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Notes
I am grateful to the JDC director of the Former Soviet Union programs, Asher Ostrin, to the former manager of the JDC Archives in New York, Sherry Hyman, to the manager of the JDC Archives in Jerusalem, Sarah Kadosh, and to the senior archivist of the JDC Archives in New York, Mikhail Mitsel, for help in conducting my research. My thanks also for consultations go to Steven J. Zipperstein, Ronald Zweig, and Mark Tolts.
1. On the history of the JDC in Russia, see, e.g., Mordechai Altshuler, “Siyua yehudei ha-olam li-yehudei brit ha-moatsot bein milhamot haolam,” in Solidariyut yehudit leumit ba-et ha-hadashah, ed. Benjamin Pinkus and Selwyn Ilan Troen (Beer Sheva, 1988), 116–29; Yehuda Bauer, My Brother’s Keeper (Philadelphia, 1974), 57–104; Yehuda Bauer, “The Relation Between the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and the Soviet Government, 1924–1938,” in Jews and Non-Jews in Eastern Europe, 1918–1945, ed. Bela Vago and Geogle L. Mosse (Jerusalem, 1974), 271–82; Michael Beizer and Mikhail Mitsel, The American Brother: The “Joint” in Russia, the USSR and the CIS (Jerusalem, 2004); Michael Beizer, “New Light on the Murder of Professor Israel Friedlaender and Rabbi Bernard Cantor: The Truth Rediscovered,” American Jewish Archives Journal 55 (2003): 63–114; Jonathan L. Dekel-Chen, Farming the Red Land: Jewish Agricultural Colonization and Local Soviet Power, 1924– 1941 (New Haven, Conn., 2005); Oscar Handlin, A Continuing Task: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1914–1964 (New York, 1964); Zosa Szajkowski, The Mirage of American Jewish Aid in Soviet Russia, 1917– 1939 (New York, 1977); Zosa Szajkowski, “Private and Organized American Jewish Overseas Relief (1914–1938),” American Jewish Historical Quarterly 57 (1967): 52–106, 191–253; Anita Weiner, Renewal. Reconnecting Soviet Jewry to the Jewish People: A Decade of American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (AJJDC) Activity in the Former Soviet Union, 1988–1998 (New York, 2003); Mikhail Mitsel, “Programmy Amerikanskogo evreiskogo ob’edinennogo raspredelitel’nogo komiteta v SSSR, 1943–1947 gg,” Vestnik evreiskogo universiteta 8, no. 26 (2003): 95–122.
2. Tom Shachtman, I Seek My Brethren: Ralph Goldman and “The Joint” (New York, 2001).
3. Michael Beizer, “Pomogaya v nuzhde i bor’be: Posylochnaya programma ‘Jointa’ i ‘Nativa’ dlya sovietskikh evreyev, 1950-e–1970-e gody,” in Evreiskaya emigratsiya iz Rossii, 1881–2005, ed. Oleg Budnitsky (Moscow, 2008), 220–40.
4. On the Jewish Committee for Aid to War Victims, see Mera Sverdlova, “Ha-vaad ha-yehudi le-ezrat nifgeei ha-milhamah (YEKOPO) berusyah, 1914–1916,” Yahadut zmanenu 4 (1987): 269–88; Mera Sverdlova, “YEKOPO veha-siyua le-nifgeei ha-milhamah be-merts-oktober 1917,” Shvut 13 (1989): 19–30; and Michael Beizer, Evrei Leningrada, 1917– 1939: Natsional’naya zhizn’ i sovietizatsia (Moscow, 1999), 236–44. For the latter work in Hebrew, see Michael Beizer, Yehudei Leningrad, 1917–1939 (Jerusalem, 2005), 241–63.
5. See Benjamin M. Weissman, Herbert Hoover and Famine: Relief to Soviet Russia, 1921–1923 (Stanford, 1974), and Bertrand M. Patenaude, The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921 (Stanford, 2002).
6. Altshuler, “Siyua yehudei ha-olam li-yehudei brit ha-moatsot,” 132.
7. On the Agro-Joint, see Bauer, My Brother’s Keeper, 57–104; Bauer, “Relation Between the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and the Soviet Government,” 271–82; Dekel-Chen, Farming the Red Land; and Michael Beizer, “Samuil Lubarsky: Portrait of an Outstanding Agronomist,” East European Jewish Affairs 34, no. 1 (Summer 2004): 91–103.
8. Zosa Szajkowski, “Private American Jewish Overseas Relief (1919– 1938): Problems and Attempted Solutions,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly 57 (1968): 285–350. On the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, see Mark Wischnitzer, Visas to Freedom (Cleveland, Ohio, 1956).
9. Shlomo Kless, Gvulot, mahteret u-vrihah, peilut tsiyonit-halutsit bi-brit hamoatsot u-ksharim im ha-yishuv ba-arets (1941–1945) (Jerusalem, 1989), 185–203.
10. Ibid., 202.
11. The Rescue of Stricken Jews in a World at War: A Report of the Work and Plans of the AJJDC, as Contained in Addresses Delivered at Its Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting, December 4th and 5th, 1943 (New York, [1944]), 31–32. The figures given in this report should be treated with caution. First, a more accurate figure could be calculated on the basis of the “adjusted” data, usually appearing in the subsequent annual report. Second, it is unclear what “etc.” in the budget line meant. Third, one can assume that official JDC accounting might have differed substantially from the actual distribution of the funds, since some of the expenditures were secret. JDC News, Nov. 7, 1944, p. 2; JDC, So They May Live Again. 1945 Annual Report (New York, 1946), 32. The figure here is given prior to “adjustment” and should be considered a lower estimate. According to Handlin (A Continuing Task, 84), the JDC sent 250,000 packages at a cost of $5 million.
12. The JDC spent half a million dollars on this program in 1946 alone. AJJDC, The Year of Survival. 1946 Annual Report (New York, 1947), 28. The figure given here is prior to “adjustment.”
13. On JDC clandestine operations in Eastern Europe during the Holocaust period and after, see Dalia Ofer, Escaping the Holocaust: Illegal Immigration to the Land of Israel, 1939–1944 (New York, 1990); Yehuda Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945 (Detroit, Mich., 1981); Yehuda Bauer, Out of the Ashes: The Impact of American Jews on Post-Holocaust European Jewry (Oxford, 1989); and Yehuda Bauer, Flight and Rescue: Brichah. The Organized Escape of the Jewish Survivors of Eastern Europe, 1944–1948 (New York, 1970).
14. Jan. 28, 1948, AJJDC Archives, New York (JDC NY). Collection (Coll.) 1945–1954, File (F.) 697.
15. Mikhail Mitsel, Obshchiny iudeiskogo veroispovedaniya v Ukraine (Kiev, Lvov: 1945–1981 gg.) (Kiev, 1998), 186.
16. JDC NY, Coll. 1945–1954, F. 697.
17. On the Cold War, see, e.g., John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 (New York, 1972); Richard K. Kolb, Cold War Clashes: Confronting Communism, 1945–1991 (Kansas City, Mo., 2004); and Norman Friedman, The Fifty Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War (Annapolis, Md., 2000).
18. Such witch-hunting included a campaign against the cultural influence of the West (started in Aug. 1946), persecution of geneticists (since Aug. 1948), and the arrest (Aug. 1949) and execution (Oct. 1949) of the Leningrad city and Communist Party leadership.
19. See, e.g., Shimon Redlich, ed., War, Holocaust and Stalinism: A Documented History of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in the USSR (Luxembourg, 1995), and “Retsah Shlomo Michoels,” in Ha-teatron ha-yehudi bi-vrit ha-moatsot, ed. Mordechai Altshuler ( Jerusalem, 1996), 311–22.
20. Jonathan Brent and Vladimir Naumov, Stalin’s Last Crime. The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors: 1948–1953 (New York, 2003); Gennadii Kostyrchenko, Tainaya Politika Stalina: Vlast’ i antisemitizm (Moscow, 2001), 629–84.
21. Bauer, Flight and Rescue, 216. Hungarian political police arrested Jacobson on Dec. 15 and interrogated him “about twenty hours a day for about five days.” On Dec. 27, 1949, he was released and returned to the United States. “JDC Hungary Job Not Over,” JDC Press Release, Jan. 19, 1950.
22. On JDC operations in postwar Eastern Europe until its expulsion, see Bauer Out of the Ashes, 159–80.
23. See Meir Cotic [Kotik], The Prague Trial: The First Anti-Zionist Show Trial in the Communist Bloc (New York, 1987), and Igor Lukes, “The Rudolf Slansky Affair: New Evidence,” Slavic Review 58, no. 1 (Spring 1999): 160–87. It is interesting that the Soviet press did not mention the “Joint” during the Slansky trial. Only later, during the Doctors’ Plot, did it refer to the JDC as a creation of American intelligence, whose “foul crimes were revealed at the Slansky trial.” “Proiski amerikanskoi razvedki v stranakh narodnoi demokratii,” Komsomol’skaya pravda, Mar. 5, 1953.
24. “Shpiony i ubiitsy pod lichinoi uchennykh-vrachei,” Izvestiia, Jan. 13, 1953; “Sionistskaya agentura dollara,” Trud, Feb. 2, 1953; “Fakty o ‘Jointe,’” Literaturnaya Gazeta, Jan. 24, 1953; “Chto takoye ‘Joint’?” Literaturnaya Gazeta, Feb. 2, 1953; “Sionistskaya agentura amerikanskoi razvedki,” Novoye vremya, no. 4 (1953): 13–16.
25. Bauer, Out of the Ashes, xv.
26. Bauer, Flight and Rescue, 188–89, 206–40.
27. Arie Boaz, Alum venohah ba-kol: Sipur hayav shel Shaul Avigur ([Tel Aviv], 2001), 273.
28. “The Relief-in-Transit program goes back to 1951,” Charles Jordan to Richard Seidel, June 9, 1966, AJJDC Archives, Jerusalem (JDC Jerusalem), Shipment (Sh.) Geneva 3, Box (B.) CF, F. Internal revenue—RIT 1966. The JDC retrospective internal report (overview) of Feb. 1963 on the development of the RIT Program states that, in 1951 (presumably the beginning of the program), the JDC was unable to spend more than $100,000 to meet the needs of Jews in the Soviet satellite countries. (RIT Program, Feb. 21, 1963, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 3, B. L-25, F. 445: 2.) An earlier document testifies that the RIT Program already existed in 1952 and 1953 (Dec. 14, 1954, JDC NY, Coll. 1945–1964, F. 3368).
29. Statement by Mr. Charles Jordan to the United Jewish Appeal (UJA) Study Mission in Rome, Oct. 15, 1965, JDC NY, Coll. 1965–1999, F. RIT 1965: 1.
30. Dec. 14, 1954, JDC NY, Coll. 1945–1964, F. 3368.
31. This umbrella organization was established in 1951 by 23 American and international Jewish organizations.
32. Ronald W. Zweig, German Reparations and the Jewish World: A History of the Claims Conference, 2nd ed. (London, 2001), 132.
33. See Schedule 1 in all of the following reports: AJJDC, 1956 Annual Report (New York, 1957); JDC, There Are Still Refugees. 1957 Annual Report (New York, 1958); JDC, Fifty Years, 1914–1964. Rescue, Relief, Reconstruction. 1964 Annual Report (New York, 1965); JDC, Annual Report 1965 (New York, 1966).
34. From 1964 through 1969, the Claims Conference allocated a million dollars annually to the RIT Program. Zweig, German Reparations and the Jewish World, 132. Attempting to save money, the JDC managed to transfer “traveling expenses” (for transportation of Romanian emigrants from Bucharest to Western Europe) to the Jewish Agency. Nonetheless, it ended the year with a deficit in excess of $600,000. Statement by Mr. Jordan to the UJA Study Mission in Rome, Oct. 15, 1965, JDC NY, Coll. 1965–1999, F. RIT 1965; Minutes of the Administrative Committee, Dec.
22, 1964, JDC NY, Coll. 1945–1964, F. 3365; JDC, Fifty Years . . . 1964 Annual Report, Schedule 1; JDC, Annual Report 1965, Schedule 1.
35. At the end of 1952, Isser Harel spoke at a meeting of about 20 people who gathered in Holon to discuss the situation of Soviet Jews. He expressed his fear that the authorities might physically assault the Jews. Boaz, Alum venohah ba-kol, 263; Nechemia Levanon, Ha-kod: Nativ (Tel Aviv, 1995), 15.
36. On Nativ, see Kratkaya Evreiskaya Entsiklopedia, Supplement 3: 337–40, and Levanon, Ha-kod. In the beginning, the organization was called Bilu. Boaz, Alum venohah ba-kol, 263.
37. On Shaul Avigur and Nativ, see Boaz, Alum venohah ba-kol, 260–99, and Dan Raviv and Yossi Melman, Every Spy a Prince: The Complete History of Israel’s Intelligence Community (Boston, 1990). On Reuven Shiloah, see Yoav Gelber, “Reuven Shiloah’s Contribution to the Development of Israeli Intelligence,” in One Man’s Mossad, ed. Hesi Carmel (London, 1999), 16–29. During the Doctors’ Plot, the Soviet press wrote that Shiloah had served with British Intelligence. “Sionistskaya agentura amerikanskoi razvedki,” Novoye Vremya, no. 4 (1953): 15.
38. Boaz, Alum venohah ba-kol, 262–63.
39. Avigur insisted on the dismissal of Mordechai Namir, Israel’s ambassador to Moscow, who opposed the idea, in a written response to Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett. Boaz, Alum venohah ba-kol, 262. Contemporary Russian historian Irina Zvyagelskaya claims that Soviet-Israeli relations were poisoned and had no prospect primarily because of Israeli attempts to contact Soviet Jews and urge them to immigrate to Israel, which the Soviet side perceived as intervention in Soviet internal affairs. Irina D. Zvyagelskaya, Tatyana A. Karasova, and Andrei V. Fedorchenko, Gosudarstvo Izrail’ (Moscow, 2005), 145–53. Israeli scholar Yaacov Ro’i argues that the contacts of Israeli diplomats with Soviet Jews and their “dissemination of factual material about Israel was in no way different from the activity of other foreign embassies in Moscow—or from that of Soviet embassies in several Western capitals[,] and every precaution was taken to ensure that the materials in question contained no anti-Soviet allegations.” Yaacov Ro’i, The Struggle for Soviet Jewish Emigration, 1948–1967 (Cambridge, Engl., 1991), 342.
40. Boaz, Alum venohah ba-kol, 276.
41. Ibid., 273.
42. Uri Dromi, “Ha-nativ ha-shaket,” Ha-arets, Jan. 20, 2002; Boaz, Alum venohah ba-kol, 273.
43. Ibid., 274.
44. JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 26A, F. Hungary Chronology 1953 (my emphasis). The last lines of the quotation were first quoted in Shachtman, I Seek My Brethren, 110–11. See also Boaz, Alum venohah ba-kol, 263.
45. JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 26A, F. Hungary Chronology 1953.
46. The SSE’s status paper is dated Mar. 23, 1953.
47. Shachtman, I Seek My Brethren, 65; Boaz, Alum venohah ba-kol, 273.
48. Statutes of the “Society for Aid and Rescue,” Mar. 23, 1953, JDC NY, Haymann.
49. Jordan to Seidel, June 9, 1966, JDC NY, CF, F. Internal Revenue—RIT 1966: 3.
50. Zweig, German Reparations and the Jewish World, 132–33, 135.
51. Ibid.
52. Former executive vice president of the Claims Conference Saul Kagan, interview with the author, Dec. 2005.
53. C. Jordan, File memorandum, “Our Work Behind the Iron Curtain,” June 2, 1954, JDC NY, Coll. 1216, F. RIT June–Oct. 1954: 2. Avraham Ben-Tzur, director of the Eastern Desk in the Israel Ministry for Foreign Affairs, was convinced “that the satellite governments know what is going on and tolerate it, for the time being.” Charles Jordan to Moses Beckelman, July 2, 1954, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 320a, Misc. 123, F. RIT, p. 1.
54. Charles Jordan to Moses Leavitt, July 18, 1956, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. G-21(B): 2.
55. JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. C-22(a).
56. Jordan to Beckelman, Nov. 17, 1955, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. G-21 (B): 2–3. Almost 11,000 parcels were sent to Hungary.
57. JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. RIT.
58. Dangers, Tests and Miracles: The Remarkable Story of Chief Rabbi Rosen of Romania, as Told to Joseph Finklestone (London, 1990), 81.
59. Ibid., 184–89; Boaz, Alum venohah ba-kol, 278; Statement by Mr. Jordan to the UJA Study Mission in Rome, Oct. 15, 1965, JDC NY, F. RIT 1965.
60. According to Shachtman, 20,000 Jews fled from Hungary to Austria (I Seek My Brethren, 17).
61. Jan. 14, 1959, Charles Jordan to Sam Haber, Sh. Geneva 2, B. 212B, F. RIT General Correspondence, 1958–1968.
62. According to Shachtman, 20,000 Jews emigrated from the Soviet Union to Poland during those years (I Seek My Brethren, 17). According to Boaz, the numbers were 30–40,000 (Alum venohah ba-kol, 279). I prefer to rely on the figure of 25,000 given by Ro’i (Struggle for Soviet Jewish Emigration, 250–61, esp. 250).
63. File Memorandum, Mar. 3, 1958, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. G-21(b).
64. On Feb. 3, 1941, Chaim Weizmann, at his meeting with the Soviet ambassador in Great Britain, Ivan Maisky, expressed his conviction that the Soviet Jews would be fully assimilated during the next 20–30 years. Sovetsko-izrailskie otnosheniya: Sbornik documentov, vol. 1 (1941–53), Book 1 (1941–May 1949) (Moscow, 2000), 16.
65. A small portion of the RIT budget was spent on Jewish religious, historical, and Zionist literature and religious objects, distributed by Israeli diplomats in Moscow. After the Sovet Union broke its diplomatic relations with Israel in 1967 and the Soviet Jews’ emigration movement emerged, parcels were supplemented with money transfers and gifts brought by Nativ emissaries visiting the Soviet Union as tourists.
66. Ch. Jordan, File Memorandum, June 2, 1954, JDC NY, Coll. 45/54, F. 1216, RIT June–Oct. 1954: 3.
67. Ro’i, Struggle for Soviet Jewish Emigration, 63–71. See also Arie L. Eliav, Between Hammer and Sickle (New York, 1969).
68. A JDC 1958 File Memorandum pointed out that “repatriates arriving in Poland and Polish immigrants arriving in Israel bring with them names and addresses of Jews in need, in Russia.” File Memorandum, RIT, Mar. 3, 1958, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. G-21(b), G-211: 2.
69. JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva, Coll. 1, B. 59A, F. UHS Israel.
70. For example: Odenburg instead of Orenburg; Dangapils instead of Daugavpils; Ul. Vorovskaia (Street of Thieves) instead of Ul. Vorovskogo (named after a Soviet diplomat assassinated in Switzerland in 1923). Some addresses were lacking essential details, such as street names or names of the actual city.
71. According to one testimony regarding the 1970s, Nativ employed young female soldiers who did not qualify for such work. Author’s 2005 interview with Ralph Goldman, honorary executive vice president of the AJJDC.
72. Haber to Yanai, Aug. 15, 1962, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 2, B. 212B, F. RIT 1960–62.
73. For instance: Gersman Strul and Ghershman Saul, at an identical address.
74. Relief-in-Transit Programs, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 3, B. L-24, F. 445: 5–6.
75. Yanai to Jordan (Paris), Feb. 21, 1958, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. G-21(b).
76. File Memorandum, RIT, Mar. 3, 1958, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. G-21(b): 2–3. The document mentions 2,870 families and 2,800 families at the same time. After making some simple calculations, I believe that the real figure is closer to 2,800.
77. Relief-in-Transit, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 3, B. L-25, F. 445: 5.
78. Statement by Mr. Jordan to the UJA Study Mission in Rome, Oct. 15, 1965, JDC NY, F. RIT 1965.
79. Beneath the document was the handwritten addition: Feb. 21, 1963.
80. June 9, 1966, AJJDC Archives, Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 3, B. CF, F. Internal revenue — RIT 1966: 1.
81. Herbert Katzki to Charles Jordan, Mar. 14, 1966, RIT-USSR through 1970, AJJDC Archives, NY. Agudah received occasional funding from the Central British Fund.
82. On economic trials, see Evgenia Evelson, Sudebnye protsessy po ekonomicheskim delam v SSSR v (shestidesyatye gody) (London, 1986), and Chinara Zhakypova, Konfiskatsya zhizni (Bishkek, 1999).
83. Yanai to Jordan (Paris), Feb. 2, 1958, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. G-21(b). In his answer, dated Mar. 3, 1958, Jordan criticized the report for a number of inconsistencies. Nonetheless, the report does give us a general idea. File Memorandum, RIT, JDC NY, F. G-211.
84. Testimony of David Yoffer, former Leningrader, taken by the author in Dec. 2007.
85. John Keep, Last of the Empires: A History of the Soviet Union, 1945–1991 (New York, 1995), 426.
86. Gur Ofer and Aaron Vinokur, The Soviet Household Under the Old Regime: Economic Conditions and Behaviour in the 1970s (Cambridge, Engl., 1992), 346.
87. Interview with Y. Epelstein, taken on Jan. 12, 2006, by Donna Wosk. Author’s collection.
88. June 9, 1966, RIT General Correspondence 1958–68, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 3, B. CF, F. Internal revenue—RIT 1966.
89. JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. 2, Letters from RIT, Translated from the Hebrew. Most of the English translations were done at the JDC on receipt of the letters and are stored at the AJJDC Archives in Jerusalem and New York, together with the originals.
90. Jan. 22, 1964, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. 2, Letters from RIT.
91. May 8, 1963, ibid.
92. Undated [ca. 1963], ibid.
93. Oct. 1957, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. Association of Baltic Jews, Lists/Parcels.
94. Mar. 31, 1958, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59A, F. 2, Letters from RIT.
95. RIT Program, Feb. 21, 1963, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 3, B. L-25, F. 445.
96. Sovetskaia Moldavia (Kishinev), Mar. 23, 1964.
97. Izvestiia, Mar. 21, 1964; Birobidzhaner Shtern (Birobidzhan), Mar. 21, 1964.
98. Sovietskaya Byelorussiya (Minsk), Mar. 23, 1964.
99. Vechernii Leningrad (Leningrad), Mar. 24, 1964.
100. E.g., Sovietskaya Latvia (Riga), Mar. 27, 1964, and Vechirnii Kiiv (Kiev), Mar. 28, 1964.
101. May 29 and 31, 1964, JDC Jerusalem, Sh. Geneva 1, B. 59B, F. 10.
102. Statement by Mr. Jordan to the UJA Study Mission in Rome, Oct. 15, 1965, JDC NY, F. RIT 1965.
103. Sovetskaia Moldavia, Apr. 15, 1960.
104. Vneshposyltorg even began working simultaneously with “Cosmos,” an American mailing firm representing Ukrainian nationalist circles and competing with “Ukrainskya Kniga.” TsGANO (Central State Archive of Public Organizations), Kiev, Coll. (Fond) 1, Record 24, F. 5955: 236–38.
