than cool air, so warm air rises within cooler air. Clouds form as warm air carrying moisture rises within cooler air. As the warm air rises, it cools. The moist water vapor begins to condense. When the moisture condenses, this releases energy that keeps the air warmer than its surroundings, so that it continues to rise. If enough instability is present in the atmosphere, this process will continue long enough for cumulonimbus clouds to form, which support lightning and thunder.
Cumulonimbus clouds are tall (1.24-10 mls high), dense, and involved in intense weather. It is a result of atmospheric instability. These clouds can form alone, in clusters, or along a cold front in a squall line. Cumulonimbus clouds form from cumulus clouds and can further develop into a supercell, a severe thunderstorm with special features.
Cumulonimbus storm cells can produce heavy rain (particularly of a convective nature) and flash flooding, as well as straight-line winds.
They also can snow because they are also in the higher part of the atmosphere
Airflow diagrams (left and below) showing three stages of a thunderstorm life cycle
The first stage of a thunderstorm is the cumulus stage, or developing stage. In this stage, masses of moisture are lifted upwards into the atmosphere. The trigger for this lift can be insolation heating the ground producing thermals, areas where two winds converge forcing air upwards, or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation. The moisture rapidly cools into liquid drops of water, which appears as cumulus clouds. As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding dry air. The air tends to rise in an updraft through the process of convection. This creates a low-pressure zone beneath the forming thunderstorm.
Note the dimensions 0.8-4.8 km between the dashed red lines, which indicate regions where there are rain, hail and snowfalls [vortexian commotion]. The upper limit is also 0° C, the freezing point of water.
In the mature stage, the warmed air continues to rise until it reaches existing air which is warmer, and the air can rise no further. Often this 'cap' is the tropopause. The air is instead forced to spread out, giving the storm a characteristic anvil shape. The resulting cloud is called cumulonimbus incus. The water droplets coalesce into heavy droplets and freeze to become ice particles. As these fall they melt to become rain. If the updraft is strong enough, the droplets are held aloft long enough to be so large that they do not melt completely and fall as hail. While updrafts are still present, the falling rain creates downdrafts as well. The simultaneous presence of both an updraft and downdrafts marks the mature stage of the storm, and during this stage considerable internal turbulence can occur in the storm system, which sometimes manifests as strong winds, severe lightning, and even tornadoes.
Typically, if there is little wind shear, the storm will rapidly enter the dissipating stage and 'rain itself out', but if there is sufficient change in wind speed and/or direction the downdraft will be separated from the updraft, and the storm may become a supercell, and the mature stage can sustain itself for several hours.
If there is enough atmospheric support and instability in place for the thunderstorm to feed on, it may even maintain its mature stage a bit longer than most storms.
Illustration of a cold front
A cold front is the leading edge of a cooler and drier mass of air. Cold fronts form when a cooler air mass moves into an area of warmer air. The warmer air interacts with the cooler air mass along the boundary, and usually produces precipitation.The air with greater density wedges under the less dense warmer air, lifting it, which can cause the formation of a narrow line of showers and thunderstorms when enough moisture is present. This upward motion causes lowered pressure along the cold front.
In the northern hemisphere, a cold front usually causes a shift of wind from southeast to northwest, and in the southern hemisphere a shift from northeast to southwest.
Cold fronts do not produce the moisture, it will just condense against the cold air into cloud and rain droplets if there is enough water vapor in either airmass. Because the cold air wedges under the warm air, it forces it to rise, creating instability. If moisture is sufficient, it will condense, creating storms, clouds, and/or rain.
Cold fronts are very often associated with a warm front, squall line, or other weather front. Very commonly, cold fronts have an adjacent warm front that is ahead of the cold front. This forms an area where warm air is occurring and interacting with the cold front. Very often in this area (warm sector) severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hailstorms occur, because of the sharp difference between the warm and cold air. A cold front is considered a warm front if it retreats, and called a stationary front if it stalls.
When a front becomes stationary, and the density contrast across the frontal boundary vanishes, the front can degenerate into a line which separates regions of differing wind velocity, known as a shearline. This is most common over the open ocean.
However, since lightning is associated with rain, this is the indication, since the cause of lightning is yet to be established.
Since high pressure is close to the earths surface, and low pressure is higher up, the approach of a low pressure area is an indication of descending vortexian currents. High pressure indicates fair weather.
The rolling of clouds is also an indication.
Cross section of circulation cells and jet streams. The tropopause lays higher in the tropics than at the poles and marks the limit of clouds.
The tropopause is the troposphere boundary above which lies the stratosphere. The troposphere is where all "weather" occurs. , where the air ceases to cool.
It ranges in height from an average of 8 km (6.8 miles) at the poles to 17 km (11 miles) at the equator,
The tropopause locates where the temperature no longer decreases with altitude but increases.
Temperature profile through the atmosphere. Height (in miles and kilometers) is indicated along each side. Temperatures in the thermosphere continue to climb, reaching as high as 2000°C
Alternatively, a dynamic definition of the tropopause is used with potential vorticity instead of vertical temperature gradient as the defining variable.
It is also possible to define the tropopause in terms of chemical composition. For example, the lower stratosphere has much higher ozone concentrations than the upper troposphere, but much lower water vapor concentrations, so appropriate cutoffs can be used.
The tropopause is not a "hard" boundary. Vigorous thunderstorms, for example, particularly those of tropical origin, will overshoot into the lower stratosphere and undergo a brief (hour-order) low-frequency vertical oscillation.[citation needed] Such oscillation sets up a low-frequency atmospheric gravity wave capable of affecting both atmospheric and oceanic currents in the region.[clarify]
Most commercial aircraft are flown below the tropopause or "trop" if at all possible to take advantage of the troposphere's temperature lapse rate. Jet engines are more efficient at lower temperatures.
Book of Jehovih
But the patterns of snowflakes reveal both the casting and the mold of discordant m‘vortexian currents.
turbulent twisted magnetic flux tube gas
qq
The Jet Stream
Jet streams are fast flowing, relatively narrow air currents found at the tropopause, the transition between the troposphere (where temperature decreases with height) and the stratosphere (where temperature increases with height), and are located at 10-15 km above the surface of the Earth. They form near boundaries of adjacent air masses with significant differences in temperature, such as the polar region and the warmer air to the south.
There are two main jet streams north of subtropical latitudes, with a weaker subtropical stream closer to the equator. The polar jet stream is typically located near the 250 hPa pressure level, or 7-12 km (4.3-7.5 ml) above sea level, while the subtropical jet is 10-16 km (6.2-9.9 ml). Both upper-level jet streams form near breaks in the tropopause, which is at a higher altitude near the equator than it is over the poles, with large changes in its height occurring near the location of the jet stream. The streams are most commonly found between latitudes 30°N and 60°N. The upper level jet stream "follows the sun", as it moves northward during the warm season, and southward during the cold season.
The major jet streams are westerly winds (flowing west to east) in the Northern Hemisphere
Jet streams are typically continuous over long distances, but discontinuities are common. The path of the jet typically has a meandering shape, and these meanders themselves propagate east, at lower speeds than that of the actual wind within the flow. Each large meander, or wave, within the jet stream is known as a Rossby wave. Rossby waves are caused by changes in the Coriolis effect with latitude, and propagate westward
The wind speeds vary according to the temperature gradient, exceeding 92 kilometres per hour although speeds of over 398 kph have been measured. The path of the jet stream steers cyclonic storm systems at lower levels in the atmosphere, and so knowledge of their course is important in weather forecasting.
Winds are strongest just under the tropopause (except during tornadoes, hurricanes or other anomalous situations). If two air masses of different temperatures or densities meet, the resulting pressure difference caused by the density difference (which causes wind) is highest within the transition zone. The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area, but is deflected by the Coriolis effect and flows along the boundary of the two air masses. The polar front and subtropical jets merge at some locations and times, while at other times they are well separated.
The balance of forces on an atmospheric parcel in the vertical direction is primarily between the pressure gradient and the force of gravity, a balance referred to as hydrostatic. In the horizontal, the dominant balance outside of the tropics is between the Coriolis effect and the pressure gradient, a balance referred to as geostrophic. Given both hydrostatic and geostrophic balance, one can derive the thermal wind relation: the vertical derivative of the horizontal wind is proportional to the horizontal temperature gradient. The sense of the relation is such that temperatures decreasing polewards implies that winds develop a larger eastward component as one moves upwards. Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the equator is warmer than the north and south poles.[19]
The thermal wind relation does not immediately provide an explanation for why the winds are organized in tight jets, rather than distributed more broadly over the hemisphere. There are two factors that contribute to this sharpness of the jets. One is the tendency for developing cyclonic disturbances in midlatitudes to form fronts. A front is a sharp localized gradient in temperature. The polar front jet stream can be thought of as the result of this frontogenesis process in midlatitudes, as the storms concentrate the north-south temperature contrast into relatively narrow regions.[12]
An alternative explanation is more appropriate for the subtropical jet, which forms at the poleward limit of the tropical Hadley cell. One can visualize this circulation as being symmetric with respect to longitude. Rings of air encircling the Earth move polewards beneath the tropopause from the equator into the subtropics. As they do so they tend to conserve their angular momentum. But they are also moving closer to the axis of rotation, so they must spin faster in the direction of rotation, implying an increased eastward component of the winds.[20]
Jupiter's atmosphere has multiple jet streams, forming the familiar banded color structure, caused by internal heating.[16] The factors that control the number of jet streams in a planetary atmosphere is an active area of research in dynamical meteorology. In models, as one increases the planetary radius, holding all other parameters fixed, the number of jet streams increases.
The Polar Vortex
The polar vortex is a persistent, large-scale cyclone located near the Earth's poles, in the middle and upper troposphere and the stratosphere. It surrounds the polar highs and is part of the polar front. The vortex is most powerful in the hemisphere's winter, when the temperature gradient is steepest, and diminishes or can disappear in the summer. The Antarctic polar vortex is more pronounced and persistent than the Arctic one; this is because the distribution of land masses at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere gives rise to Rossby waves which contribute to the breakdown of the vortex, whereas in the southern hemisphere the vortex remains more undisturbed. The Arctic vortex is elongated in shape, with two centres, one roughly over Baffin Island in Canada and the other over northeast Siberia.
The Antarctic Polar Vortex typically lasts from August to November
Other astronomical bodies are also known to have polar vortices, including Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and Saturn's moon Titan.
A Vortex
A vortex is a spinning, often turbulent, flow of fluid. Any spiral motion is vortex flow. The motion of the fluid swirling rapidly around a center is called a vortex. The speed and rate of rotation of the fluid are greatest at the center, and decrease progressively with distance from the center.
The fluid pressure in a vortex is lowest in the center where the speed is greatest, and rises progressively with distance from the center. The core of a vortex in air is sometimes visible because of a plume of water vapour caused by condensation in the low pressure of the core. The spout of a tornado is a classic example. A dust devil is made visible by dust drawn upwards by the turbulent flow of air from ground level into the low pressure core.
The core of every vortex can be considered to contain a vortex line, and every particle in the vortex can be considered to be circulating around the vortex line. Vortex lines can start and end at the boundary of the fluid or form closed loops. They cannot start or end in the fluid.
Two or more vortices that are approximately parallel and circulating in the same direction will quickly merge to form a single vortex. The circulation of the merged vortex will equal the sum of the circulations of the constituent vortices. A sheet of small vortices flows from the trailing edge of the wing or propeller of an airplane when the wing is developing lift or the propeller is developing thrust. In less than one wing chord downstream of the trailing edge of the wing these small vortices merge to form a single vortex. If viewed from the tail of the airplane, looking forward in the direction of flight, there is one wingtip vortex trailing from the left-hand wing and circulating clockwise, and another wingtip vortex trailing from the right-hand wing and circulating anti-clockwise. These two wingtip vortices do not merge because they are circulating in opposite directions.
Vortices contain a lot of energy in the circular motion of the fluid. Fluids exhibit viscosity and this dissipates energy very slowly from the core of the vortex.
[edit] Dynamics
A vortex can be any circular or rotary flow that possesses vorticity. Vorticity can be related to the amount of "circulation" or "rotation" in a fluid. Vorticity is the circulation per unit area at a point in the flow field. It is a vector quantity, whose direction is along the axis of the swirl. A fluid can be said to be vortical if the fluid moves around in a circle, or in a helix, or if it tends to spin around some axis. Such motion can also be called solenoidal.
[edit] Two types of vortex
In fluid mechanics, a distinction is often made between two limiting vortex cases. One is called the free (irrotational) vortex, and the other is the forced (rotational) vortex. These are considered as below:
Two autumn leaves in a counter-clockwise vortex (reference position).
Two autumn leaves in a rotational vortex rotate with the counter-clockwise flow.
Two autumn leaves in an irrotational vortex preserve their original orientation while moving counter-clockwise.
[edit] Free (irrotational) vortex
When fluid is drawn down a plug-hole, one can observe the phenomenon of a free vortex. The tangential velocity v varies inversely as the distance r from the center of rotation, so the angular momentum, rv, is constant; the vorticity is zero everywhere (except for a singularity at the center-line) and the circulation about a contour containing r = 0 has the same value everywhere. The free surface (if present) dips sharply (as r -2 ) as the center line is approached.
The tangential velocity is given by:
(2.1)
where G is the circulation and r is the radial distance from the center of the vortex.
In non-technical terms, the fluid near the center of the vortex circulates faster than the fluid far from the center. The speed along the circular path of flow is held constant or decreases as you move out from the center. At the same time the inner streamlines have a shorter distance to travel to complete a ring. If you were running a race on a circular track would you rather be on the inside or outside, assuming the goal was to complete a circle? Imagine a leaf floating in a free vortex. The leaf's tip points to the center and the blade straddles multiple streamlines. The outer flow is slow in terms of angle traversed and it exerts a backwards tug on the base of the leaf while the faster inner flow pulls the tip forwards. The drag force opposes rotation of the leaf as it moves around the circle.
[edit] Forced (rotational) vortex
In a forced vortex the fluid essentially rotates as a solid body (there is no shear). The motion can be realized by placing a dish of fluid on a turntable rotating at ? radians/sec; the fluid has vorticity of 2? everywhere, and the free surface (if present) is a parabola.
The tangential velocity is given by:
(2.2)
where ? is the angular velocity and r is the radial distance from the center of the vortex.
[edit] Vortices in magnets
Different classes vortex waves also exist in magnets . They are exact solutions of classical nonlinear magnetic equations e.g. Landau-Lifshitz equation, continuum Heisenberg model, Ishimori equation, nonlinear Schrodinger equation and so on.
[edit] Observations
A vortex can be seen in the spiraling motion of air or liquid around a center of rotation. Circular current of water of conflicting tides form vortex shapes. Turbulent flow makes many vortices. A good example of a vortex is the atmospheric phenomenon of a whirlwind or a tornado or dust devil. This whirling air mass mostly takes the form of a helix, column, or spiral. Tornadoes develop from severe thunderstorms, usually spawned from squall lines and supercell thunderstorms, though they sometimes happen as a result of a hurricane.
In atmospheric physics, a mesovortex is on the scale of a few miles (smaller than a hurricane but larger than a tornado). [2] On a much smaller scale, a vortex is usually formed as water goes down a drain, as in a sink or a toilet. This occurs in water as the revolving mass forms a whirlpool. This whirlpool is caused by water flowing out of a small opening in the bottom of a basin or reservoir. This swirling flow structure within a region of fluid flow opens downward from the water surface.
[edit] Instances
In the hydrodynamic interpretation of the behaviour of electromagnetic fields, the acceleration of electric fluid in a particular direction creates a positive vortex of magnetic fluid. This in turn creates around itself a corresponding negative vortex of electric fluid.
Smoke ring : A ring of smoke which persists for a surprisingly long time, illustrating the slow rate at which viscosity dissipates the energy of a vortex.
Lift-induced drag of a wing on an aircraft.
The primary cause of drag in the sail of a sloop.
Whirlpool : a swirling body of water produced by ocean tides or by a hole underneath the vortex, where water drains out, as in a bathtub. A large, powerful whirlpool is known as a maelstrom. In popular imagination, but only rarely in reality, can they have the dangerous effect of destroying boats. Examples are Scylla and Charybdis of classical mythology in the Straits of Messina, Italy; the Naruto whirlpools of Nankaido, Japan; the Maelstrom, Lofoten, Norway.
Tornado : a violent windstorm characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud. A less violent version of a tornado, over water, is called a waterspout.
Hurricane : a much larger, swirling body of clouds produced by evaporating warm ocean water and influenced by the Earth's rotation. Similar, but far greater, vortices are also seen on other planets, such as the permanent Great Red Spot on Jupiter and the intermittent Great Dark Spot on Neptune.
Polar vortex : a persistent, large-scale cyclone centered near the Earth's poles, in the middle and upper troposphere and the stratosphere.
Sunspot : dark region on the Sun's surface (photosphere) marked by a lower temperature than its surroundings, and intense magnetic activity.
The accretion disk of a black hole or other massive gravitational source.
Spiral galaxy : a type of galaxy in the Hubble sequence which is characterized by a thin, rotating disk. Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way is of this type.
Kelvin Helmholtz instability clouds
4.4. The places in the vortex of the earth where these discords result are nearly uniform in their relative distance from the earth, and their occurrences correspond to the prophetic periods previously given.
4.5. Corpor being in solution in ethe, has mostly the shape of needles, but of infinitesimal size. But the patterns of snowflakes reveal both the casting and the mold of discordant m‘vortexian currents.
4.6. But it must be borne in mind that where one snowflake is molded in one moment, another snowflake molded in the same place the next moment would display no two snowflakes alike. Three stages may be described in the discordant results: first, the cloud; second, the frozen cloud, which is snow; and third, the raindrop or hailstone.
4.7. In the meteoric regions (which are above the clouds that produce rain) corpor also presents three stages of development, which are: Ash-clouds, transparent or otherwise; and crystal needles; and meteoric stones. The latter only, as a general rule, are precipitated to the earth. But on certain occasions, both the other forms of corpor are also precipitated to the earth.
4.8. Allowing a certain size to rain clouds, which are near the earth, by contrast corporeal clouds high up in the vortex are proportionately larger: According to the ratio of the difference between their globular circumference and that of the lower strata, so are the discordant waves proportionally longer, wider and deeper.
4.9. It is an error to say that the atmosphere of the earth decreases gradually and continually in specific gravity according to the distance above the earth.
4.10. It is an error to say there is any gravity involved, but one may only say that some force precipitates formations like rain, snow, hail and meteoric stones. As already shown, these things (rain, snow, hail, etc.) have no gravity of their own to go in any direction. Nor is there any attraction in the earth to pull them down. They are driven to the earth by the vortexian current. But the point herein now considered is, the commonly expressed knowledge of men, that the atmosphere hath less density outward, away from the earth, in proportion to the distance from the earth's surface. In one respect this is an error; in another a truth: As to density PER SE there is no difference in the atmosphere on the face of the earth compared
to that of a thousand miles high, or a hundred thousand miles high. It is all in even
balance, as to pressure and density, PER SE . But because the etheic solution of corpor
is more sublimated by swifter axial motion in the higher regions, and because the
lower regions contain less perfectly dissolved corpor, the difference hath been
improperly described. Air is no heavier because of rain; the weight lieth in the rain only.
11. Hence the gravity (so-called) of the atmosphere hath reference only to imperfect
solutions of corpor. And it is true that a superabundance of these imperfect solutions are
near the earth.
Book of Cosmogony and Prophecy
A Kelvin–Helmholtz instability on Saturn, formed at the interaction of two bands of the planet's atmosphere
Oahspe refers to "vortexian overlappings", "overlapping currents", "overlapping waves of the sun‘s vortex" and "currents of the vortex of the earth in the regions where they overlap one another".
This can be likened to relative motion in a fluid, or between two different fluids.
A wind blowing over a water surface will cause waves. The relative motion between the two different fluids (wind and water) caused an instability - the waves.
If instead of two different fluids (water and air), we have a velocity difference (or velocity shear) in one fluid, a Kelvin–Helmholtz instability occurs, such as those pictured right, and above.
These clearly look like eddies and whirlpools.
The Oahspean 'overlapping regions of the vortexian currents' could be equivalently termed 'velocity shear'.
So, Kelvin–Helmholtz instability can occur when velocity shear is present within a continuous fluid or, when there is sufficient velocity difference across the interface between two fluids.
The Aurora
Auroral curls are associated with shear velocities and KH instability.
Auroral curls showing Kelvin Helmholtz instabilities, that are sometimes attributed to diocotron instability.
At high latitudes (northern Scandinavia, Canada) the sky displays colourful and dynamic auroral polar lights (usually observed at night), the chance of visibility increasing with proximity to the magnetic pole. Among the variety of forms and colors are rapidly evolving small-scale curls.
The Geomagnetic Pole is the centre of the region in which the Aurora can be seen. Aurorae seen near the magnetic pole may be high overhead, but from further away, they illuminate the northern horizon. The aurora borealis most often occurs from September to October and from March to April. Benjamin Franklin theorized aurorae to a concentration of electrical charges in the polar regions.
Auroral electrojets. Fig. 50a represents those in which the current-directions at the storm-centre are directed westwards, and 50b those in which the currents move eastwards."
Typically the aurora appears either as a diffuse glow or as "curtains" that approximately extend in the east-west direction.
At some times, they form "quiet arcs"; at others they evolve and change constantly (active aurora). Each curtain consists of many parallel rays lined up with the local direction of the magnetic field lines. Satellites show electrons to be guided by magnetic field lines, spiraling around them while moving towards Earth. The similarity to curtains is often enhanced by folds called "striations". When the field line guiding a bright auroral patch leads to a point directly above the observer, the aurora may appear as a "corona" of diverging rays.
Large magnetic fluctuations occur when the aurora is observed overhead. This indicates electric currents were associated with the aurora. Kristian Birkeland (1908) deduced that the currents flowed in the east-west directions along the auroral arc, and such currents, flowing from the dayside towards (approximately) midnight were later named "auroral electrojets" (or Birkeland currents).
In February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms that produce Aurorae. Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to Auroral intensification.
Aurora appears mainly in the "auroral zone", a ring-shaped region with a radius of approximately 2500 km around Earth's magnetic pole. It was hardly ever seen near the geographic pole, which is about 2000 km away from the magnetic pole. The instantaneous distribution of auroras ("auroral oval") is slightly different, centered about 3-5 degrees nightward of the magnetic pole, so that auroral arcs reach furthest towards the equator around midnight. The aurora can be seen best at this time.
Large magnetic storms are most common during the peak of the eleven-year sunspot cycle or during the three years after that peak.[citation needed] However, the likelihood of an aurora occurring within the auroral zone depends on the slant of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lines (known as BZ), being greater with southward slants.
Geomagnetic storms that ignite auroras happen more often during the months around the equinoxes. It is not well understood why geomagnetic storms are tied to Earth's seasons while polar activity is not. But it is known that during spring and autumn, the IMF and that of Earth link up. At the magnetopause, Earth's magnetic field points north. When BZ becomes large tilts south it can partially cancel Earth's magnetic field at the point of contact. South-pointing BZ's open a door through which energy from the solar wind can reach Earth's inner magnetosphere.
Earth's magnetic dipole axis is most closely aligned with the IMF spiral in April and October. As a result, southward (and northward) excursions of BZ are greatest then.
The Sun's rotation axis is tilted 8 degrees with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit. Because the solar wind blows more rapidly from the Sun's poles than from its equator, the average speed of particles buffeting Earth's magnetosphere waxes and wanes every six months. The solar wind speed is greatest — by about 50 km/s, on average — around 5th September and 5th March when Earth lies at its highest heliographic latitude.
Still, neither BZ nor the solar wind can fully explain the seasonal behavior of geomagnetic storms. Those factors together contribute only about one-third of the observed semiannual variation.
The ultimate energy source of the aurora is the solar wind flowing past the Earth.
The magnetosphere and solar wind consist of plasma (ionized gas), which conducts electricity. It is well known that when an electrical conductor is placed within a magnetic field while relative motion occurs in a direction that the conductor cuts across (or is cut by), rather than along, the lines of the magnetic field, an electrical current is said to be induced into that conductor and electrons will flow within it. The amount of current flow is dependent upon a) the rate of relative motion and b) the strength of the magnetic field, c) the number of conductors ganged together and d) the distance between the conductor and the magnetic field, while the direction of flow is dependent upon the direction of relative motion.
In particular the solar wind and the magnetosphere are two electrically conducting fluids with such relative motion and should be able (in principle) to generate electric currents by "dynamo action", in the process also extracting energy from the flow of the solar wind. The process is hampered by the fact that plasmas conduct easily along magnetic field lines, but not so easily perpendicular to them. So it is important that a temporary magnetic connection be established between the field lines of the solar wind and those of the magnetosphere, by a process known as magnetic reconnection. It happens most easily with a southward slant of interplanetary field lines, because then field lines north of Earth approximately match the direction of field lines near the north magnetic pole (namely, into Earth), and similarly near the southern pole. Indeed, active auroras (and related "substorms") are much more likely at such times.
Electric currents originating in such way apparently give auroral electrons their energy. The magnetospheric plasma has an abundance of electrons: some are magnetically trapped, some reside in the magnetotail, and some exist in the upward extension of the ionosphere, which may extend (with diminishing density) some 25,000 km around Earth.
Bright auroras are generally associated with Birkeland currents which flow down into the ionosphere on one side of the pole and out on the other. In between, some of the current connects directly through the ionospheric E layer (125 km); the rest ("region 2") detours, leaving again through field lines closer to the equator and closing through the "partial ring current" qqcarried by magnetically trapped plasma. The ionosphere is an ohmic conductor, so such currents require a driving voltage, which some dynamo mechanism can supply. Electric field probes in orbit above the polar cap suggest voltages of the order of 40,000 volts, rising up to more than 200,000 volts during intense magnetic storms.
Ionospheric resistance has a complex nature, and leads to a secondary Hall current flow. By a strange twist of physics, the magnetic disturbance on the ground due to the main current almost cancels out, so most of the observed effect of auroras is due to a secondary current, the auroral electrojet. An auroral electrojet index (measured in nanotesla) is regularly derived from ground data and serves as a general measure of auroral activity.
However, ohmic resistance is not the only obstacle to current flow in this circuit. The convergence of magnetic field lines near Earth creates a "mirror effect" which turns back most of the down-flowing electrons (where currents flow upwards), inhibiting current-carrying capacity. To overcome this, part of the available voltage appears along the field line ("parallel to the field"), helping electrons overcome that obstacle by widening the bundle of trajectories reaching Earth; a similar "parallel voltage" is used in "tandem mirror" plasma containment devices. A feature of such voltage is that it is concentrated near Earth (potential proportional to field intensity; Persson, 1963[19]), and indeed, as deduced by Evans (1974) and confirmed by satellites, most auroral acceleration occurs below 10,000 km. Another indicator of parallel electric fields along field lines are beams of upwards flowing O+ ions observed on auroral field lines.
While this mechanism is probably the main source of the familiar auroral arcs, formations conspicuous from the ground, more energy might go to other, less prominent types of aurora, e.g. the diffuse aurora (below) and the low-energy electrons precipitated in magnetic storms (also below).
The Earth's Geocorona
The geocorona as viewed from the surface of Moon. The Sun is to the left; the Earth's north pole is toward the upper left. The geocoronal emissions are due to resonantly scattered solar Lyman alpha photons. The southern aurora can be seen on the Earth's night side.
Charge exchange reactions between hot ring current ions and exospheric hydrogen produce the energetic neutral atoms used to construct images of the ring current as it evolves in response to changing magnetospheric conditions.
The term "geocorona" refers to the solar far-ultraviolet light that is reflected off the cloud of neutral hydrogen atoms that surrounds the Earth. This cloud (exosphere) is the extremely tenuous extension of the Earth's neutral atmosphere into space, with densities ranging from a thousand or so atoms per cubic centimeter at the inner edge of the ring current to less than a hundred at geosynchronous orbit (6.6 Earth radii). Solar far-ultraviolet photons scattered by exospheric hydrogen have been observed out to a distance of approximately 100,000 km (~15.5 Earth radii) from Earth. The theoretical outer boundary of the exosphere lies roughly another 100,000 km beyond this, at ~31 Earth radii, the distance at which the influence of solar radiation pressure on particle velocities exceeds that of the Earth's gravitational pull. Neutral hydrogen densities in this region are on the order of one or less than one atom per cubic centimeter, however, and are too low to be detected. The exosphere's lower boundary is termed the critical level or "exobase". It is conventionally placed at an altitude of 500 km. At and below this altitude, the atmosphere is sufficiently dense that collisions dominate the motion of the gas molecules and atoms; above the exobase, on the other hand, collisions are so infrequent that atoms moving with sufficient velocity have a high probablility of escaping from the Earth's gravitational field into interplanetary space. Escaping atoms constitute only a portion of the exospheric hydrogen, however. There is also a gravitationally bound component that consists both of atoms following ballistic trajectories and of "satellite" atoms that orbit the Earth for some period of time before returning to the denser atmosphere.
The density and structure of the exosphere are influenced by a number of factors: variations in the temperature and density of the atmosphere below the exobase, photoionization and ionization by impact with solar wind particles, charge exchange with the plasma of the plasmasphere, and radiation pressure exerted by solar far-ultraviolet photons. Solar radiation pressure, creates the exosphere's satellite component and pushes the exospheric hydrogen away from the Earth in an antisunward direction to form a "geotail" of neutral hydrogen.
The exosphere plays an important role in the plasma budget of the Earth's inner magnetosphere as a "sink" for ring current charged particles, because charge exchange with exospheric neutral hydrogen is the principal mechanism by which the ring current loses plasma and can return to its "ground state" following a geomagnetic storm . The energetic neutral atoms created by this process can be imaged to construct global pictures of the ring current as it grows and decays in response to changing magnetospheric conditions.
The Earth's Ring Current
Image of a portion of the Ring Current with Earth superimposed.
The current is not smooth, and often does not completely encircle the equatorial zone of Earth. It is more prominent on the night time side (right in this figure), and as it moves into the dayside it breaks up and vanishes, possibly by losing particles into the magnetopause region.
Earth's ring current shields the lower latitudes of the Earth from magnetospheric electric fields. It therefore has a large effect on the electrodynamics of geomagnetic storms. The ring current system consists of a band, at a distance of 3 to 5 RE, which lies in the equatorial plane and circulates clockwise around the Earth (when viewed from the north). The particles of this region produce a magnetic field in opposition to the Earth's magnetic field and so an Earthly observer would observe a decrease in the magnetic field in this area.
The ring current energy is mainly carried around by the ions, most of which are protons. However, one also sees alpha particles in the ring current, a type of ion that is plentiful in the solar wind. In addition, a certain percentage are O+ oxygen ions, similar to those in the ionosphere of Earth, though much more energetic. This mixture of ions suggests that ring current particles probably come from more than one source. Ring current particle energies range from 0.05 MeV to 1 MeV.
Energetic neutral atom (ENA) emissions from the Earth's ring current on 9 June 2000 during the recovery stage of a geomagnetic storm that began on 8 June. The color bar indicates the intensity of the ENA emissions. The view is toward Earth's north pole from an altitude of 5 Earth radii. The relative size and position of the Earth are indicated by the white circle. Pairs of representative field lines (extending to 4 and 8 Earth radii respectively) are shown at (clockwise from top) local midnight, dusk, noon, and dawn. The image was produced by integrating ENA emissions over the 16-27 keV energy range.
During a geomagnetic storm, the number of particles in the ring current will increase. As a result there is a decrease in the effects of geomagnetic field.
The ring current consists of geomagnetically trapped 10 - 200 keV ions (mainly H+, He+, and O+) and electrons that drift azimuthally around the Earth at radial distances of about 2-7 Re overlapping the radiation belt region. The drift is a combined curvature and gradient drift which is eastward for electrons and westward for ions, i.e., the direction of the current is westward.
Top: plot showing the 27-39 keV proton (hydrogen) channel during a traversal of the ring current (April 2002. The connected squares are the values of the ion fluxes.
The global strength of the ring current can be monitored by ground-based magnetometers at equatorial latitudes because it decreases the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field. The signature of the geomagnetic storm main phase is the build-up of an enhanced ring current.
Lower left: ENA image in the 27-39 keV channel.
Lower right: the 27-39 kev proton intensities in the equatorial plane.
The main enhancement of the storm-time ring current occurs at distances L < 4. Two processes have been suggested to explain this enhancement: 1) substorm particle injections and 2) transport and energization of plasma sheet particles by enhanced convection electric field. The current view is that the latter process is more capable of delivering particles as deep as L < 4, especially if the electric field fluctuates. Note that O+ dominates over H+ near the storm's maximum phase.
Quite another topic is the decay of the ring current after a storm, since processes like charge exchange or Coulomb collision seem to be too slow. Losses due to electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves might play a role.
[The IMF is a vector quantity with three directional components, two of which (Bx and By) are oriented parallel to the ecliptic. The third component (BZ) is perpendicular to the ecliptic and is created by waves and other disturbances in the solar wind. When the IMF and geomagnetic field lines are oriented opposite or "antiparallel" to each other, they can "merge" or "reconnect," resulting in the transfer of energy, mass, and momentum from the solar wind flow to magnetosphere The strongest coupling with the most dramatic magnetospheric effects occurs when the BZ component is oriented southward. The IMF is a weak field, varying in strength near the Earth from 1 to 37 nT, with an average value of ~6 nT.]
Cluster Discovers Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities at the Magnetopause
Besides 'velocity shear' or 'velocity difference', vortexian overlapping currents could be equivalently termed ‘magnetic reconnection’.
It is claimed that when the earth's field (the magnetosphere) and the sun's IMF point in opposite directions, the solar wind can penetrate the Earth's magnetic shield by 'magnetic reconnection’. At the magnetopause, it occurs when Earth's magnetic field lines interconnect with IMF lines carried by the solar wind. This allows solar material to enter along the connected field lines and collect in the boundary layer.
In this case, magnetic reconnection can account for solar wind entry at the dayside magnetopause.
With a BZ component of the IMF oriented northward (the fields are aligned), reconnection at the dayside magnetopause is highly unlikely, and the fields should present an impenetrable barrier to the flow.
However, measurements in the boundary layer have shown that the plasma content of the outer magnetosphere increases during northward IMF, contrary to expectation if reconnection is the dominant transfer mechanism. Under northward IMF conditions, the characteristics of the region called the plasma sheet (see diagram), located around the Earth and extending significantly on the Earth's nightside, are significantly modified. Only a couple of hours of Northward IMF conditions are necessary for such a transition, where observations show that the plasma sheet is cooler and denser than compared to when the IMF is southward. Under northward IMF conditions, the plasma sheet is referred to as the cold and dense plasma sheet. So how is the solar wind getting in?
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) on the magnetospheric flanks, where two fluids are in motion with respect to one another, has been proposed as the mechanism.
According to simulations, plasma transport across the magnetopause is possible if the KHI has developed enough to form rolled-up vortices, or giant swirls, able to engulf plasmas from both sides of the magnetopause [ie., it overlaps].
The plasma transport itself is ensured by either the collapse of the vortex or the reconnection within such a vortex.
Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices on the dawnside of the magnetosphere boundary layer caused by two adjacent flows travelling at different speeds. One of the flows is the heated gas inside the boundary layer of the magnetosphere, the other the solar wind just outside it.
This theoretical mechanism was proposed in the 1950's by Jim Dungey from Imperial College (London, UK), just before the space era. Many encounters by spacecraft of vortex-like structures near the magnetopause have been reported since and interpreted as signatures of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and compared to numerical simulations.
In November 2001, the Cluster flotilla arrived from behind Earth to the dusk side of the boundary layer where it began to encounter gigantic vortices of gas about 6 RE across at the magnetopause, the outer ‘edge’ of the magnetosphere. 1 RE=3959 mls
3959 × 6 = 23,753 mls = 38,226 km (almost 40,000 km in diameter each)
The length scale of one of these vortices was estimated to be 40,000-55000 km (8.6 RE)
They are alleged to be ejected solar material because the incoming magnetic field direction is that of the IMF. The superheated gases trapped in them are said to be tunnelling their way into the magnetosphere, suggesting that this is how the magnetosphere is constantly topped up with electrified gases when, it is thought, should be acting as a barrier.
When a KHI-wave rolls up into a vortex, it becomes known as a ‘Kelvin Cat’s eye’. The data showed density variations of the electrified gas at the magnetopause like those expected when travelling through a ‘Kelvin Cat’s eye’. It was postulated that these structures might pull large quantities of the solar wind inside the boundary layer as they collapse. When carried to the inner part of the magnetosphere, the particles can be excited strongly, allowing them to smash into Earth’s atmosphere and give rise to the aurorae.
However, no sign of magnetic reconnection or vortex collapse was found. The discovery did not show the mechanism by which the gas is transported into the magnetosphere, or whether it is the only process to fill up the boundary layer when the magnetic fields are aligned.
In August 2004 numerical simulations were able to reproduce the Cluster observations to show the presence of magnetic reconnection, reinforcing the idea of this mechanism to enable solar wind material to penetrate the Earth's magnetopause.
Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of a Kelvin-Helmholtz wave. On the left panel is plotted the magnetic field, shown by arrows, and the z-component of the current density (Jz) is represented by colour. It can be seen that green indicates no charge, while blue is negative and yellow is positive current in the z direction.
If you click on the image on the right you will activate the 17 MB simulation movie of this Kelvin-Helmholtz wave. The subtler atmospherean density will be seen intermingling and dissolving into the magnetosphere during each eddy formation.
The right panel represents the velocity (arrows) and the density (colour coded). The higher density (orange) is in the magnetosheath and lower density (purple) is in the magnetospheric side. The Black arrows are the plasma velocity vectors and the black lines are the magnetic field lines in the shear flow plane.
A) reconnection occurs first in a current layer separating the anti-parallel magnetospheric and magnetosheath fields
B) later the reconnection develops in a magnetospheric current layer generated by twisting of the magnetospheric field due to the KHI.
Magnetic reconnection
I previously wrote:
"Besides 'velocity shear' or 'velocity difference', vortexian overlapping currents could be equivalently termed ‘magnetic reconnection’."
and it was explained that points of magnetic reconnection occur where giant swirls (vortices) overlap to engulf plasmas from both sides of the magnetopause.
Astronomers appear to be talking about magnetic fields as though it were the prime mover, however their genesis is in electric currents. For example, changing the density or temperature of a region of the atmosphere will change the contours of weather maps. But saying that the contours themselves are real entities or "do things" is erroneous. Do the changing contours on weather maps hold and then release atmospheric/weather energy?
Electric current produces a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be visualized as a pattern of circular field lines surrounding the wire.
In the diagram on the right, if one flips the direction of the blue arrow and the +/- signs (denoting current direction) one must also flip the direction of the red arrows (denoting magnetic field direction). Then the diagram(s) will show good accord.
Left: Magnetic field lines around a magnetic null observed by Cluster (red cube).
In October 2001, the Cluster C2 spacecraft (red cube) moved across the X-line, shown on a cross-section of the magnetic field configuration, at the time tags:
Right: Figures 1 and 2 from Don Scott’s paper
t1 = 09:48:25.548 UT, t2 = 09:48:25.637 UT, t3 = 09:48:25.726 UT
The X-line is a virtual region representing two magnetic field lines which are initially mostly anti-parallel and which, during reconnection, are pushed towards one another and connect, leading to the formation of jets when the (magnetic) pressure is released.
"Cluster’s 'A' and 'B' "null points" are a down the barrel view of two Birkeland current filaments with current running along the edges... That makes these "null points" merely the electromagnetic calm in the 'eye of the storm'."
This offers an explanation of the filamentary electrical interaction between the sun and the Earth.
THEMIS Discovers Giant Magnetic Flux Ropes at the Magnetopause
A magnetic map of a magnetospheric rope observed in cross-section. Five THEMIS spacecraft were used to construct crossections indicating a flux rope detached from the magnetosphere. The graph shows the magnetic field strength (B) in Nano Teslas (nT) measured by each satellite at their orbits shown in the diagram. The five orbits are labelled A, B, C, D, E. Note there is a change of polarity at D, the center of the flux rope. The arrows indicate the field direction and shape of the flux rope vortex.
The THEMIS fleet, while observing the dynamics of a rapidly developing substorm, confirmed the existence of giant magnetic flux ropes connecting Earth's upper magnetosphere directly to the sun, and witnessed small explosions in the outskirts of Earth's magnetic field. Solar wind particles flow in along these ropes, providing energy for geomagnetic storms and auroras. A magnetic rope is a twisted bundle of magnetic fields braided like the hemp of a mariner’s rope.
The auroras surged westward twice as fast as thought possible, crossing 15 degrees of longitude, or 400 miles, in less than one minute.
Flux Ropes Power the Magnetosphere
The the two-hour substorm's power was estimated at 500 thousand billion Joules, equivalent to the energy of one magnitude 5.5 earthquake . The energy came from magnetic ropes connecting Earth's upper atmosphere directly to the sun. Solar wind particles flow in along these ropes, providing energy for geomagnetic storms and auroras. The magnetic ropes had a 650,000 Amp current.
Spacecraft have detected hints of these ropes before, but THEMIS was able to obtain the 3D structure.
One rope was as wide as Earth, and 40,000 miles (70,000 km) above Earth's surface in the magnetopause (where the solar wind and Earth's magnetic field meet). There, the rope formed and unraveled in just a few minutes, providing a brief conduit for solar wind energy. Other ropes quickly followed, and seem to occur all the time.
Hot flow anomaly diagram, and a computer simulation of the explosion.
THEMIS has also observed a number of relatively small explosions in Earth's magnetic bow shock, where the solar wind first feels the effects of Earth's magnetic field. A knot of magnetism within the solar wind would hit the bow shock, resulting in an explosion.
The technical term for these explosions is "hot flow anomalies" (HFAs). HFAs boost the temperature of solar wind particles ten-fold (as high as 10 million degrees) and they can stop the solar wind dead its tracks. The solar wind moves at supersonic speeds near a million miles per hour.
Hot flow anomalies may not play a major role in energizing auroral substorms--they happen too infrequently, less than once a day. This process accelerates particles to high energies.
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The Van Allen radiation belt
The Van Allen radiation belt is a torus of plasma around Earth, held in place by Earth's magnetic field. Earth's geomagnetic field is not uniformly distributed around its surface. On the sun side, it is compressed because of the solar wind and on the other side, it is elongated to around three earth radii. This creates a cavity called the Chapman Ferraro Cavity, in which the Van Allen radiation belts reside. The Van Allen belts are closely related to the polar aurora where particles strike the upper atmosphere and fluoresce.
Energetic electrons form two distinct radiation belts, while protons form a single belt.
Similar radiation belts have been discovered around other planets. The Sun does not support long-term radiation belts. The Earth's atmosphere limits the belts' particles to regions above 200-1,000 km, while the belts do not extend past 7 Earth radii RE. The belts are confined to an area which extends about 65° from the celestial equator.
The large outer radiation belt extends from an altitude of about 3-10 RE above the Earth's surface, and its greatest intensity is usually around 4-5 RE. The outer electron radiation belt is mostly produced by the inward radial diffusion and local acceleration due to transfer of energy from whistler mode plasma waves to radiation belt electrons. Radiation belt electrons are also constantly removed by collisions with atmospheric neutrals, losses to magnetopause, and the outward radial diffusion. The outer belt consists mainly of high energy(0.1–10 MeV) electrons trapped by the Earth's magnetosphere. The gyroradii for energetic protons would be large enough to bring them into contact with the Earth's atmosphere. The electrons here have a high flux and at the outer edge (close to the magnetopause), where geomagnetic field lines open into the geomagnetic "tail", fluxes of energetic electrons can drop to the low interplanetary levels within about 100 km (a decrease by a factor of 1,000).
The trapped particle population of the outer belt is varied, containing electrons and various ions. Most of the ions are in the form of energetic protons, but a certain percentage are alpha particles and O+ oxygen ions, similar to those in the ionosphere but much more energetic. This mixture of ions suggests that ring current particles probably come from more than one source.
The outer belt is larger than the inner belt, and its particle population fluctuates widely. Energetic (radiation) particle fluxes can increase and decrease dramatically as a consequence of geomagnetic storms, which are themselves triggered by magnetic field and plasma disturbances produced by the Sun. The increases are due to storm-related injections and acceleration of particles from the tail of the magnetosphere.
There is debate as to whether the outer belt was discovered by the US Explorer 4 or the USSR Sputnik 2/3.
[edit] Inner belt
The inner Van Allen Belt extends from an altitude of 700–10,000 km (0.1 to 1.5 Earth radii) above the Earth's surface, and contains high concentrations of energetic protons with energies exceeding 100 MeV and electrons in the range of hundreds of kiloelectronvolts, trapped by the strong (relative to the outer belts) magnetic fields in the region.
It is believed that protons of energies exceeding 50 MeV in the lower belts at lower altitudes are the result of the beta decay of neutrons created by cosmic ray collisions with nuclei of the upper atmosphere. The source of lower energy protons is believed to be proton diffusion due to changes in the magnetic field during geomagnetic storms. [5]
Due to the slight offset of the belts from Earth's geometric center, the inner Van Allen belt makes its closest approach to the surface at the South Atlantic Anomaly.
[edit] Impact on space travel
Solar cells, integrated circuits, and sensors can be damaged by radiation. In 1962, the Van Allen belts were temporarily amplified by a high-altitude nuclear explosion (the Starfish Prime test) and several satellites ceased operation.[citation needed] Geomagnetic storms occasionally damage electronic components on spacecraft. Miniaturization and digitization of electronics and logic circuits have made satellites more vulnerable to radiation, as incoming ions may be as large as the circuit's charge. Electronics on satellites must be hardened against radiation to operate reliably. The Hubble Space Telescope, among other satellites, often has its sensors turned off when passing through regions of intense radiation.
Missions beyond low earth orbit leave the protection of the geomagnetic field, and transit the Van Allen belts. Thus they may need to be shielded against exposure to cosmic rays, Van Allen radiation, or solar flares.
An object satellite shielded by 3 mm of aluminium in an elliptic orbit passing through the radiation belt will receive about 2,500 rem (25 Sv) per year.[6]
[edit] Causes
Simulated Van Allen Belts generated by a plasma thruster in tank #5 Electric Propulsion Laboratory at the then-called Lewis Research Center, Cleveland Ohio,
It is generally understood that the inner and outer Van Allen belts result from different processes. The inner belt, consisting mainly of energetic protons, is the product of the decay of albedo neutrons which are themselves the result of cosmic ray collisions in the upper atmosphere. The outer belt consists mainly of electrons. They are injected from the geomagnetic tail following geomagnetic storms, and are subsequently energized though wave-particle interactions. Particles are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field because it is basically a magnetic mirror. Particles gyrate around field lines and also move along field lines. As particles encounter regions of stronger magnetic field where field lines converge, their "longitudinal" velocity is slowed and can be reversed, reflecting the particle. This causes the particle to bounce back and forth between the earth's poles, where the magnetic field increases.
A gap between the inner and outer Van Allen belts, sometimes called safe zone or safe slot, is caused by the very low frequency (VLF) waves which scatter particles in pitch angle which results in the loss of particles to the atmosphere. Solar outbursts can pump particles into the gap but they drain again in a matter of days. The radio waves were originally thought to be generated by turbulence in the radiation belts, but recent work by James Green of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center comparing maps of lightning activity collected by the Micro Lab 1 spacecraft with data on radio waves in the radiation-belt gap from the IMAGE spacecraft suggests that they're actually generated by lightning within Earth's atmosphere. The radio waves they generate strike the ionosphere at the right angle to pass through it only at high latitudes, where the lower ends of the gap approach the upper atmosphere. These results are still under scientific debate.
There have been nuclear tests in space that have caused artificial radiation belts. Starfish Prime, a high altitude nuclear test, created an artificial radiation belt that damaged or destroyed as many as one third of the satellites in low earth orbit at the time. Thomas Gold has argued that the outer belt is left over from the aurora while Alex Dessler has argued that the belt is a result of volcanic activity.
In another view, the belts could be considered a flow of electric current that is fed by the solar wind. With the protons being positive and the electrons being negative, the area between the belts is sometimes subjected to a current flow, which "drains" away. The belts are also thought to drive auroras, lightning and many other electrical effects.
The plasmasphere
The plasmasphere, or inner magnetosphere is a region consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density.
The plasmasphere's particle motion is dominated by the geomagnetic field and hence it is co-rotating with the Earth. However, recent satellite observations have shown that density irregularities such as plumes or biteouts may form. It has also been shown that the plasmasphere does not always co-rotate with the Earth.
The above diagrams show the plasmasphere. The one on the right gives its scale in Earth radii (1 Earth radius or RE = 6371 km).
It shows the extent of the plasmasphere as being 11 RE in diameter (approx 4 RE on the dawn side + 6-7 RE of the dusk side).
This is 11 RE × 6371 km = 70,081 km
If the plasmapause does equal rotations as the the earth turns its speed would be:
Where D = = 2 × radius and π = 3.14159265
Circumference of the outer rim of the plasmasphere= π × Diameter
= 3.14159265 × 70,081 km = 220,166 km = 136,805 miles
Velocity at the outer rim of the plasmasphere = distance ÷ time = 136,805 ÷ 24 hours = 5,700 miles/hr
Temperature profile through the atmosphere. Height (in miles and kilometers) is indicated along each side. Temperatures in the thermosphere continue to climb, reaching as high as 2000°C
Standardized Temperature Profile.
An average temperature profile through the lower layers of the atmosphere. Height (in miles and kilometers) is indicated along each side. Temperatures in the thermosphere continue to climb, reaching as high as 2000°C
In the documentary
At 335,000 feet the astronauts see a glow
335,000 feet = 102.108 km = 63.447 miles
At 315,000 feet (96.012 km = 59.659 mlies) the astronauts see the glow increasing, describing it as being orangish towards pinkish, using words like ionized, white hot, floodlights inside the clouds, to describe the effect of being inside it.
Ionised, white hot
The Geocorona is the outermost region of the atmosphere. It consists of far-ultraviolet light (Lyman-alpha) from the sun that is reflected off, or rather absorbed and re-emitted by, the neutral hydrogen in the exosphere. It extends to at least 15.5 Earth radii.
Ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the ozone layer.
The doughnut-shaped plasmasphere shining in extreme ultraviolet light.
Earth's plasmasphere taken at a range of 6.0 Earth radii from the center of Earth and a magnetic latitude of 73 N. The Sun is to the lower right, and Earth's shadow extends through the plasmasphere toward the upper left. The bright ring near the center is an aurora.
The Ring Current
A ring current is an electric current carried by charged particles trapped in a planet's magnetosphere. It is caused by the longitudinal drift of energetic (10-200 keV) particles.
Earth's ring current is responsible for geomagnetic storms. The ring current system consists of a band, at a distance of 3-5 RE [11,889 - 19,815 miles], which lies in the equatorial plane and circulates clockwise around the Earth (when viewed from the north). The particles of this region produce a magnetic field in opposition to the Earth's magnetic field and so an Earthly observer would observe a decrease in the magnetic field in this area.
The ring current energy is mainly carried by the ions, most of which are protons. However, one also sees alpha particles in the ring current, a type of ion that is plentiful in the solar wind. In addition, a certain percentage are O+ oxygen ions, similar to those in the ionosphere of Earth, though much more energetic. This mixture of ions suggests that ring current particles probably come from more than one source. Ring current particle energies range from 0.05 MeV to 1 MeV.
During a geomagnetic storm, the number of particles in the ring current will increase. At the same time there is a decrease in the geomagnetic field.
The motion of energetic ions and electrons through space is strongly constrained by the local magnetic field. The basic mode is rotation around magnetic field lines, while at the same time sliding along those lines, giving the particles a spiral trajectory.
On typical field lines, attached to the Earth at both ends, such motion would soon lead the particles into the atmosphere, where they would collide and lose their energy. However, an additional feature of trapped motion usually prevents this from happening: the sliding motion slows down as the particle moves into regions where the magnetic field is strong, and it may even stop and reverse. It is as if the particles were repelled from such regions, an interesting contrast with iron, which is attracted to where the magnetic field is strong.
The magnetic force is much stronger near the Earth than far away, and on any field line it is greatest at the ends, where the line enters the atmosphere. Thus electrons and ions can remain trapped for a long time, bouncing back and forth from one hemisphere to the other. In this way the Earth holds on to its radiation belts.
In addition to spiraling and bouncing, the trapped particles also slowly drift from one field line to another one like it, gradually going all the way around Earth. Ions drift one way (clockwise, viewed from north), electrons the other, and in either drift, the motion of electric charges is equivalent to an electric current circling the Earth clockwise. That is the so-called ring current, whose magnetic field slightly weakens the field observed over most of the Earth's surface. During magnetic storms the ring current receives many additional ions and electrons from the nightside "tail" of the magnetosphere and its effect increases, though at the Earth's surface it is always very small, only rarely exceeding 1% of the total magnetic field intensity
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Double Helix Nebula Near Center of the Milky Way
The double helix nebula, seen in false colors because the eye is not sensitive to infrared light.) The stars are mostly infrared red giants and red supergiants.
Magnetic forces at the center of the galaxy have twisted a nebula into a double helix DNA shape. Most nebulae are either spiral galaxies full of stars or formless amorphous conglomerations of dust and gas, but this is unlike anything seen before (March 2006). The part of the nebula observed stretches 80 light years in length.
The double helix nebula is 300 light years from the black hole at the galactic center (Earth is over 25,000 light years from the center.
The galactic center has a strong magnetic field that is highly ordered and the magnetic field lines are perpendicular to the plane of the galaxy. If these magnetic field lines are twisted at their base, that sends a torsional wave up the magnetic field lines, which can be likened to a loop that is caused to travel down a rope attached at its far end. The torsional wave, moving at 1,000 km/s, takes 100,000 years to go from where it was launched to where it is now seen. The magnetic field is 1,000 times stronger at the galactic center than where the earth is.
It is hypothesized that the magnetic field lines are anchored to the circumnuclear disk, a massive disk of gas that orbits the black hole like the rings of Saturn, once every 10,000 years. This is the correct period to explain the twisting of the magnetic field lines in the double helix nebula. If the gas disk were like a dumbbell across the middle of the black hole, with the double helix strands, comprised of gas and dust, anchored to its ends, the strands will become braided as the gas disk turns.
The magnetic field at the galactic center, though 1,000 times weaker than the magnetic field on the sun, occupies such a large volume that it has vastly more energy than the magnetic field on the sun. It has the energy equivalent of 1,000 supernovae.
Correlation of the Earth's Atmospheric Layers with Heavenly Plateaus of Oahspe
The Earth has an atmosphere of nitrogen, oxygen and small amounts of other elements. The atmosphere is a gas. The atmosphere's pressure is 14.7 lb/sq-in. and diminishes rapidly as one leaves the Earth’s surface. The conductivity of the atmosphere increases exponentially with altitude. The amplitudes of the electric and magnetic components depend on season, latitude, and height above the sea level. The greater the altitude the more atmospheric electricity abounds.
Traces of the atmosphere are at altitudes of 10,000 kilometre or 620 miles.
The planetary boundary layer (PBL), also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), is the lowest part of the atmosphere and its behavior is directly influenced by its contact with the planetary surface. It is also known as the "exchange layer". There is a potential gradient at ground level and this corresponds to the negative charge in and near the Earth's surface. This negative potential gradient falls rapidly as altitude increases from the ground. Most of this potential gradient is in the first few kilometers. Conversely, the positive potential gradient rises rapidly as altitude increases from the ground.
The Earth's atmosphere is made up of several different layers. The Ecosphere is the closest to the surface and is considered the area where unaided breathing occurs.
At increasing altitudes different layers occur.
The next lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere is called the troposphere, the densest layer of the atmosphere and it extends from the surface up to about 10 km (6.2 mls). The atmosphere above 10 km is called the stratosphere. It is a layer that is stratified in temperature and is situated between about 10 km and 50 km altitude at moderate latitudes, while at the poles it starts at about 8 km altitude. The stratosphere sits directly above the troposphere and directly below the mesosphere. It is in the stratosphere, that incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer. This is followed by the Mesosphere at altitude 50 to 80 km (50 miles).
The thermosphere (starting at 80 km), is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and directly below the exosphere. Within this layer, ultraviolet radiation causes ionization. The atmosphere is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive ion. The number of these free electrons is sufficient to affect radio propagation. This portion of the atmosphere is ionized and contains a plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere (550 km or 340 miles).
The exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere and is estimated to be 500 km to 1000 km above the Earth's surface, and its upper boundary at about 10,000 km (620 miles). The layers are almost discrete and vary with distance from the equator. Sharp differences of temperature and material content occur.
Ruth says:
The outer Van Allen radiation belt is approx 12,000 miles at its highest point. The inner Van Allen belt is approx 200 miles high at its highest point.
It appears that midway between the outer wark belt (the moon's vortex) and the earth, approx 100,000 miles above the earth, lies the wark belt referred to in Fragapatti. Here follows the calculations: If this wark belt is above Zeredho (6 diameters of the earth distant from the earth) and Harait, (10 diameters distant) it must be more than 50,000 miles high, because Zeredho is 47,756 miles high and Haraiti is 79,260 miles high. Fragapatti ascended another 50,000 miles after he left passengers off at Zeredho, so it may be that the wark belt referred to in Chapter 18 is 97,756 miles high or approx 100,000 miles high.
There is a gap between the two belts that fluctuates and completely disappears at times due to solar activity which also has an eleven year cycle. This would correspond to the fluctuations in heat and cold in eleven year cycles according to the density of the wark belts (see above reference from Fragapatti).
100000
The only problem is … Dame Science. Though She is well aware of the changing orientation of the continents, variously labeling the phenomenon Nutation, Isostacy, continental shift, migration-of-the-poles, etc.; and though lava layers and magnetic fossils with “inverted polarity” (which zig when they should zag) have long since proven the turning or rolling (oscillation) of the earth - Dame Science, nonetheless, will not concede. The fact that the North and South Poles have “reversed places several times” has become a nuisance and embarrassment for the science stronghold which, out of sheer stubbornness, has failed to embrace the Oscillaic Motion of our planet.
-------------------------------
“Dame Science” is actually the one who told us about pole shift.
What you are calling Oscillaic Motion of our planet is not what Oahspe says is Oscillaic Motion.
You should withdraw that term and call it by the source that you are deriving this information from, whoever that might be.
-------------------------------
But it is not just another academic blunder or victimless Ivory Tower crime. The oversight has, inevitably, spread dangerously to the real world of people, policy, and priorities; and now a mutant child - called Global Warming - has been spawned in the dark and sullen night of intellectual obstinacy.
This is not my view. I tend to think “Global Warming” info is the current driving force and vehicle to make the masses aware of their responsibilities to the planet, and to bring to them knowledge currently being compiled about the various regions of the upper atmosphere.
Touched by a kind of millennial madness, today’s global warming craze has swept, unchecked, among us with the fervor of inspired prophecy. But is it true? Are we not in fact pouring millions of dollars into fruitless research? And in the same spirit we might also ask - what’s the deal with Mars? What do we hope to discover on a nonagenarian, used-up, desertified and near-extinct world such as the Red Planet?
To be quick in explanation, all these questions can be resolved under a single premise, which is to say - Every planetary world - Earth and Mars included - experiences aging as a cooling and drying affair. No planet has been known to reverse these trends mid-career. This much is certain; a constant heat loss from fiery beginnings must be axiomatic. Wherefore then your Global Warming? Wherefore the propped up mystique of Mars, which, as the senior citizen of our solar system, offers little more than the opportunity to study the process of planetary extinction. Frigid, windblown and pockmarked, dark and desiccated Mars, in her dotage, has lost most of her atmosphere and gravity. Her orbit is markedly elliptical, another sign of slackening. Her axial velocity is geriatric.
She’s history.
Yet, the death of Mars offers a unique object lesson in Climate Change and temperature loss. Once wonderfully wet, warm and wild, the Red Planet betrays her senescence now in tawdry erosional features, dry channels, arroyos, etc. More to the point, her summer temperature registers a paltry - 40 degrees F.
Planet Earth, too, is losing magnetism, plasticity (plate tectonics), moisture, axial speed, radiance, and yes - heat. Past middle age, our Mother Earth is no youngster, and she is not getting any warmer. Worlds do not warm up - ever. Rather, there is a steady and trifling loss to perpetual coldness. According to satellite data, our globe has been cooling for at least 90 million years. Astronomy tells us that the entire universe, for that matter, is cooling down.
But very, very slowly; even imperceptibly so.
It took the dinosaurs, for example, a long time - perhaps a million years - to die off; the loss of two or three degrees of blood heat - their downfall. Ice, at the time, was just beginning to accumulate at the Poles. The Pleistocene mastodon, saber-tooth tiger, and giant ground sloth all met their end by a critical drop in body temperature.
-------------------------------
Have you heard of snowball earth?
The earliest well-documented ice age, and probably the most severe of the last 1 billion years, occurred from 850 to 630 million years ago (the Cryogenian period) and may have produced a Snowball Earth in which permanent ice covered the entire globe.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_Earth
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The point is that while exotic theories and catastrophic causes may titillate popular imagination they have pitifully little to do with animal extinctions or climate change, both of which reflect perfectly natural and exquisitely gradual displacements. All of Nature is subject to diversification. Shift happens.
The purveyors of global warming with their bugbears and drop dead scenarios – like Al Gore who holds the putative threat of warming as “second only to nuclear war,” or Britain’s Sir David King who’s more scared of global warming than of terrorism (AGR # 269 - “UK Scientist Gagged…”) - would have us all out there “fighting” climate change tooth and nail.
-------------------------------
I admire the spirit and courage of Al Gore in the face of such adversity. I always did.
-------------------------------
In this astonishingly quixotic campaign we are spoon fed select bits and pieces, tiny morsels, to help us understand greenhouse gases and the like. Don’t believe it. Consider only the folly of demonizing carbon dioxide , which makes up a scant .03 percent of the air we breathe: If rising temperatures are really due to increased levels of CO2 (a “heat-trapping” gas), then how come frigid Mars is 95% carbon dioxide?! The simple fact that CO2 is emitted from the earth each Spring, makes that gas far more likely a result of warming. Not a cause.
Computer-generated models of global warming - which seldom agree with one another - have been particularly inept at interpreting what are, ultimately, merely temperature fluctuations. We are, moreover, topheavy in data from our own northern latitudes, neglecting significant counter-trends in the southern hemisphere. Example: waters of the tropical Pacific have shown cooler temperatures in recent years.
Lacking the Big Picture and ignoring the calculus of Oscillaic Motion (which with infinite patience slowly moves every landmass inexorably through the latitudes), we have been gulled by what will probably go down as the boldest climatological hype of the century.
-------------------------------
Again, you should withdraw the term Oscillaic Motion and call it by the source that you are deriving this information from.
-------------------------------
> That the sun has a sun spot cycle of 11 years and the van allen
> radiation belts of the earth also have a cycle of expansion and
> contraction in response to these in the same period of 11 years,
> indicate the connection. But I do not believe that the sunspots
> actually disappeared from the sun itself in the Maunder Minimum, but
> that there must have been a'ji in etherea, between the sun and the
> earth, which obscured the clear vision to the sun and so the finer
> details of sunspots were not seen.
>
a'ji in etherea, between the sun and the earth does not obscure the clear vision to the sun any more than the air does not obscure the clear vision of the bird.
> 3) Re Global Warming:
> The qualities of Venus. Mercury and Earth's vortices would have to be
> well understood before any comparisons or extrapolations can be made
> accurately regarding the variations in climate and proportions of
> gases in the atmosphere of these planets. However, I don't know
> what that had to do with the hockey stick graph
>
>
> 4) Aji is not a particular thing, but the state or density, so the
> common elements can be in the form of ethe, aji, jiay, nebulae and
> finally corpor. Since a gas is in a corporeal state it is not aji,
> even though it is less dense than a solid or liquid, whereas aji
> would not be dense enough to be registered even as a gas.
If gold is in the state or density of ethe, aji, jiay or nebulae, and its completely invisible
The Oahspe passage below say that
9. But all of them are composed of the same substances, being like the earth, but rarified.
Nor is there on the earth or in it one thing, even iron, or lead, or gold, or water, or oil, or
stones, but the same things are in My atmospherean worlds. As I have given light to the
earth so have I given light to many of them; and all such have I commanded man to call
comets. And even so named he them.
10. And I also created atmospherea around about my corporeal worlds; together made I
them.
Does this mean iron, or lead, or gold, or water, or oil, or stones have the same chemical composition? I wasn’t talking about a gas. Is the upper stratosphere where the “good co2 exists made up of gasses? When ozone is in the stratosphere a gas?
, or the troposhphere
Then isn’t methane, ammonia or carbon dioxide. The concentration
So the point is, are these elements physical, if so
This makes me wonder what Oahspe means by unseen. Are aji or ji'ay something like methane, ammonia or carbon dioxide?
In this audio movie (its important to hear it as well as see it) there is a map of the troposphere that correlates CO, CO2 and ozone with earthly activities, maybe that might tell us something about the lower heavens (12 miles?)
The Drayson problem;: In astronomical survey of the whole question, in the form of a reply to a recent article in the Journal of the British Astronomical Association entitled The Draysonian fallacy, (Unknown Binding)
by Alfred H Barley (Author)
Re: [oahspe] Re: drayson
paul, i am very impressed with the knowledge you have been able to pull together
on the 25K yr. cycle. it would be great to see this tied in with the oahspen 24K
yr. cycle. but this is your baby. i don't understand most of it; astronomy is a
bit over my head, especially where intricate calculations are involved.
as for nexus, the editor never answered my query. and as for sedona, another
friend did recommend it, but i got the impression they don't deal with
science/archeology --- am i wrong? if so, i'll try them.
I’m curious which new age predictions you refer to - as wrong.
I was not thinking of any specific one’s, but don’t you think everyone is thinking along only the same lines, which if Drayson is correct, all turn out to be wrong.
also, in what way does your material make jbn "redundant."??
The editor's note after the Book of Osiris was written by JBN, wasn’t it?
Previous to reading Drayson I was convinced JBN and Blavatsky were thinking along the same lines. I’ve given you everything in my commentary (included in my message). That’s my reasoning as to what he meant by those notes. Maybe someone has a better interpretation. If I’m correct, then Drayson’s material (not mine) makes jbn "redundant because Drayson’s cycle is more than 26,000 years.
While JBN does seem to be talking about a precessional cycle, it’s possible that when The Book of Knowledge Ch IV mentions 24,000 years it’s not talking about a precessional cycle. If JBN knew the meaning of this statement, then I really should not judge him, since it’s completely beyond me. One could wonder whether the knowledge of Confucius, Moses or Joshu etc included this type. Things that seemed so obscure that they appeared to be due to mediumship error, or lost pages, or even part of the admission in Oahspe that it is not meant to be infallible, later starts to become things that contained real knowledge, as our understanding grows. To linguistics experts who study nonexistent Proto-World languages, or the Chinese oracle bone, or Indus Valley symbols, the Oahspe tablets are plainer than to us.
Also, Drayson made his conclusions based on only about 2000 years of astronomical data. Who’s to say there could be a change in the earths center of gravity or something that causes the rate to change, something Drayson admits.
I’m keeping an open mind as to which figure is the one which becomes redundant.
Yes, indeed, we re still looking for a "friendly astronomer." and math whiz as
well; when I look at the end of book of cos. with its tables of prophecy - never
deciphered - I do wish we could find some friendly scientists for this work.
i have, by the way, come across something interesting - in the course of going
over some old notes re: sunspots (re: ruth's post) i find that both the SUN and
the SUNSpOTS -- oscillate! yes, polar reversals. (but the sun does it much more
quickly than the red star) north becomes south and vice versa. so - here's more
to the point -- that planets do oscillate.
Yes, but this is not a motion of the earth, but a change a reversal of the field.
AR #65 will be running my article on (non-existent) ice ages. (will be out in
early aug.). do you want me to attach that ms to you?
Yes, I’d like to see it. Would you like me to put it up on our forum?
you mention scotland etc.
being in arctic ca. 13K bc. - hmmm. that would be a sign of our oscillation,
yes?
Yes. But as we discusses, out of the Oahspe terms axial, oscillaic, orbitic and vorkum I believe oscillaic refers to the earth’s orbit rounf the sun, and “our oscillation” would be either orbitic or vorkum.
however, i do not buy that boulders and drift are a glacial phenomenon. i go
with churchward there, and attribute them to mountain raising. what do you
think?
I’ll wait till I see you article. I’ve uploaded a couple of dramatic diagrams from Drayson’s “Last Glacial Epoch of Geology”. You can see them at the bigging of my file I have uploaded in the `files" section on this website (called The Second Rotation by A Drayson.html
You can download the pdf file here:
http://www.archive.org/details/oncausedatedurat00drayrich
or try
http://books.google.com/books?id=8NfynV0YsMkC&dq=drayson+glacial&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=TWt52xucG8&sig=AMw08z3F3Eot7g5RBPs0jSBqFeQ#PRA2-PA147,M1
Re: [oahspe] Re: Oahpse on Periods of Heat and Cold.
thanks for the correction, paul. well, i guess the reference i made to the
earth's atmospheric lens is just another example of the "ode" or 11-year cycle,
that is not confined to the red star, but operates further on in the universe as
well. get what i'm saying? that ode touches more than our world and is a unit of
prophecy in wider worlds. 11 times 3, 11 times 9, etc. etc. -sm
That’s if Ruth’s allegation is correct. The question is whether the eleven year cycles of wark belts relate to the solar cycle?
I’ve forgotten the whole complexity of it now but I believe Ruth is trying too link the Van Allen belt, the wark belts discussed in Oahpe, and the sun spot cycle together because there is scientific evidence that the solar maximum effects the Van Allen belt to have a similar cycle which is in sync.
From her evidence though, the changes in the Van Allen belts are not fixed to a mathematically precise level about the earth where the wark belts are supposed to be found, but move in or out violently at times in seconds, to enormous distances.
She hasn’t come forth with where the wark belts lie in regard to her latest hypothesis, or what she means by “thickening and thinning”, which I suspect is her old idea of the magnetoshere balloning out.
So I’m keeping to my original idea that these "odes" or 11-year (or other length) cycles of the wark belt are in fact within the earth’s vortex, as you already thought, and they relate to a precessing of their respective belt.
I said a year ago or so:
The Fragapatti, Chapter 18 passage says:
“I created the first wark to gain in rotation faster than the earth, one year for every eleven. So that when the wark hath made twelve of its own years, the earth shall have completed eleven years.”
This refers to a precession of the wark belt, similar to the moons belt.
I hinted that the moon was precessing, and the lunar maximum (called a “standstill”, which the ancients also recorded) is the indication of the cycle duration.
This is a different cycle, being:
“The intersection of the lunar orbital plane with the ecliptic precesses clockwise in 6793.5 days (18.5996 years)”.
I have to say that there would be a better explanation of the dimming of the sunspot cyle and Jupeter spot other than an obsuring by nebulae or ji'ay or a'ji. I ddont think Oahspe implies this, but who am I to say.
If the c'vortexya of the master is doing this (if all these ideas youre bringing up are indeed coming to something) then it doent need any obscuring by nebulae or ji'ay or a'ji. And what have nebulae or ji'ay or a'ji to do with wark belts if they are just clouds in space?
> That the sun has a sun spot cycle of 11 years and the van allen
> radiation belts of the earth also have a cycle of expansion and
> contraction in response to these in the same period of 11 years,
> indicate the connection. But I do not believe that the sunspots
> actually disappeared from the sun itself in the Maunder Minimum, but
> that there must have been a'ji in etherea, between the sun and the
> earth, which obscured the clear vision to the sun and so the finer
> details of sunspots were not seen.
>
> 2) Same with the Red Spot of Jupiter. The corroboration of Krakatoa
> in 1883, is that when there were fine particles in the earth's
> atmosphere enough to dim the sun so that there was no summer, either
> that amount of obstruction made the Red Spot of Jupiter fade, not
> disappear, but be less distinct for that year and/or there was a'ji
> in the space between earth and Jupiter which obscured the view of the
> Red Spot, and this could be in relation to the weaker sunspot cycles
> at that time.
>
> Look for charts of sunspot cycles on the search engine to look for
> groups of cycles of sun spots regarding weaker and stronger cycles.
>
>
> I have been doing some reading on volcanic activity and correlation
> with extra terrestrial impacts, I haven't finished but there is a
> proven correlation by Abbot and Isley that there has been material
> from outside of the earth's atmosphere impacting the earth, at the
> same time that major volcanic eruptions have taken place in the
> past. Which means that while there may be a volcano eruption that
> causes smoke and ash to obscure the sun, there is also a falling of
> nebulae or perhaps less dense material falling to the earth around
> the same time. Now it is possible that the denser etherea that the
> earth's vortex goes through when moving through Aji, Jiay and
> Nebuale, could affect the earth's vortex in such a way, as to cause
> geological upsets from beneath the earth's crust. The electrical
> universe people consider geological activities such as earthquakes
> and volcanoes to be extensions of the electric atmosphere.
>
> The largest volcanic eruption in human history happened some 72,000
> years ago when Toba, a super-volcano erupted in Sumatra Indonesia.
> The whole planet was affected and a cold period followed and great
> piles of ash were deposited by westward winds in India. In ice-cores
> from the poles, there were registered large amounts of sulphur which
> was deposited as sulphuric acid. In Oahspe, also 72,000 years ago we
> have an account of the decision by the Shrievers to cleanse earth's
> lower areas of poison gases (Bk of Sethantes, Chapter 16,1-5) Notice
> the elements that fell were fire brimstone(sulphur) and iron and
> phosphorous. Abbot and Isley have shown correlations of iron
> deposits at the time of eruptions of super-volcanoes in earth's past.
> Here is a link to a list of their papers and abstracts of these.
> http://faculty.kutztown.edu/isley/cv.htm
>
> 3) Re Global Warming:
> The qualities of Venus. Mercury and Earth's vortices would have to be
> well understood before any comparisons or extrapolations can be made
> accurately regarding the variations in climate and proportions of
> gases in the atmosphere of these planets. However, I don't know
> what that had to do with the hockey stick graph
>
>
> 4) Aji is not a particular thing, but the state or density, so the
> common elements can be in the form of ethe, aji, jiay, nebulae and
> finally corpor. Since a gas is in a corporeal state it is not aji,
> even though it is less dense than a solid or liquid, whereas aji
> would not be dense enough to be registered even as a gas.
>
> Ruth
http://www.fao.org/docrep/u0700e/u0700e05.htm
Extract:
||.....In examining the pattern of sunspot activity since 1700 (see
Fig. 1) it is clear that hyperactive cycles are soon followed by
hypoactive ones. The strong cycles between 1770 and 1800 were
followed by three weak cycles between 1800 and 1830. Similarly, the
strong cycles between 1830 and 1870 were followed by weak cycles from
1880 to 1910. According to available records, the climate in the
Northern Hemisphere reacted consistently throughout this period,
alternating episodes of warmer and cooler conditions closely
following the variations in sunspot activity........
It is now well established that, rather than remaining in a fixed
position, the sun moves, tracing an oscillating path through space
around the centre of mass of the solar system. Isaac Newton was the
first to provide a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon
(Principia mathematica, 1687). Much later, in 1965, RD. Jose at the
US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) elaborated
the planetary equations that make it possible to exactly reproduce
solar motion in space and time. Although not fully appreciated by the
scientific community in general, it is now common knowledge among
astronomers that the path of the solar centre through the galaxy
takes the form of a spiral which can be accurately plotted by
computers.
It is important to understand that the pattern of solar oscillation
is determined by the movement of the planets - particularly of the
two largest and most massive, Jupiter and Saturn. The sun shifts its
position in relation to the centre of mass of the solar system in
response to the constantly changing strength and alignment of the
common planetary vector, thus continually maintaining the stability
and balance of the system as a whole (see Fig. 2).
It is therefore not surprising to find that the period of
Jupiter/Saturn conjugations and oppositions - 9.93 years - closely
coincides with the median interval of the solar sunspot cycle: ten
years. That the average length of the cycle over the past 300 years
is just under 11 years can be explained by changes in the degree of
reinforcement contributed by the next two largest planets, Uranus and
Neptune. In other words, the rhythm of the sunspot cycle is
essentially governed by solar orbital motion, and ultimately by the
movement of the planets.
How can this be so? As pointed out originally by T. Landscheidt in
1981, it is probable that the sun's orbital motion produces long-term
changes in the flow of convection currents beneath the solar surface -
the ''dynamo" of the solar field (see Fig. 3). Changes in this vital
component of the solar process could be expected to affect levels of
solar radiation, while leaving an imprint on the solar cycle, in
regard both to the intensity of sunspot activity and to the patterns
of polarity change that determine the magnetic character of sunspots.
Recent findings provide substantial support for this explanatory
model. A team of climatologists from Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (Newell et al., 1989) have demonstrated that fluctuations
in marine air temperatures at night between 1855 and 1985 followed a
clearly defined 21.8-year cycle, i.e. close to the double sunspot
cycle (2 x 11 years). Perhaps even more revealing, the rhythm of
temperature change follows, with a time-lag of never more than 1-3
years, the phases underlying changes in solar momentum.......||
Peace, Love and Light,
Ruth
She relates the transience of the gap between the inner and outer Van Allen belts to Fragapatti, Chapter 18.
Then she says:
It appears that midway between the outer wark belt (the moon's vortex) and the earth, approx 100,000 miles above the earth, lies the wark belt referred to in Fragapatti. Here follows the calculations: If this wark belt is above Zeredho (6 diameters of the earth distant from the earth) and Harait, (10 diameters distant) it must be more than 50,000 miles high, because Zeredho is 47,756 miles high and Haraiti is 79,260 miles high. Fragapatti ascended another 50,000 miles after he left passengers off at Zeredho, so it may be that the wark belt referred to in Chapter 18 is 97,756 miles high or approx 100,000 miles high.
Then she says:
The outer Van Allen radiation belt is approx 12,000 miles at its highest point. The inner Van Allen belt is approx 200 miles high at its highest point. There is a gap between the two belts that fluctuates and completely disappears at times due to solar activity which also has an eleven year cycle. This would correspond to the fluctuations in heat and cold in eleven year cycles according to the density of the wark belts (see above reference from Fragapatti).
Why do you think eleven year cycles of wark belts would be related to the solar cycle?
The Fragapatti, Chapter 18 passage also says:
“I created the first wark to gain in rotation faster than the earth, one year for every eleven. So that when the wark hath made twelve of its own years, the earth shall have completed eleven years.”
This refers to a precession of the wark belt similar to the moons belt.
I hinted that the moon was precessing, and the lunar maximum (called a “standstill”, which the ancients also recorded) is the indication of the cycle duration.
This is a different cycle, being:
“The intersection of the lunar orbital plane with the ecliptic precesses clockwise in 6793.5 days (18.5996 years)”.
Its easy to see that its because of the lunar orbital plane inclination with respect to the sun and the Earth that the moons declination varies between 23.45° + 5.15° = 28.60° and 23.45° - 5.15° = 18.30°.
But that would only account for the monthly and yearly variations.
It’s much harder to see why the Moon reaches a maximum at lunar standstill.
“Roughly once every 18.6 years, the declination of the Moon reaches a maximum, which is called the lunar standstill.”
The
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar standstill
link says
“From the diagram, it can be seen that the Moon's orbit is most steeply inclined to the equator when the line of nodes is in the plane of the equator. This is when a standstill occurs.”
I haven’t understood this yet. I can only think that it is because of the undulation of the wark belt.
Another interesting thing is, why do the moon and mars (maybe others) orbit at the major axis.
"The distance (which can vary) from the magnetosphere's boundary on the side facing the Sun to the Earth's center is about 43,496 miles (10-12 Earth radii or RE, where 1 RE=3960 miles). The magnetopause (flanks 15 RE abreast of the Earth) is roughly bullet shaped, and on the night side (in the magnetotail) it approachs a cylinder shape with a radius 20-25 RE
[another source said 25-30 RE].
form, Chapter 2, 7. When as a comet (or nebula) the m'vortex hath not attained to an orbit of its own, it is carried in the currents of the master vortex, which currents are elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic. Hence the so-called eccentric travel of comets. 8. At this age of the comet, it showeth nearly the configuration of its own vortex; its tail being the m'vortexya. If it appear to the east of the sun its tail turneth eastward; if west of the sun, it turneth westward. 9. Two directions of power are thus manifested; and also two powers: First, that the vortex of the sun hath power from the east to west, and from the west to east, to which the comet is subjected: Second, that the comet hath a vortex of its own, which is sufficient under the circumstances to maintain the general form of the comet.
>> Since we are told that the earth's axial speed becomes faster away from the earth, with an increase ratio of 12 years to 11 years at the first wark belt, and increasing proportionally till it reaches it's swiftest part, which is 15,000 miles this side of the moon's vortex. <<
Yes Ruth, this revelation is highly significant. But not in the context that you’re giving here.
>> You said: ||Yes, it certainly would be associated with the undulations. But not because of the relatively large sub-vortex of the moon.||
Please explain then why it is NOT because of the presence of the moon and its vortex that there are undulations in the outer part of the earth's vortex and what you think is the cause. <<
I don’t need to. I already did, but you missed it, and I’m adding now that the eccentricity of the earth's vortex would be there whether or not there was a moon, and regardless of its size.
All planetary or satellite orbits are eccentric to some degree.
>> The "braiding" you refer to probably relates to bodies closer in size. The waving pattern of the moon I mentioned is the path it takes as it revolves around the earth, and so compared to the earth's path, there is hardly a "braiding". <<
Did you look at the diagram the braiding referred to. It is the actual path of the moon with respect to the sun. It is certainly braided with the earth's path, wavy and concave to the Sun.
>> There is mention of multiple planets within one vortex and their barycentres in Oahspe:
"Bk of Cosmogony and Prophecy, Chapter 3, 22,23. 22. Were the earth's vortex to break, the earth would be precipitated into dissolution, under ordinary conditions. But were the earth's vortex to be swallowed in the vortex of another planet, then the earth would be precipitated as a globe to such planet. Such is the case as regardeth double stars, and triplets and quadruplets, especially where they are in contact. The same principle holdeth in regard to the vortices of some nebulae and comets; one is frequently swallowed up within another. But in such case the corpor commingleth. 23. In the case of double stars, and triplets, and so on, if conjoined, the center of gravitation (so-called) is not to each one, but to the intervening center between them." <<
Yes indeed.
>> And yet vortexya, in fact, is no substance or thing as such; but is the vortex in axial (vortexya) and orbitic motion (m'vortexya), or, in other words, corpor in an etheic solution." <<
No, I would think they were both vortexya, which is actually m’vortexya too, if taken as a whole.
Vortexya, to me, seems more like the unseen force of gravity.
Just like electromagnetic waves have two components, electro and magnetic, at right angles, vortexya and m’vortexya are at right angles.
(Electromagnetic wave motion snakes along at a contstant speed set according to the rate at which its magnetic component induces the electric component which in turn induces the magnetic component ad infinitum),
A magnetic field is induced by an electric motion at right angles.
I imagine that in the case of the earth's magnetosphere, the unseen gravity like force that pulls the earth into the sun, that is balanced by the centrifugal force is the electric component, and its m’vortexya (at right angles) shoots up through the poles, and plasma (corporeal needles) spiral around the magnetic field lines that indicate the shape of the vortex.
"The structure of the magnetized region ("magnetic field") represented by "magnetic field lines" (or "lines of force"), describe the way charged particles move and are trapped.
The charged particles spiral around field lines and are attached to them, like beads to a wire, though they can slowly jump from line to line and work their way around the Earth. It is the magnetic field which holds them near Earth--not gravity, which is much too weak."
The vortex of suns, planets and moons are more like their helio/magnetospheres, or magnetic environment in space. Notice that the heliosphere is speculated to be shaped like the one of Tow-sang, which would mean the old view of the standard textbook vortex shape of the sun’s Magnetic Field would have to be modified to suit.
https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/pp0/plasma.html
(bottom of page, pink diagram)
Strange to think that if the ancients were right (see Plates 36 – 41), then the standard textbook vortex shape, which looks more like in Plate 36 (serpent), must curl around and change in different eras.
Why not, since the speculation about the shape of the heliosphere is based on the earths magnetosphere, which moves and changes shape extensively.
>> Here is some more to think about in terms of orbits and m'vortexya. Examining the tilts of the planets, the closest to the sun in the inner solar system generally begin perpendicular and those further out have a greater degree of tilt till the last, Mars. Then the pattern seems to repeat itself for the outer solar system, from Jupiter having a very slight tilt to Saturn having one not much different to Earth and Mars, But then instead of Uranus following the pattern, it has an extreme tilt, while Neptune has the next expected tilt in this pattern.
Your observation seems to be right.
Notice there is a distinstion between the obliquity of the axis (given by omega, the symbol for rotation, or angular velocity) and the angle of the dipole (the 2 poles, Nth & Sth) tilt .
If you look up the angle of the dipole tilt (the 2 poles, Nth & Sth), ie the axis of the magnetic field rather than the obliquity of the axis (each planets axial tilt) there will be no contradition.
So yes, there’s something significant in this.
According to astromoners and 1891, Neptune is the outermost planet (before Pluto was discovered). But the 1882 places Uranus as the outermost planet, and would thus follow the general pattern of more tilt the further out.
Since Dr Newborough used his own initiative, under instruction, to aquires diagrams from books, perhaps he just corrected his own mistake?
Dear Martha,
Thank you for your post. The outer Van Allen Belt is known to extend as far as 12,000 miles high. There are also fluctuations over an eleven year cycle that corresponds to increased solar activity and CMEs (Coronal Mass Ejections). The gap between the inner and outer Van Allen belts disappears at these times which causes the inner and outer belt to overlap at times. This directly relates to the following verse from Fragapatti, Chapter 18.
||7. That man might find still further evidence of the earth's wark belts, I created the nearest one with different densities, so that not every year on earth would be alike as to heat and cold. And in certain cycles of dan I condense the first wark belts so that the sun seemeth to mortals as if in eclipse. For it is upon this belt that My cycles of dan'ha give either light or darkness to mortals spiritually.||
Below are details about a higher wark belt visited by Fragapatti: Book of Fragapatti, Chapter 18, 3.
Now, when they (Fragapatti and hosts) came to the sea of Ctevahwitich, they rose the avalanza fifty thousand miles, for the benefit of Hoab and his hosts, for here lies the roadway of Tems, whither pass countless numbers of fleets filled with students in the dismembered warks belonging to the earth.
4. Here the students learn the process of condensation, and the process of dissolution of meteoric stones and small planets, such as a mortal could walk around one of them in a day. On the outer extreme of this sea, the nebulae is in constant waves, where the vortices play, condensing and bursting, like whirlwinds on the earth or corporeal ocean.
5. Here Fragapatti explained, saying: In this thou shalt behold the wisdom of Jehovih, and the uniformity of His works. Here lies the first belt away from the earth capable of having nebulae condensed into meteoric stones. All nebulae lying nearer than this to the earth's surface is either attracted to the earth or repulsed from it.
This is not to be confused with the geostationary or geosynchronous orbit, located at approximately 6.6 RE geocentric distance in the geographical equatorial plane. This is where centrifugal force just balances gravity for a spacecraft that is in a circular orbit with a period of one orbit per day. For this reason geosynchronous satellites have there orbit here.
The Earth's diameter = 7926 miles
1 RE (Earth's radius) = 7926 ÷ 2 = 3963 miles
The geostationary orbit is located 6.6 RE.
3963 × 6.6 = 26,156 miles from the earth’s centre (I assume) or
26,156 – 3963 = 22,193 miles above the earth’s surface
The Van Allen Radiation Belts lie within the Earth's magnetosphere, the name given to Earth's magnetic environment in space. The structure of this magnetized region ("magnetic field") is represented by "magnetic field lines" (or "lines of force"), imaginary lines which give the direction of the magnetic force.
The lines describe the way charged particles move and are trapped. Space is filled with such particles: negative electrons, and "positive ions". Similar particles are emitted by radioactive substances and are commonly named "radiation," so when energetic particles were discovered to be magnetically trapped around Earth, they were named "radiation belts." They spiral around field lines and are attached to them, like beads to a wire, though they can slowly jump from line to line and work their way around the Earth. It is the magnetic field which holds them near Earth--not gravity, which is much too weak.
Compute, therefore, the distance of this belt from the earth, together with its density, and thou shalt find that it is the same distance that the wark belts are, with the stars in the firmament of the size of the earth, and of its density and velocity. The first wark belt of the sun is, therefore, the place of its nearest planet; the second wark belt is the place of its next nearest planet, and so on; and these wark belts are all graded in distance accordingly as I have spoken.
6. Jehovih hath said: Two ways have I created for My mathematicians to prove My works; one is, to measure that which is near at hand, in order to determine that which is far off; the other is, to observe that which is far off, in order to determine that which is near. For, since man could not measure the wark belts of this world, I provided him with means to determine the wark belts of the sun, so that he might the better comprehend his own world.
7. That man might find still further evidence of the earth's wark belts, I created the nearest one with different densities, so that not every year on earth would be alike as to heat and cold. And in certain cycles of dan I condense the first wark belts so that the sun seemeth to mortals as if in eclipse. For it is upon this belt that My cycles of dan'ha give either light or darkness to mortals spiritually.
8. Let man compute My times for his own profit; I created the first wark to gain in rotation faster than the earth, one year for every eleven. So that when the wark hath made twelve of its own years, the earth shall have completed eleven years.
9. Fragapatti caused the avalanza to be driven in amidst a forest of whirlwinds, to illustrate and to explain, so that the hosts might observe. He said: Thou shalt perceive now, that such stones as are condensed beneath the apex fall to the earth, whilst those ascending frequently rise toward the lighter plateau and explode, to be attracted back within the wark belt. This belt compareth unto the cloud belt near the earth. Thither the wind currents make rain-drops and snow-flakes; here the currents make the first nebulous formations that come under the name corpor.
Chapter 6, 4……First he inspected the plateau of Haraiti, which, prior to this, had never been inhabited; and he found its distance from the earth was equal to ten diameters of the earth….
79,260
8. Next they visited Zeredho, six diameters of the earth distant. 47,556
Following comparisons of figures given in the references in Oahspe below it appears that midway between the outer wark belt (the moon's vortex) and the earth, approx 100,000 miles above the earth, lies the wark belt referred to in Fragapatti. Here follows the calculations: If this wark belt is above Zeredho (6 diameters of the earth distant from the earth) and Harait,(10 diameters distant) it must be more than 50,000 miles high, because Zeredho is 47,756 miles high and Haraiti is 79,260 miles high. Fragapatti ascended another 50,000 miles after he left passengers off at Zeredho, so it may be that the wark belt referred to in Chapter 18 is 97,756 miles high or approx 100,000 miles high. The outer Van Allen radiation belt is approx 12,000 miles at its highest point. The inner Van Allen belt is approx 200 miles high at its highest point. There is a gap between the two belts that fluctuates and completely disappears at times due to solar activity which also has an eleven year cycle. This would correspond to the fluctuations in heat and cold in eleven year cycles according to the density of the wark belts (see above reference from Fragapatti).
100,000 miles high
I created the first wark to gain in rotation faster than the earth, one year for every eleven. So that when the wark hath made twelve of its own years, the earth shall have completed eleven years.
Therefore
In 12 yaears
It takes
With precession the world takes 24,000 years to complete.
Say, if a years is 365.25 days 365
Circumference of suns vortex at earths orbit = Cs = 93,205,910 × 3.14159 = 292,815,002 miles
If it takes 24,000 years and the distance from 150x106
93,205,910
471,110 miles broad
C = 471,110 × 3.14159 = 14800389 miles
292,815,002 ÷ 14800389 = 19.784
The earth's vortex diameter is 471,110 miles broad
Earth's diameter = 7926 miles
The formula for a circumference of a circle (C) is C = π × D
Where D = diameter = 2 × radius and π = 3.14159265
C = π × D = π × Earth's diameter = 3.14159265 × 471,110 = 1,480,036 miles
The formula for velocity (V) is V = distance ÷ time
Velocity near the earth's surface = 24,900 miles ÷ 24 hours = 1,038 miles/hr [approximely 1,000 miles an hour
Ruth, if as you say
what makes the moon spin faster than the earth vortex turns.
qq
The intersection of the lunar orbital plane with the ecliptic precesses clockwise in 6793.5 days (18.5996 years).
During that period, the lunar orbital plane thus sees its inclination with respect to the Earth's equator (itself inclined 23.45° to the ecliptic) vary between 23.45° + 5.15° = 28.60° and 23.45° - 5.15° = 18.30°.
Simultaneously, the axis of lunar rotation sees its tilt with respect to the Moon's orbital plane vary between 5.15° + 1.54° = 6.69° and 5.15° - 1.54° = 3.60°. Note that the Earth's tilt reacts to this process and itself varies by 0.002 56° on either side of its mean value; this is called nutation.
The intersection of the lunar orbital plane with the ecliptic precesses clockwise in 6793.5 days (18.5996 years).
During that period, the lunar orbital plane thus sees its inclination with respect to the Earth's equator (itself inclined 23.45° to the ecliptic) vary between 23.45° + 5.15° = 28.60° and 23.45° - 5.15° = 18.30°.
Simultaneously, the axis of lunar rotation sees its tilt with respect to the Moon's orbital plane vary between 5.15° + 1.54° = 6.69° and 5.15° - 1.54° = 3.60°. Note that the Earth's tilt reacts to this process and itself varies by 0.002 56° on either side of its mean value; this is called nutation.
The points where the Moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic are called the "lunar nodes": the North (or ascending) node is where the Moon crosses to the North of the ecliptic; the South (or descending) node where it crosses to the South. Solar eclipses occur when a node coincides with the new Moon; lunar eclipses when a node coincides with the full Moon.
Roughly once every 18.6 years, the declination of the Moon reaches a maximum, which is called the lunar standstill.
Book of Cosmogony and Prophecy, Chapter 3 gives details about the formation of a convex lens which is formed by the interaction of the earth's vortex with the sun's. This is also seen in the variation in the magnetosphere in relation to the positive and negative action of the vortex in light and shadow. This seems to correspond with both the shape of the Van Allen belts (doughnut shaped) and also in their function, in shielding the earth from the solar wind radiation, but they would also constitute part of the barrier which retains heat and denser particles in the lower part of atmospherea. CHAPTER 3. 1. Here follows the method of manufacturing light and heat as they are on the earth and moon and sun, and all other planets: 2. The half of the earth's vortex (for example) which faces toward the sun is a concave lens to the earth. A similar lens, but far larger, is at the sun-center: The convex faces of the two lenses are toward each other forever. They are ethereally connected by solutions of corpor needles linear in position. 3. The vortex is larger than the earth, so that polar lights are possible on the shadow side. And the brilliancy of the polar lights are proportionately less than daylight at noon in the tropics, exactly in correspondence to the concentration of the rays by a lens of the magnitude referred to. 4. The vortexya rising up out of the earth at night is negative, or less than the vortexya descending in daylight, and their conjunctive line is near the earth's surface. Hence, five or six miles' altitude is intense cold; whilst five or six hundred is so cold that mortals could not possibly measure it (1882). 5. In the early days of the earth, when there was more heat emitted from the earth than at present, it also rose to a greater altitude; but it was nevertheless thrown back, to a great extent, every day, even after the same manner it is to-day, by the vortexian lens referred to. And as of the heat, so also of the light. Peace and Love Ruth
Yes Ruth, that was sloppy of me.
I’ll scrap that before I update my page. Thanks.
If the English Oahspe was correct when it said:
The outer rim, forty-two thousand miles broad, of the MOON'S vortex, hath a revolution axially with the earth once a month.
This would not be correct
1) because the MOON'S vortex does not revolve axially with the earth, but is at a 5 degree (??) angle.
2) because then the question would have to be asked what makes it rotate once a month
because the MOON'S vortex would not revolve axially with the earth.
The on-line Oahspe says:
The outer rim, forty-two thousand miles broad, of the EARTH'S vortex, hath a revolution axially with the earth once a month.
[The "earth's vortex" is replaced by the "moon's vortex".]
Plate 47. The Cyclic Coil says:
Jehovih rolleth up the heavens, and braideth the serpents of the firmament into His cyclic coil. He is the circle without beginning or end; His Majesty encompasseth the universe.
Wallace Thornhill says:
About half of the stars in our stellar neighborhood come in twos. The currents of space tend to run in braided pairs. Where these braided currents become pinched by their own magnetic field, a star will be formed in each of the two braided currents.
Perhaps a better way of putting it, after the basics is grasped, is
moon's vortex rolls around the earth's vortex as it snakes along the braids of its vortex
In conclusion
1) Chinvat seems to be on the earth's side of the moon.
2) Cosmognony Ch 4:14 states that border eddies ensued from the outer rim of the earth's vortex forming a nebulous belt around it that lost pace with the earth's vortex in time, condensed and made the moon. Therefore the moon is beyond the outside of the earth's vortex.
3) Cosmognony Ch 6, 3 tells us the moon's vortex rides around on the outer part of the earth's vortex.
4)
In the early age of the vortex of the earth, so swiftly flew the outer rim that border eddies ensued, from which nebula congregated, until the earth had a nebulous belt around it. This belt, in time, losing pace with the earth's vortex, condensed and made the moon."
Also, added to this, is the measurement of the effects of the
variation of "cosmic wind" on the magnetosphere of the earth,
including the unexplained anomaly of the day the earth's
magnetosphere on the sun side ballooned out to the orbit of the moon
(no notable activity in the sun such as sunspots or flares were
observed at the time, nor any visible eclipse which could have
accounted for the loss of compression which explains the dark-side of
the earth's magnetosphere being uncompressed). This anomoly compared
to the extreme compression of the magnetosphere to the earth during
greater solar activity associated with sunspots, appears to be
material evidence of Oahspe's revelations that there are nebulae that
lie between the sun and the earth, which are transparent to the eye
and telescope. (See previous posted message no. 8668 on this forum)
Now according to Oahspe, A'ji and Ji'ay are even more rarified than
Nebulae, so their presence would have a more subtle effect on the
dimming of sunlight than the eclipse of a corporeal body. The
historical evidence of such times have been provided in Oahspe by
Humboldt's notes at the end of Bk of Ben in Oahspe.
Now while scientists have been able to make the connections between
the sunspot cycles and the dimmer/cooler and brighter/warmer
conditions on the earth, they have no concept of the aji, ji'ay and
nebulae that may lie, not only between the sun and the earth, but all
around, whereby the earth (and even the sun and other planets,
depending upon the size of the field of ji'ay, a'ji or nebulae) are
engulfed in this "veil" of rarified matter.
Now the Maunder Minimum, while providing proof that the sunspots were
not visible during a coinciding period of cold (dubbed the mini-ice
age), there is no explanation by scientists as to WHY there were no
sunspots visible. But since Oahspe has informed us that the sun is
dimmed and can even be eclipsed by dense a'ji and nebulae, it can be
understood why the sunspots were not visible during the Maunder
Minimum.
Of course, if we say that it is ji'ay, a'ji or nebulae that is
obstructing the clear view between the sun and earth, in the case of
the dissappearance of the sunspots in the Maunder Minimum---where is
there further proof that this is the cause? Well by looking in the
other direction, away from the sun, to see if the view of other
celestial bodies is also obstructed.
And here it is---Because there had been advances in optical
telescopes that allowed astronomers to register the disappearance of
sunspots during The Maunder Minimum of 1665 to 1715, the planets also
were seen much more clearly. And the almost continual disappearance
of The Red Spot on Jupiter during that same time period of the
Maunder Minimum also occurred.
The Red Spot of Jupiter was reported to be first seen around 1664 and
1665, but was not officially recorded until 1831 when a diagram was
drawn by an observer. Until then it had disappeared "at least eight
times between the years 1665 and 1708".
Which clearly indicates that the view to both the sun and the planets
was obscured at the same time and no doubt by the same means. And
this, according to Oahspe's cosmogony, would have been A'ji or Ji'ay
in the roadway where the vortex of the earth travelled.
Now to put this into context of what Oahspe has shown---that it is
the warkbelts of the planet where the condensation or dissipation of
corporeal matter causes the dimming/cooling and brightening/warming
to the earth, the connection is made between the a'jian field in the
roadway and the earth's vortex condensing and precipitating the a'ji
into the atmospherea of the earth. A manifestation of this process
has been shown to be measurable by the fluctuating effect upon the
earth's magnetosphere by the "cosmic wind" that presses upon it.
Bk of Fragapatti, Chapter 18,
7.|| That man might find still further evidence of the earth's wark
belts, I created the nearest one with different densities, so that
not every year would be alike as to heat and cold. And in certain
cycles of dan I condense the first wark belts so that the sun seems
to mortals as if in eclipse. For it is upon this belt that My cycles
of dan'ha give either light or darkness to mortals spiritually.||
References and links:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/u0700e/u0700e05.htm
Extract: || The solar factor in climate change. One obvious suspect
is, of course, the sun. This central body is certainly a fundamental
force in the climate system, and its energy processes are known to be
variable. Solar electromagnetic activity varies in a cyclic pattern
that finds its clearest expression in the roughly 11-year sunspot
cycles.
In examining the pattern of sunspot activity since 1700 (see Fig. 1)
it is clear that hyperactive cycles are soon followed by hypoactive
ones. The strong cycles between 1770 and 1800 were followed by three
weak cycles between 1800 and 1830. Similarly, the strong cycles
between 1830 and 1870 were followed by weak cycles from 1880 to 1910.
According to available records, the climate in the Northern
Hemisphere reacted consistently throughout this period, alternating
episodes of warmer and cooler conditions closely following the
variations in sunspot activity. ||
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter
Extract: ||The Great Red Spot, a prominent oval-shaped feature in the
southern hemisphere of Jupiter, may have been observed as early as
1664 by Robert Hooke and in 1665 by Giovanni Cassini, although this
is disputed. The pharmacist Heinrich Schwabe produced the earliest
known drawing to show details of the Great Red Spot in 1831.[51]
The Red Spot was reportedly lost from sight on several occasions
between 1665 and 1708 before becoming quite conspicuous in 1878. It
was recorded as fading again in 1883 and at the start of the 20th
century.||
http://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/ch1.htm
Extract: ||In the southern hemisphere of Jupiter is an outstanding
long oval feature known as the Great Red Spot (Figure 1-12). At
present 24,000 km (15,000 mi.) long, it has at times extended almost
48,000 km (30,000 mi.). The spot has intrigued generations of
astronomers since first observed and recorded centuries ago. In 1664,
during the reign of Charles II, the astronomer Robert Hooke reported
seeing a large red spot on Jupiter, which could have been the first
observation of the Great Red Spot. This was, indeed, the first record
of a scientific discovery from a government research contract. In
1665, Cassini referred to the marking as the "Eye of Jupiter." The
spot appeared and vanished at least eight times between the years
1665 and 1708, and became a strikingly conspicuous red object in
1878. Early in 1883, the Great Red Spot faded to become almost
invisible and then became distinct again, only to fade once more at
the beginning of the present century.
The spot was likened to something floating in the atmosphere of
Jupiter; early astronomers suggested that it was a raft or an island,
since over the centuries the spot drifted around the planet relative
to the average movement of the clouds. Sometimes cloud currents have
swept around it as though the spot itself were a vortex in the
atmosphere. Some scientists postulated that the Great Red Spot
represents a column of gas, the center of an enormous whirlpool-like
mass of gas rising from deep in the planet to the top of the
atmosphere and anchored in some way to the surface far below.||
Peace, Love and Light,
Ruth
Oahspe's revelations have included various references to the wark
belts of earth and the Ji'ay, A'ji and Nebulae in the roadways in
which the earth travels in the vortex of solar phalanx, as being the
cause of variations in periods of Light and Heat manifested on the
earth.
There are numerous reports where astronomers and scientists studying
the sun, have found correlations between the periods of dimmer and
brighter periods of the sun with periods of cooler and warmer periods
of earth's climate. These variations have also been correlated to the
appearance of sunspots and the discovery that they appear and
disappear in regular cycles of 11 years (and these come in cycles of
variations in greater or lesser peaks), except for anomolies such as
the Maunder Minimum cycle of 1665-1715. (See previous posted message
no 8695 on this forum.)
Also, added to this, is the measurement of the effects of the
variation of "cosmic wind" on the magnetosphere of the earth,
including the unexplained anomaly of the day the earth's
magnetosphere on the sun side ballooned out to the orbit of the moon
(no notable activity in the sun such as sunspots or flares were
observed at the time, nor any visible eclipse which could have
accounted for the loss of compression which explains the dark-side of
the earth's magnetosphere being uncompressed). This anomoly compared
to the extreme compression of the magnetosphere to the earth during
greater solar activity associated with sunspots, appears to be
material evidence of Oahspe's revelations that there are nebulae that
lie between the sun and the earth, which are transparent to the eye
and telescope. (See previous posted message no. 8668 on this forum)
Now according to Oahspe, A'ji and Ji'ay are even more rarified than
Nebulae, so their presence would have a more subtle effect on the
dimming of sunlight than the eclipse of a corporeal body. The
historical evidence of such times have been provided in Oahspe by
Humboldt's notes at the end of Bk of Ben in Oahspe.
Now while scientists have been able to make the connections between
the sunspot cycles and the dimmer/cooler and brighter/warmer
conditions on the earth, they have no concept of the aji, ji'ay and
nebulae that may lie, not only between the sun and the earth, but all
around, whereby the earth (and even the sun and other planets,
depending upon the size of the field of ji'ay, a'ji or nebulae) are
engulfed in this "veil" of rarified matter.
Now the Maunder Minimum, while providing proof that the sunspots were
not visible during a coinciding period of cold (dubbed the mini-ice
age), there is no explanation by scientists as to WHY there were no
sunspots visible. But since Oahspe has informed us that the sun is
dimmed and can even be eclipsed by dense a'ji and nebulae, it can be
understood why the sunspots were not visible during the Maunder
Minimum.
Of course, if we say that it is ji'ay, a'ji or nebulae that is
obstructing the clear view between the sun and earth, in the case of
the dissappearance of the sunspots in the Maunder Minimum---where is
there further proof that this is the cause? Well by looking in the
other direction, away from the sun, to see if the view of other
celestial bodies is also obstructed.
And here it is---Because there had been advances in optical
telescopes that allowed astronomers to register the disappearance of
sunspots during The Maunder Minimum of 1665 to 1715, the planets also
were seen much more clearly. And the almost continual disappearance
of The Red Spot on Jupiter during that same time period of the
Maunder Minimum also occurred.
The Red Spot of Jupiter was reported to be first seen around 1664 and
1665, but was not officially recorded until 1831 when a diagram was
drawn by an observer. Until then it had disappeared "at least eight
times between the years 1665 and 1708".
Which clearly indicates that the view to both the sun and the planets
was obscured at the same time and no doubt by the same means. And
this, according to Oahspe's cosmogony, would have been A'ji or Ji'ay
in the roadway where the vortex of the earth travelled.
Now to put this into context of what Oahspe has shown---that it is
the warkbelts of the planet where the condensation or dissipation of
corporeal matter causes the dimming/cooling and brightening/warming
to the earth, the connection is made between the a'jian field in the
roadway and the earth's vortex condensing and precipitating the a'ji
into the atmospherea of the earth. A manifestation of this process
has been shown to be measurable by the fluctuating effect upon the
earth's magnetosphere by the "cosmic wind" that presses upon it.
Bk of Fragapatti, Chapter 18,
7.|| That man might find still further evidence of the earth's wark
belts, I created the nearest one with different densities, so that
not every year would be alike as to heat and cold. And in certain
cycles of dan I condense the first wark belts so that the sun seems
to mortals as if in eclipse. For it is upon this belt that My cycles
of dan'ha give either light or darkness to mortals spiritually.||
References and links:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/u0700e/u0700e05.htm
Extract: || The solar factor in climate change. One obvious suspect
is, of course, the sun. This central body is certainly a fundamental
force in the climate system, and its energy processes are known to be
variable. Solar electromagnetic activity varies in a cyclic pattern
that finds its clearest expression in the roughly 11-year sunspot
cycles.
In examining the pattern of sunspot activity since 1700 (see Fig. 1)
it is clear that hyperactive cycles are soon followed by hypoactive
ones. The strong cycles between 1770 and 1800 were followed by three
weak cycles between 1800 and 1830. Similarly, the strong cycles
between 1830 and 1870 were followed by weak cycles from 1880 to 1910.
According to available records, the climate in the Northern
Hemisphere reacted consistently throughout this period, alternating
episodes of warmer and cooler conditions closely following the
variations in sunspot activity. ||
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter
Extract: ||The Great Red Spot, a prominent oval-shaped feature in the
southern hemisphere of Jupiter, may have been observed as early as
1664 by Robert Hooke and in 1665 by Giovanni Cassini, although this
is disputed. The pharmacist Heinrich Schwabe produced the earliest
known drawing to show details of the Great Red Spot in 1831.[51]
The Red Spot was reportedly lost from sight on several occasions
between 1665 and 1708 before becoming quite conspicuous in 1878. It
was recorded as fading again in 1883 and at the start of the 20th
century.||
http://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/ch1.htm
Extract: ||In the southern hemisphere of Jupiter is an outstanding
long oval feature known as the Great Red Spot (Figure 1-12). At
present 24,000 km (15,000 mi.) long, it has at times extended almost
48,000 km (30,000 mi.). The spot has intrigued generations of
astronomers since first observed and recorded centuries ago. In 1664,
during the reign of Charles II, the astronomer Robert Hooke reported
seeing a large red spot on Jupiter, which could have been the first
observation of the Great Red Spot. This was, indeed, the first record
of a scientific discovery from a government research contract. In
1665, Cassini referred to the marking as the "Eye of Jupiter." The
spot appeared and vanished at least eight times between the years
1665 and 1708, and became a strikingly conspicuous red object in
1878. Early in 1883, the Great Red Spot faded to become almost
invisible and then became distinct again, only to fade once more at
the beginning of the present century.
The spot was likened to something floating in the atmosphere of
Jupiter; early astronomers suggested that it was a raft or an island,
since over the centuries the spot drifted around the planet relative
to the average movement of the clouds. Sometimes cloud currents have
swept around it as though the spot itself were a vortex in the
atmosphere. Some scientists postulated that the Great Red Spot
represents a column of gas, the center of an enormous whirlpool-like
mass of gas rising from deep in the planet to the top of the
atmosphere and anchored in some way to the surface far below.||
Peace, Love and Light,
Ruth
Re: More Oahspe Confirmed: The atmospherean lens of the Earth
Dear Paul and others,
Further to the real possibility that the 11 year sunspot cycles and
the earth's periods of heat and cold are related, I found information
about the Maunder cycle which was between 1645 and 1715, when there
were no sunspots seen, at the same time there was a "mini-ice age",
also some references to the variations in cycles and co-relation with
sun oscillation (probably the movement that adherents to the theory
that the sun has a twin depend upon) makes sun cycles variable:
http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/17jan_solcon.htm?list827409
Extract: January 17, 2003: Our Sun may seem an enduring, unwavering
beacon in the sky, but in truth it has a "heartbeat" of sorts--a
pulsation between dimmer and brighter phases so slow that it
only "beats" 9 times each century.........
The intensity of the Sun varies along with the 11-year sunspot cycle.
When sunspots are numerous the solar constant is high (about 1367
W/m2); when sunspots are scarce the value is low (about 1365 W/m2).
Eleven years isn't the only "beat," however. The solar constant can
fluctuate by ~0.1% over days and weeks as sunspots grow and
dissipate. The solar constant also drifts by 0.2% to 0.6% over many
centuries, according to scientists who study tree rings.
These small changes can affect Earth in a big way. For example,
between 1645 and 1715 (a period astronomers call the "Maunder
Minimum") the sunspot cycle stopped; the face of the Sun was nearly
blank for 70 years. At the same time Europe was hit by an
extraordinary cold spell: the Thames River in London froze, glaciers
advanced in the Alps, and northern sea ice increased. An earlier
centuries-long surge in solar activity (inferred from studies of tree
rings) had the opposite effect: Vikings were able to settle the
thawed-out coast of Greenland in the 980s, and even grow enough wheat
there to export the surplus to Scandinavia..........
....The red line is deduced from the abundance of a heavy form of
carbon (carbon-14) in tree rings. This "isotope" of carbon is formed
in the upper atmosphere when incoming cosmic rays smash into carbon
dioxide molecules. When the Sun's activity is low, its weakened
magnetic field lets more cosmic rays into the solar system, so carbon-
14 abundances go up..... "Methods for estimating the Sun's intensity
hundreds of years ago, such as measuring the cosmic ray-generated
carbon-14 embedded in the rings of old trees, can be improved by
comparing those clues today with a reliable satellite record.......
http://www.fao.org/docrep/u0700e/u0700e05.htm
Extract:
||.....In examining the pattern of sunspot activity since 1700 (see
Fig. 1) it is clear that hyperactive cycles are soon followed by
hypoactive ones. The strong cycles between 1770 and 1800 were
followed by three weak cycles between 1800 and 1830. Similarly, the
strong cycles between 1830 and 1870 were followed by weak cycles from
1880 to 1910. According to available records, the climate in the
Northern Hemisphere reacted consistently throughout this period,
alternating episodes of warmer and cooler conditions closely
following the variations in sunspot activity........
It is now well established that, rather than remaining in a fixed
position, the sun moves, tracing an oscillating path through space
around the centre of mass of the solar system. Isaac Newton was the
first to provide a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon
(Principia mathematica, 1687). Much later, in 1965, RD. Jose at the
US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) elaborated
the planetary equations that make it possible to exactly reproduce
solar motion in space and time. Although not fully appreciated by the
scientific community in general, it is now common knowledge among
astronomers that the path of the solar centre through the galaxy
takes the form of a spiral which can be accurately plotted by
computers.
It is important to understand that the pattern of solar oscillation
is determined by the movement of the planets - particularly of the
two largest and most massive, Jupiter and Saturn. The sun shifts its
position in relation to the centre of mass of the solar system in
response to the constantly changing strength and alignment of the
common planetary vector, thus continually maintaining the stability
and balance of the system as a whole (see Fig. 2).
It is therefore not surprising to find that the period of
Jupiter/Saturn conjugations and oppositions - 9.93 years - closely
coincides with the median interval of the solar sunspot cycle: ten
years. That the average length of the cycle over the past 300 years
is just under 11 years can be explained by changes in the degree of
reinforcement contributed by the next two largest planets, Uranus and
Neptune. In other words, the rhythm of the sunspot cycle is
essentially governed by solar orbital motion, and ultimately by the
movement of the planets.
How can this be so? As pointed out originally by T. Landscheidt in
1981, it is probable that the sun's orbital motion produces long-term
changes in the flow of convection currents beneath the solar surface -
the ''dynamo" of the solar field (see Fig. 3). Changes in this vital
component of the solar process could be expected to affect levels of
solar radiation, while leaving an imprint on the solar cycle, in
regard both to the intensity of sunspot activity and to the patterns
of polarity change that determine the magnetic character of sunspots.
Recent findings provide substantial support for this explanatory
model. A team of climatologists from Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (Newell et al., 1989) have demonstrated that fluctuations
in marine air temperatures at night between 1855 and 1985 followed a
clearly defined 21.8-year cycle, i.e. close to the double sunspot
cycle (2 × 11 years). Perhaps even more revealing, the rhythm of
temperature change follows, with a time-lag of never more than 1-3
years, the phases underlying changes in solar momentum.......||
Peace, Love and Light,
Ruth
--- In oahspe@yahoogroups.com, "Paul Perov"
