PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES QUIZ NAME:

For each of the items that follow decide which perspective is being demonstrated.

Item 1 of 19. Wilbert was quite unhappy with his marriage. His conception of the 'wifely' role was of someone who should be sympathetic, caring and focused on him. His wife Alicia perceived her role to be that of independent but related partner whose role was to advance her career. When they went for counseling the therapist began to analyze role expectations.

Item 2 of 19. Ron was a very nervous and anxious individual who was described by his counselor as having free-floating anxiety resulting from unconscious conflict between ego and id impulses that was not being adequately dealt with because Ron's ego defense systems had broken down.

Item 3 of 19. Trevor was a typical 10-year-old boy; however he did have a problem with lying at home. When the therapist did a behavioural analysis at home he discovered that Trevor lied to shut up his angry mother. The therapist noted that Trevor's lying behaviour was negatively reinforced.

Item 4 of 19. Sheila was diagnosed with a DSM-IV diagnosis of Avoidant Personality Disorder. When her therapist examined the reasons for her shyness and social avoidance, he noted two underlying beliefs that accounted for her behaviour. These were the idea that I must be liked and that I must not look foolish in front of others. As a result she rarely ventured into social situations.

Item 5 of 19. Since he had been hospitalized for depression Desmond just could not seem to get going. Prior to his admission he had been an artist; but now he thought it was hopeless to even try and draw. His therapist asked him to rate how much pleasure he would get from drawing some simple stick figures. Unwillingly, Desmond picked up a crayon and drew some figures. When asked to rate his pleasure he noted that he got some pleasure out of it. The therapist then immediately attacked the patient's notion that "nothing makes me feel better."

Item 6 of 19. When the clinical psychologist looked at what motivated the champion bob-sledder she found someone who had a clear sense of identity or self and the knowledge to know what sort of person he wanted to become and why. He had his own values and had not blindly accepted the values of others. In fact, because of this he had begun the process of self-actualization.

Item 7 of 19. Cynthia had a problem learning to dress. For a child who was developmentally delayed this was not unexpected but it appeared that her abilities were prejudiced by faulty learning. The psychologist first decided that she should learn to put a shirt on. To begin with he broke the task down into basic steps which made up a chain or sequence of behaviours. He then prompted her to make the first response in the chain and rewarded her for doing so. Eventually by working all the way through the chain in this fashion he taught her the skill.

Item 8 of 19. In an analysis of Edna's smoking behavior, her therapist believed that she had become fixated at the oral stage of development. The therapist felt that as an infant that she had not received adequate oral gratification and this was subconsciously interfering with her current situation.

Item 9 of 19. Irene was diagnosed as agoraphobic. However there was something unusual about her avoidance behaviour. She had experienced her first panic attack when she was standing at the perfume counter in a local store. Each time, thereafter that she walked in the store the odours immediately prompted an anxiety response (rapid heart rate, sweating, etc.) though at first she was not aware of this. Soon she began to have the same panicky feelings if she stood close to someone else who was wearing heavy perfume. Eventually when she went to see her therapist, even imagining perfume would set off a response.

Item 10 of 19

Betty had been the victim of incest by her father for 9 years. She blamed herself for the sexual molestation that began at the age of 5 and intercourse that began at the age of 10. She had a very negative schemata about herself ('I'm bad and deserve to be abused.') about relationships ('People will hurt me. All men are interested in is sex.) and about her future ("I'll always feel bad."). Betty had learned to cope with her father by passive dissociation when he approached. When Beth later dated in her late teens she behaved in the same way.

Item 11 of 19. Betty was walking down the street when she suddenly had an attack of hypoglycemia. This sudden drop in blood sugar caused her to feel faint and shaky. She then thought to herself: "I can't handle things... I may lose control of myself.... I might fall down and start to scream." She then became even more anxious. Thus she reacted to the feeling of anxiety with an increase belief in her inability to control herself. Every time she felt some unusual internal sensations from then on she had the same illogical thoughts and feelings.

Item 12 of 19. When Eric went for therapy his therapist's goal was to demonstrate the existentialist concern with presence, the quality of being genuinely accessible and truly self-expressive in a situation. Eric was a young man who unwittingly kept his life hypothetical, avoiding the actualities that would confront him with the incompleteness and unsatisfactoriness of his way of being. The therapist showed Eric how he "protected" himself in this self-defeating way. As Eric recognized this he went through periods of anxiety and then anger. At the end of therapy Eric began to find greater access to his own inner experiencing and, as a consequence, starts on the way to a more fulfilling life.

Item 13 of 19. When Pierre went partially blind on his 25th birthday he had to give up driving a long distance truck for his father. It was a job that he loathed. The neurologist said that there was an organic reason for the blindness. The neurologist suggested a surgery that might restore Pierre’s vision.

Item 14 of 19. When Annette went to the therapist to help overcome her fear of spiders, she told him she was not afraid of tigers. He explained that our ancestors had to be more cautious of small critters because they are harder to spot, so we are instinctively afraid of small animals.

Item 15 of 19. When Peter and Nancy went for counseling the marriage counselor noted that many of their conflicts arose from the fact that Peter was raised in a family of devout Baptists while Nancy’s family were essentially atheist.

Item 16 of 19. Darren never wanted to eat at Ricky’s All Day Grill. This frustrated his friends who kept asking him why he refused to eat there. Only after much introspection did he remember that the last time he ate there as a child he got food poisoning.

Item 17 of 19. When Elaine returned home from college in New York to the small town of Faro her parents were concerned that she might have developed a mental disorder. She look and acted so differently now than when she had left. A family friend suggested that she had simply adopted many of the customs and fashions of New York.

Item 18 of 19. When Jimmy said Hi to Dwayne he did not respond. This led Jimmy to assume that Dwayne was angry with him. This made Jimmy so upset that he went to talk to the school counselor. The counselor suggested alternative reasons why Dwayne did not respond, such as maybe he had headphones in. This made Jimmy feel better the next time someone didn’t respond to him because he thought of other explanations for their behavior.

Item 19 of 19. When Cameron was offered a job as a prison guard he was apprehensive. He really didn’t like telling people what to do and thought himself as a kind person. After working in the jail for a short time he found that it became very easy to boss the inmates around and even humiliate them when given the opportunity.