Test Six (1) Psychology 11 Name: _________________

1. What are the 4 Factors That Form The Definition of Learning?

2. In classical conditioning, what name is given to a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without any prior conditioning (no learning needed for the response to occur)?

3. In classical conditioning, what name is given to an unlearned reaction/response to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without prior conditioning?

4. In classical conditioning, what name is given to a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response?

5. In classical conditioning, what name is given to a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of prior conditioning?

6. Presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli is called what?

7. Formation of a new conditioned response tendency is called what?

8. Temporal association between two events that occur closely together in time is called what?

9. In classical conditioning – when the CS is presented before the US and it (CS) stays on until the US is presented we call this?

10. In classical conditioning – when a discrete event is presented, then the US occurs we call this?

11. In classical conditioning – when the CS and US presented together we call this?

12. In classical conditioning – when the US occurs before CS we call this?

13. What do we call a gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR tendency that occurs from multiple presentations of CS without the US?

14. Pavlov's dogs stopped salivating when the dispenser sound kept occurring without the meat powder following. This is an example of what process?

15. Sometimes there will be a reappearance of a response that had been extinguished. The recovery can occur after a period of non-exposure to the CS. The response seems to reappear out of nowhere and is called what?

16. What do we call it when a response to a specific stimulus becomes associated to other stimuli (similar stimuli) and now occurs to those other similar stimuli?

17. A child who gets bitten by black lab, later becomes afraid of all dogs. The original fear evoked by the Black Lab has now generalized to ALL dogs. This is an example of what process?

18. What do we call Learning to respond to one stimulus and not another, thus, an organism becomes conditioned to respond to a specific stimulus and not to other stimuli?

19. Define Operant Conditioning

20. In classical conditioning, the controlling stimulus comes ________ the behavior. In operant conditioning, the controlling stimulus comes ________ the behavior.

21. This is a chamber in which Skinner placed animals such as rats and pigeons to study. The chamber contains either a lever or key that can be pressed in order to receive reinforcements such as food and water.

22. This is an operant conditioning method for creating an entirely new behavior by using rewards to guide an organism toward a desired behavior (called Successive Approximations). In doing so, the organism is rewarded with each small advancement in the right direction. Once one appropriate behavior is made and rewarded, the organism is not reinforced again until they make a further advancement, then another and another until the organism is only rewarded once the entire behavior is performed.

23. Stop shocking a rat when it presses the lever (yikes!) This is an example of what?

24. Give an organism a pleasant stimulus when the operant response is made. This is an example of what?

25. A rat presses the lever (operant response) and it receives a treat (positive reinforcement). This is an example of what?

26. Take away an unpleasant stimulus when the operant response is made. This is an example of what?

27. A previously neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to strengthen responses because the stimulus has been paired with a primary reinforcer is called what?

32. Stimulus that naturally strengthens any response that precedes it (e.g., food, water, sex) without the need for any learning on the part of the organism. These reinforcers are naturally reinforcing and are called what?

33. When you wait for a bus, the bus may run on a specific schedule, like it stops at the nearest location to you every 20 minutes. After one bus has stopped and left your bus stop, the timer resets so that the next one will arrive in 20 minutes. You must wait that amount of time for the bus to arrive and stop for you to get on it. This is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

34. A variable amount of time must pass, and then a certain response must be made in order to get reinforcement. This is an example of which type of reinforcement?

35. This type of schedule is the same as the FR except that the ratio varies, and is not stable like the FR schedule. Reinforcement is given after every N th response, but N is an average.

36. Reinforcement given after every N th responses, where N is the size of the ratio (i.e., a certain number of responses have to occur before getting reinforcement).

37. Many factory workers are paid according to the number of some product they produce. A worker may get paid $10.00 for every 100 widgets he makes. This would be an example of an FR100 schedule. This is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

38. Slot machines in casinos function on this type of schedule (despite what many people believe about their "systems"). The slot machine is programmed to provide a "winner" every average N th response, such as every 75th lever pull on average. So, the slot machine may give a winner after 1 pull, then on the 190th pull, then on the 33rd pull, etc...just so long as it averages out to give a winner on average, every 75th pull. This is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

39. A designated amount of time must pass, and then a certain response must be made in order to get reinforcement. This is an example of which type of reinforcement?

40. When you wait to get your mail. Your mail carrier may come to your house at approximately the same time each day. So, you go out and check at the approximate time the mail usually arrives, but there is no mail. You wait a little while and check, but no mail. This continues until some time has passed (a varied amount of time) and then you go out, check, and to your delight, there is mail. This is an example of which type of reinforcement?

41. Presentation of an aversive stimulus to decrease the probability of an operant response occurring again. For example, a child reaches for a cookie before dinner, and you slap his hand. This is an example of:

42. The removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease the probability of an operant response occurring again. For example, each time a child says a curse word, you remove one dollar from their piggy bank. This is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?