Test Four Review Assignment Psychology 11 Name: _________________

1. Define the word motive.

Theoretical Perspectives - Many of the different theories of motivation are similar, except for the amount of emphasis they place on either biology or environment. Most include some level of both (some nature, some nurture). Name the appropriate perspective.

1. The only theory that completely emphasizes biology

2. This theory states that most organisms seem to try and maintain Homeostasis - a state of physiological equilibrium. When the body deviates from this equilibrium an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should (hopefully) reduce this tension.

3. This theory states that motivation is the result of biological, genetic programming.

4. This theory, inspired by Charles Darwin, argues that in the last 15 million years the human species has evolved socially as well as physically

5. This theory states that all beings within a species are programmed for the same motivations.

6. At the heart of this perspective, is the motivation to survive - we are biologically programmed to survive

7. This theory states that natural selection favors social behaviors that maximize reproductive success

8. This theory, can also explain differences in men and women's mating preferences.

9. This perspective may seem selfish, but it can also explain seemingly altruistic behaviors:

10. This theory states that an external goal has the capacity to motivate behavior. This does not mean that it will always motivate behavior, only that it can.

11. This theory states that the motivation is something external, not internal.

12. This theory states that you attend class not because you were biologically programmed to become a student, but rather, because there is something external that is rewarding to you. Is it the grade you seek? Is it the desire to avoid going into the job market? Is it the desire to obtain a better job with a degree than possible without one?

13. William McDougal (1908) - influential theorist who viewed instincts as behavior patterns that are:

14. Humans have instincts for behaviors such as:

15. Describe two problems with the instict theory perspective.

16. Describe one of the problems associated with drive theory

Malsow's Need Hierarchy

17. This Humanistic perspective is a blend of biological and social needs and is a sweeping overview of human motivation. Because Maslow believed that all needs vary in strength, he arranged them in a pyramidal form to indicate which have more strength. For each statement name the appropriate level:

18. These include the need for food, water, and other vital components of life. If these needs are not met, the organism can't survive. Thus, these are the most basic and important.

19. These needs refer more to the long term survival than day to day needs. Humans tend to seek out order and have a desire to live in a world that is not filled with chaos and danger. As a result, they seek out stable lives with careers, homes, insurance, etc.

20. After obtaining a safe environment to live and establishing some long term plans, people seek out affection from family members, friends, and lovers.

21. At this level, people become concerned with self-esteem which may be based on achievements that they earn, recognition from others for jobs they do, etc.

22. Needs at this level are based on acquiring knowledge and understanding of the world, people, behavior, etc. If you are in college to learn (not simply to get a degree) then you are attempting to fulfill this need.

23. These needs include beauty and order in life. Getting your life in order may provide a sense of comfort that people often lack. In addition, spending time finding and observing beauty in the world becomes an option and a desire as people do not have to struggle and fight to stay alive.

24. This is the highest and most difficult level to reach. In fact, according to Maslow, very few people actually reach this level. This is the need to fulfill one's own potential. As Maslow stated, "What a man can be, he must be."

25. Emotions have what three components?

26. One key aspect of emotions, according to Woodworth & Sehlesberg, is that we have perceptions of them that usually ranges from what to what and what to what?

27. Usually, research on emotions involve a person's subjective report or experience of an experience. Aside from all of the normal problems associated with self-report data, there are a few others that occur with self report measures of emotions describe three of them.

B. Physiological Level

28. Emotions are accompanied by physiological arousal, usually at an autonomic level (involuntary/automatic). But, very often physiological changes are too small to notice. In these cases, we rely on what?

29. Very often organisms communicate without words. They may rely on what types of behavior?

30. Ekman found which 7 basic emotions most often identified from photos of facial expressions.

31. The use of facial expressions to communicate seems to be innate based on what evidence?

32. "My theory ... is that the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion. Common sense says, we lose our fortune, are sorry and weep; we meet a bear, are frightened and run; we are insulted by a rival, and angry and strike. The hypothesis here to be defended says that this order of sequence is incorrect ... and that the more rational statement is that we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble ... "

Who made the above statement?

33. Schachter and Singer maintain that we don't automatically know when we are happy, angry, or jealous. Instead, we label our emotions by considering situational cues. We feel some emotion. To really understand what emotion we are having at that particular time, we use the cues in the environment at the time to help us determine the current emotion. This labeling process depends on what two factors:

34. Name the explanation suggests that the appropriate cognitive processing is cued by the present affective state. Positive affect signals that a situation is benign, whereas negative affect indicates a problem. As a result, people rely on general, heuristic processing in positive moods, while negative moods trigger more detailed, systematic processing. Thus, cognitive tuning suggests that positive emotions are cues that everything is fine, and negative emotions serve as problem representations. Therefore, negative emotions should lead to actions to try and correct the problem, and positive emotions need not lead to any action. Also, cognitive tuning suggests that positive affect focuses people on internal, subjective data, cuing the use of heuristic processing, while negative affect focuses people on external, objective data, cuing systematic processing.