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Historic picture. Pick the icon to view Dr. Edmund Storms' historic first
cold fusion cell. Dr. Storms has found that the energy originates
at tiny hot spots on the palladium cathodes. The process depends greatly
on small unknown variations within the palladium.
![[ Dr. Storms speaks at COFE #1 ]](images/project.gif)
Pick the ICON right to view and hear some historic comments by Dr. Edmond Storm's 4/99.
Many other reputable laboratories, however, were not able to duplicate
the results. Contemporary theories of fusion describe the following
three reactions.
Historic picture. Pick the icon to view a heavy water cold fusion cell at ENECO.
The scale and the gas capture tubes are used to measure the energy lost
in the electrolysis process. This loss is know as recombination.
At the Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion, M. Rabinowitz
of the Electric Power Research Institute, Y.E. Kime of Purdue, and
V.A. Chechin and V.A. Tsarev of the Russian Academy of Sciences
reported that four miracles were required if the process of cold fusion
to progressed by known reactions.
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The four miracles are:
1. "The Fusion Rate Miracle" From their study of the conditions
within the cold fusion electrode they concluded that the
fusion rate must be vanishingly low. There appears to be no
mechanism to overcome the electrical forces that keep nucleons
apart.
2. "The Branching Ratio Miracle" Gamma and X-rays are a
signature of a fusion reaction. Gamma radiation commensurate
with the liberated energy has not been detected. The only
known nuclear process that is sensitive to pressure or chemical
effects is electron capture. The process of electron capture
produces known emission signatures. These signatures have
not been detected.
3. "The No Nuclear Products Miracle" Helium is a by-product
of a heavy water nuclear reaction. Helium commensurate with
the energy liberated has not been detected. Helium-4 exists
naturally in the atmosphere at a concentration of about 5 parts
per million. The experiments that reported the detection of
Helium may have been contaminated by an in leakage of air.
4. "No Neutrons miracle." Neutrons are a signature of a fusion
reaction. None have been detected.
The process of cold fusion did not fit into any theoretical
model, and most of the national laboratories were not able to
replicate the results. Cold fusion fell into disfavor. Many
major scientific publications refused, and still refuse, even to
publish articles related to cold fusion.
An ever increasing number of labs, however, continued to
publish reports of unexplained excess energy. The prestigious
Electric Power Research Institute was one of them. In August
,1994, EPRI released its final report #TR-104195. EPRI concluded,
"The excess heat generated in electrochemical cells with
palladium cathodes and heavy water electrolyte appears to be far
too large to result from chemical or metallurgical transformation.
The evidence implies that the heat source is a nuclear reaction of
some as yet undetermined nature.....This work confirms the claims
of Fleischmann, Pons, and Hawkins ........Tritium, neutrons, or
gamma rays are not quantitatively correlated with the excess power
production observed."
![[ McKubre Nov 2000.]](images/mckubre.gif)
Michael McKurbe (left) comments on his work with SRI and EPRI. The comment was made at The
American Nuclear Society's meeting in Washington 2000.
File type wave. November 2000
Historic picture. Pick the icon to view & hear Dr. Les Case.
Dr. Case is experimenting with deuterium gas, palladium cathode
cold fusion cells. The lecture was given in Concord N.H.
on October 12th 1998. Dr. Case is a chemical engineer with four degrees from MIT.
The "cold fusion" process was producing real energy; however, it
was becoming clear that the process is not one of conventional nuclear fusion. Dr.
Hal Puthoff's (Director of the Institute for
Advanced Study in Austin) zero point energy theory may
offer some answers to this mystery.
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"We had a cell in operation for a week prior the SOFE conference and it was running at about 5 watts of excess power with a .25 watt input...So far no substantial radiation products have been detected."
Pick the icon to view the Patterson power cell.
The image was taken from the public patent document.
"Five watts is a significant, macroscopic power level. When output is 80 times greater than input, and the output is macroscopic, this eliminates any possibility that the effect is due to instrument error."
Historic picture. Pick the icon to view the sputtering machine at the
University of Illinois. This machine was used to make Dr. Miley's
'cold fusion' beads. September 1999
Pick the icon to view a picture a taken of Jim Patterson at the
historic Power Gen conference in December of 1995.
Historic video. Pick the icon to view a video taken in the public
lobby at the Power Gen conference in December of 1995.
The private demo cannot be shown. If prompted pick "run from the current location".
How can the CETI cell produce fusion power with light water?
The probability of two heavy water molecules coming together in
a light water cell is very small. Ordinary water contains only a
small amount of heavy water (1 part in 7,000). The only possible
explanation was that light water fusing with heavy water.
H + D ---> 3He
The product of this reactions is helium 3. Helium 3 exists in
extremely small quantities in the atmosphere. It would be relatively
simple to detect its production. No helium-3 has been detected.
In September of 1996 George Miley released his report on the
CETI device, "Nuclear
Transmutations in Thin-Film Nickel Coatings Undergoing Electrolysis."
George Miley reported:
"...chemically-assisted nuclear reactions are not widely accepted by
the scientific community. The present results not only confront that
disbelief, but add a new dimension to the issue by reporting copious light
and heavy element reaction products that seem to imply multi-body
reactions due to the formation of heavier elements such as Cu and Ag
from Ni.....chemically assisted nuclear reactions opens the way to a whole
new field of science."
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Historic video. Pick the icon to view a video taken of Dr. Miley's lecture at the
First International Conference on Future Energy in Washington DC 4/99.
Historic picture. Miley reports his results at the Wright Patterson Air Force Base.
The force between two nucleons is proportional to the electrical charge
on the nucleus. Of all the elements, hydrogen has the smallest electrical
charge. Hydrogen is the easiest element to fuse. According to
conventional theory, the likelihood that heavier elements (with higher
coulombic forces) are fusing together is next to impossible. Many contemporary
scientists believe that the energy liberated in the "cold fusion" process
is not nuclear.
One theory is that the anomalous energy is produced by a chemical
reaction. Pons reported that 294 megajoules of energy were produced
from a cathode weighing 3.6 grams.5
No known chemical reaction is
able to produce this much energy. The quantity of power produced
suggests that the energy production rate is beyond that of any chemical process.
Lev G. Sapogin of the Department of Physics, Technical University
in Moscow, Russia writes,
"It is now a well established fact that in Cold Nuclear Fusion only
a small portion of heat results from nuclear reactions, the rest being
of mysterious origin....."
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![[Miles Nov 2000.]](images/miles.gif)
Melvin H. Miles (left) comments on his cold fusion work at the Navel Weapons Lab in China Lake.
File type wave. November 2000
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"Replication of experiments claiming to demonstrate excess heat production in light water Ni-K2 CO3 (potash electrolyte with nickel cathode) cells was found to produce an apparent excess heat of 11 watts maximum, for 60 watts electrical power into the cell....The light water electrolytic cell on loan from the Hydrocatalysis Power Corporation clearly exhibited the phenomenon of apparent excess heat when tested at 4 selected D.C. currents and one pulse mode current."7
At the time of this writing the cold fusion phenomenon has
resulted in the investigation of a host of other new energy
technologies. 8 Devices which
operate on the principle of cavitation are also producing excess
energy.9, 10 The Griggs machine has an impeller
like a pump. It produces 15% more energy than it consumes.
Griggs's machines are running in the 50 HP range.
Pick the icon to view an the Griggs Pump.
In Moldova, Russia, the Yusmar device which, like the Griggs
machine, operates on the principle of cavitation is claimed to
produce 2 megawatts of excess electrical energy. 11
Historic picture. Pick the icon
to view the test of the Yusmar device at Los Alamos Labs August
1996.
Yury Potapov in Russia. 1997.
Pick the icon to view an animation of Yury Potapov's
Yusmar energy generator.
This author has worked 9/96 working with
Yury Potapov
(inventor of the Yusmar device) in attempt to bring a commercial cold fusion cell to the market.
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This chapter ends at the beginning; the beginning to the end of air
pollution, the beginning of the end to the rape of the earth for fuel,
and the beginning of an age of limitless energy. Thank you for
taking the time to read it.