1.0 PREAMBLE 1
2.0 PRINCIPLES 2
2.1 Principles to guide policy implementation. 2
3.0 POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Socio-economic setting 3
3.2 Population, size, composition and distribution 4
3.3 Components of population growth 5
3.4 Population and development interrelationship 6
4.0 JUSTIFICATION OF THE POPULATION POLICY
4.1 Achievements 8
4.2 Constraints and limitations. 8
4.3 New developments and continuing challenges 9
4.4 Major concerns in population and development 10
5.0 PRIORITY ISSUES
5.1 Integration of population variables into development planning 11
5.2 Population growth and employment 11
5.3 Problems of special groups in society 11
5.4 Gender equality and women empowerment 12
5.5 Reproductive health 13
5.6 Environmental conservation and sustainable development 14
5.7 Agriculture, food and nutrition 14
5.8 Education 15
5.9 Research, data collection and training 15
5.10 Advocacy and IEC 16
6.0 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY
6.1 Goals of the policy 17
6.2 Objectives of the policy 17
7.0 STRATEGIES
7.1 Integrating of population variables into development planning 19
7.2 Population growth and employment 19
7.3 Problems of special groups in society 19
7.4 Gender equality and empowerment of women 20
7.5 Reproductive health 21
7.6 Environmental conservation and sustainable development 21
7.7 Agriculture, food and nutrition 22
7.8 Education 22
7.9 Research, data collection and training 22
7.10 Advocacy and IEC. 23
8.0 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
8.1 Institutional structures 24
8.2 Roles and responsibilities of the stake holders. 26
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AIDS - Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome
CBD - Community Based Distribution
CBO - Community Based Organization
FGM - Female Genital Mutilation
FLE - Family Life Education
FWCW - Fourth World Conference on Women
HIV - Human Immuno-deficiency Virus
ICPD - International Conference on Population and Development
IDM - Institute of Development Management
IEC - Information, Education and Communication
IRDP - Institute of Rural Development Planning
LFS - Labour Force Survey
MCH/FP - Maternal and Child Health/Family Planning
MMR - Maternal Mortality Rate
NACP - National AIDS Control Programme
NGO - Non-Governmental Organization
NPC - National Population Committee
NPP - National Population Policy
NPSC - National Population Steering Committee
PC - Planning Commission
PDPP - Population Development and Planning Policy
PPU - Population Planning Unit
RH - Reproductive Health
STDs - Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STIs - Sexually Transmitted Infections
TAMWA - Tanzania Media Womens Association
TBAs - Traditional Birth Attendants
TCPD - Tanzania Council for Population and Development
TDHS - Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey
TFNC - Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre
TFR - Total Fertility Rate
UN - United Nations
UNHCR - United Nations High Commission for Refugees
WHO - World Health Organization
FOREWORD
This revised version of the 1992 National Population Policy
(NPP) has been necessitated by the need to accommodate new
developments that have taken place nationally and internationally
and which have a direct bearing on population and development.
Domestically, the economy moved significantly away from being
centrally planned to a market economy with increasing dominance
of the private sector which plays a more active role in
population and development issues. Furthermore, in April 1997 the
Government unveiled a new Development Vision.
The country's population
growth rate of 2.8 percent per annum has had an adverse effect on
development. Though not the only obstacle to development, it
aggravates the situation and renders remedial measures more
difficult. Rapid population growth has tended to increase outlays
on consumption, drawing resources away from savings for
productive investments and therefore retarding growth in national
output through slow capital formation. In particular, rapid
population growth has aggravated the problems of poverty,
environmental degradation and poor social services. Furthermore,
the problems of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS
and those facing specific segments of the population like
children, youths, the elderly and persons with disabilities have
become widespread.
The policy has the goal of influencing other policies,
strategies and programmes that ensure sustainable development of
the people and promoting gender equality and empowerment of
women. It will be implemented through a multi-sectoral and
multi-dimensional integrated approach. In this regard the
government will collaborate with Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs), the private sector, communities and other agencies within
and outside Tanzania in implementing the policy. Indeed,
individuals, political parties and other organized groups in the
civil society are expected to play an active role to ensure
attainment of policy goals and objectives.
The principal objective of the country's development vision is
to move Tanzanians away from poverty and uplift their standard of
living. The policy therefore, gives guidelines for addressing
population issues in an integrated manner. It thus recognizes the
linkages between population dynamics and quality of life on one
hand, and environmental protection and sustainable development on
the other. Its implementation will give a new dimension to
development programmes by ensuring that population issues are
appropriately addressed.
It is my expectation that with full support and participation
of the people, the implementation of this policy will be a
success.
Hon. NASSORO W. MALOCHO (MP)
Minister of State, President's Office (Planning)
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. PREAMBLE
- Prior to the adoption of the explicit national population
policy in 1992, Tanzania pursued implicit population
policies and programmes. These policies and programmes
were reflected in actions taken by the government in
dealing with various issues pertaining to population.
These included policies and programmes such as:
settlement schemes of early 1960s, villagization
programme of mid 1970s, provision and expansion of free
social services (health, education and safe water),
literacy campaigns, provision of family planning services
as part of MCH services, limiting employment related
benefits (such as tax relief) to four children, and paid
maternity leave of 84 days at most once in every three
years, and census taking after every ten years. As the
economic crisis became severe during the 1980s, the gains
achieved earlier, especially in social sectors could not
be maintained.
- It is in part of this context that in 1986 the Government
started the process of formulating a national population
policy. By 1988, a draft policy document was ready for
discussion by various sectors of the population. This
process was finalized in 1992 when the final version of
the population policy was adopted, and was followed by
the Programme of Implementation in 1995.
- The thrust of the policy was to provide a framework and
guidelines for the integration of population variables in
the development process. Moreover it provided policy
guidelines which determined priorities in population and
development programmes. These were designed to strengthen
the preparation and implementation of socio-economic
development planning.
- To some extent, the 1992 National Population Policy took
onboard goals and objectives of the past population
programmes. However, new developments that have taken
place nationally and internationally have necessitated
its revision.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 PRINCIPLES
2.1 Principles to Guide Policy Implementation
5.The implementation of the population policy will be
guided by the following principles:
i. consideration of regional and district variations with
regard to the level of socio-economic development;
ii. adherence to the development vision which among other
things emphasizes the role of the market in determining resource
allocation and use;
iii. continued democratization of the political system with
its attendant political pluralism as symbolized in the emergence
of various political parties/actors and mushrooming of
independent mass media;
iv. thrift exploitation of the country's non-renewable
resources taking into consideration the needs of future
generations; and
v. recognition and appreciation of the central role of the
government, NGOs, private sector, communities and individuals in
population and development.
6. The policy also reaffirms the ICPD principles as embodied
in the Plan of Action to the effect that:
i. all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and
rights. Thus, every human being has the right to life, liberty,
security and responsibility;
ii. people are the most important and valuable resource of any
nation and all individuals should therefore be given the
opportunity to make the most of their potential. As such, all
individuals have the right to education and health;
iii. the family is the basic unit of society and, as such, it
should be strengthened. It is also entitled to receive
comprehensive protection and support; and
iv all couples and individuals have the basic right to decide
freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children
as well as to have accessibility to information, education and
means to do so.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Socio-economic Setting
- Following independence in 1961, Tanzania identified
poverty, diseases and illiteracy as being the major
enemies. But its development strategy was directed at
promoting growth without addressing equitable
distribution of resources. Both education and health were
considered independent variables or factors of production
and investments in these sectors were justified in as
long as they impacted growth. In 1967, through the Arusha
Declaration, a new development strategy emphasizing
"equity and social justice" was adopted. The
public sector assumed a dominant role in regulating
resource use, distribution and provision of social
services.
- The implementation of the Arusha declaration, however,
demanded massive public investments particularly in
health and education sectors. With the support of
bilateral and multilateral donors the country managed to
increase primary school enrolment from 63 percent in 1970
to 90 in 1982 but later declined to 74 percent in 1994.
On the other hand, the proportion of urban population
with access to clean drinking water declined from 69
percent in 1992 to 50 percent in 1997, and for the rural
population, the proportion also declined from 47 percent
in 1992 to 38 percent in 1997.
- With regard to health, the Government emphasised
equitable provision of and access to health services as a
basic human right. The basic health package will cover
reproductive health and child health services,
communicable disease control, non-communicable disease
control, treatment of other common diseases and community
health promotion/disease prevention. The country has
since put in place a total of 5,002 health facilities of
which 51 percent are run by Government. At the national
level, there are 6 consultant/specialized hospitals, 15
regional hospitals and a total of 50 district hospitals.
Each of the district hospitals serves an average of
300,000 people. At the divisional level there are about
269 rural health centres each serving about 50,000 -
80,000 people and at the ward level there are about 3,078
dispensaries each serving an average of 6,000 - 8,000
people. It is estimated that by 1995 about 80 per cent
of the population was living within 5 kms from a
health facility.
- Inspite of the commendable strides made in improving
health status, morbidity and mortality still remain high
and are mainly caused by the ten common diseases ranked
as follows: malaria, upper respiratory problems,
diarrhoea, pneumonia, intestinal worms, eye diseases,
skin diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
including HIV/AIDS and cholera.
- After fifteen years of good economic performance
characterised by a satisfactory rate of growth of the
country's GDP, averaging 4.7 percent until the mid 1970s,
Tanzania began to experience economic decline during the
late 1970s and early 1980s. The spiral of large fiscal
deficits, rapid monetary expansion, high rate of
inflation, balance of payments deficits, declining real
per capita income, and erosion of the tax base,
accelerated since 1979. These problems resulted into
sustained deterioration in the terms of trade and a
continuous decline in output and export earnings and to
further decreases in production and a deterioration in
physical infrastructure.
- The government's response to the economic crisis has been
to embark on a process of structural adjustment
programmes. In implementing these programmes, substantial
progress was made in terms of macro-economic objectives.
For example, during the 1986 to 1989 Economic Recovery
Programme (ERP), the output increased at an average
annual rate of 3.9 percent. However, the social services
sector has continued to perform poorly and deteriorated
because of inadequate resources.
- Owing to bottlenecks in the economy, the sustainability
of the recovery process has been difficult. The
government was not able to sustain the reform process due
to a number of factors such as sharp decline in
government revenue, substantial increase in recurrent
expenditures (despite the progress of the civil service
reform), and sharp rise in net bank borrowing and money
supply. While the reforms have arrested the economic
stagnation, the current economic growth rate averaging 4
percent barely exceeds the population growth rate of 2.8
percent. Rapid change and sustainable living conditions
require faster and broad based growth in incomes.
- The afore-mentioned economic reforms created pressure for
liberalization of the political system as well. This
entailed, inter alia, the following:
i. moving away from monolithic political system to political
pluralism symbolized in the emergence of various political actors
including many political parties; and
ii. establishment of private media including the press, TV,
radio and newspapers.
3.2 Population Size, Composition and Distribution
15. Since independence, Tanzania has conducted three censuses
in 1967, 1978 and 1988; these have been the main source of
population data. These censuses have indicated that the
population of Tanzania increased from 12.3 million in 1967 to
17.5 million in 1978 and reached 23.1 million in 1988. During
this period the population growth rate was estimated at an
average of 3.2 percent per annum between 1967 and 1978 and
declined to an average of 2.8 per annum during the period between
1978 and 1988. The 1988 Census indicates that there is a
variation between the regions, for example at regional level the
estimated annual growth rates ranged from 1.4 per cent (Mtwara)
to 4.8 per cent (Dar es Salaam). On the assumption of a slight
decline in fertility and continued falling mortality it is
projected that by the year 2000, the population will be about 33
million.
16. Tanzania has a young population. According to the 1988
Population Census, about 47 percent of the population is aged
below 15 years, and 4 percent aged 65 years and above. This
youthful age structure entails a larger population growth in the
future, as these young people move into their reproductive life
irrespective of whether fertility declines or not.
17. Tanzania's labour force, defined as the economically
active persons in the 15 to 64 years age group, has been growing
steadily since 1960. From 1960 to 1993 for instance, the average
annual growth rate of the country's labour force was 2.8 per cent
and it is projected that during the 1993-2000 period, it will
grow to 3.0 per cent. Tanzania's economically active population
was estimated to have risen from 7.8 million in 1978 to 11.3
million in 1990. The 1990/91 Labour Force Survey (LFS) showed
that out of an estimated labour force of 11.3 million, males and
females constituted 49.8 and 50.2 per cent respectively.
18. An important feature of the population profile is its
spatial distribution over the national territory and its
rural-urban migration patterns and trends. The analysis of
population distribution by district carried out on the basis of
the 1967, 1978 and 1988 Census results indicates that about
two-thirds of the population is concentrated over a quarter of
the land area. The population distribution ranges between 4
persons per square kilometre as observed in Liwale district to
383 persons per sq. km. observed in Chakechake and 282 found
along the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. About 79 per cent of
Tanzanians still live in rural areas (majority of whom are women)
though the urban population has been growing at a rapid rate of
more than 5 per cent per annum over the past three decades.
3. 3 Components of Population Growth
19. The main components of population growth in any country
are mortality, fertility and net migration. In Tanzania,
fertility and mortality are the most important factors
influencing population growth at national level. Previous
censuses have shown that net migration component has been
negligible.
20. Mortality rate has declined substantially in Tanzania over
the decades. The main contributing factors to the decline are
improved access to health care and better environmental
sanitation. The crude death rate (CDR) is estimated to have
fallen from about 22 per thousand in 1967 to 15 in 1988. Infant
mortality rate (IMR) per 1000 live births is estimated to have
declined from 170 (1967) to 115 in 1988 and then to 88 in 1996
(TDHS, 1996). In the same period, the under-five mortality rate
per thousand live births, declined from 260 to 137. The
declining mortality is reflected in the rising life expectancy at
birth from a level of about 40 years in 1967 to about 50 years in
1988. In spite of this decline, mortality still remains high by
world standards. Maternal mortality rate (MMR) is still high. The
1996 TDHS shows that the MMR is estimated at 529 maternal deaths
per 100,000 live births.
21. The fertility rate in Tanzania is estimated to have
declined slightly over the past decade. At 1996 fertility level,
a Tanzanian woman will give birth to an average of 5.8 children
during her child bearing years. This implies that the total
fertility rate (TFR) has declined from 6.4 (1988) to 5.8 (TDHS,
1996) births per woman with significant regional and educational
differences. For example in 1996, Mainland Tanzania recorded 6.3
and 4.1 births per woman in rural and urban areas respectively.
Differences related to education are inversely much wider.
Fertility rate for women with no education is 6.4, with primary
education 5.4 and with secondary and higher education 3.2 (TDHS,
1996).
22. High fertility level observed in Tanzania is an outcome of
a number of factors including:
i. early and nearly universal marriage for women. For
example, the median age at first marriage for women aged
25-49 is 18 years and by the age of 20, over 67 per cent have
married at least once (TDHS, 1996). The 1971 Marriage Act
stipulates a legal minimum age at marriage of 15 years for
females and 18 for males; and,
ii. the absence of effective fertility regulation within
marriage: For example, the contraceptive prevalence rate is
currently estimated at 16 percent among women aged 15-49.
23. Other underlying factors contributing towards high
fertility and rooted in the socio-cultural value system include:-
i. value of children as a source of domestic and
agricultural labour and old-age economic and social security
for parents;
ii. male child preference;
iii. low social and educational status of women in society
which prevent them from taking decision on their fertility
and use of family planning services; and
iv. large age differentials between spouses which
constrain communication on issues related to reproductive
health.
24. Rural-urban
migration has been a main feature of migration in Tanzania for
many years. The increase in rural-urban migration has led to
increasing rate of urbanization, especially in major urban
centres like Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Mwanza, and Arusha. The
proportion of population living in urban areas increased from 5
percent in 1967 to 13 in 1978 and 21 percent in 1988. Between
1978 and 1988, the urban population for Tanzania increased by 53
percent. There are variations between regions with regards to the
rate of urbanization. Dar es Salaam alone contained about 25
percent of the total urban population in 1988. The unprecedented
migration of people from rural areas increases the burden on
alredy over-loaded public services and social infrastructure
especially in the squatter areas, which stimulate the
flourishment of communicable diseases like tuberculosis, cholera
and malaria. Rural-rural migration also contributes to the
regional and district level variations in terms of population
pressure over resources. These variations are demonstrated by
differences in population densities between districts, wards and
villages. The general observation is that population increase has
not been in line with the land area available for human use.
3.4 Population and Development Interrelationships
24. Rapid population growth is one of the primary obstacles to
development. In the short run, its effects may appear marginal,
but it sets into motion a cumulative process whose adverse impact
on various facets of development might turn out to be very
significant over the medium to long term. This is because
population factors impinge on development and the welfare of
individuals, families, communities at the micro level and at the
district, regional and the national level as whole at the macro
level. The effects and responses to population pressure interact
at all these levels.
25. Rapid population growth tends to increase outlays on
consumption, drawing resources away from saving for productive
investment and, therefore, tends to retard growth in national
output through slow capital formation. The strains caused by
rapid population growth are felt most acutely and visibly in the
public budgets for health, education and other human resource
development sectors. Food requirements for the rapidly growing
population also means that part of the gains from increased
agricultural production are eroded.
26. Adverse economic effects due to rapid population growth
are shown explicitly by looking at projection of future
population and the costs of providing social services. If the
1978 -1988 inter-censal population growth of 2.8 per cent per
annum does not decline, then costs for the provision of health
services will rise annually but without improvement in either the
quality or coverage of the current services.
27. Population and development influence one another. The
influence may be positive or negative depending on other factors
and conditions. In the case of Tanzania, the afore-mentioned
demographic factors interact and create the following problems:
i. the rapid growing young population demand increasing
expenditure directed to social services such as education,
health and water;
ii. the rapidly growing labour force demands heavy
investments in human resource development as well as
development strategies which ensure future job creation
opportunities; and
iii. rapid population growth in the context of poverty
reduces the possibility of attaining sustainable economic
growth.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 JUSTIFICATION OF THE POPULATION POLICY
28. This policy takes cognizance of the achievements,
constraints and limitations of implementing past population
policies as well as new developments and continuing challenges.
4.1 Achievements
29. The achievements of both implicit and explicit past
population policies included the following:
i. considerable awareness of population issues
particularly those related to reproductive health and child
survival by the masses of the people. For example, fertility,
infant and child mortality has declined overtime;
ii. the adoption of an explicit population policy in 1992
which recognized the links and interrelationships between
population, resources, the environment and development;
iii. expansion and/or introduction of population studies
in institutions of higher learning in the country;
iv. increased number and capacity of NGOs engaged in
population related activities including advocacy and social
mobilization, service delivery and capacity building; and
v. high knowledge and the use of contraceptive methods
among both men and women and male involvement of family
planning which has increased contraceptive prevalence from
about 10 in 1980s to 16 in 1996.
4.2 Constraints and Limitations
30. The constraints and limitations that were encountered
during the implementation of the past population policies
included the following:
i. inadequate human and financial resources;
ii. poor information communication systems;
iii . non-establishment of planned institutional
arrangements;
iv. policies which mainly addressed family planning and
child spacing activities coupled with reliance on the
Government for implementation;
v. placing more emphasis on meeting demographic targets
rather than the needs of individuals, male and female; and
vi. inadequate recognition of the causal relationship
between poverty, population environment, gender and
development.
4.3 New Developments and Continuing Challenges
31. Since the adoption of the Population Policy in 1992, there
have been new developments arising from national and
international developments. These include the Tanzania
Development Vision 2025 and international conferences including
the 1992 Conference on Environment and Development, the 1994
International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD),
the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW), Copenhagen
Social Summit of 1995, the Istanbul City Summit of 1996 and the
1997 World Food Summit. These new developments have necessitated
changes in approaches and policy orientation so as to address:
i. population issues in a holistic manner in development
plans as well as recognizing the roles of other partners -
civil society, NGOs, and the private sector;
ii. poverty in its broad dimensions including inequalities
in resource use and allocation between women and men and
various social groups;
iii. discriminatory and harmful socio-cultural practices
against men and women;
iv. issues related to reproductive health and reproductive
rights;
v. interrelationships between population and sustainable
development;
- basic needs of the people; and
- problems of crime, poverty, unemployment, poor
infrastructure etc. associated with growing levels of
urbanisation.
32. Other challenges which have also necessitated review of
the policy include:
i. increased forms and levels of female violence: sexual
abuse, neglect and abandonment of children;
ii. need for more and high quality education and training
at all levels;
iii. high prevalence of STIs including HIV/AIDS;
iv. high levels of adolescent pregnancies;
v. increasing unemployment due to poor economic
performance and labour force growth;
vi. high maternal, infant and child mortality;
vii. rapid and unplanned urban growth; and
viii. low status accorded to women in society.
4.4 Major Concerns in Population and Development
33. The major concerns of the population policy encompass the
following areas: population and development planning issues;
equality, equity and social justice; natural resources and food
production; information and data bases; and advocacy. In this
regard there is need:
i. to allocate more resources for literacy, health and
education services with a view to increasing their quality,
accessibility and availability;
ii. to fully sustainable exploit the natural resources in
order to boost the economy and also to ensure sustainability
of the resources and environment;
iii. to expand the agricultural production to meet the
demanding food requirements;
iv. to ensure availability of up todate and comprehensive
data and information for rational and effective planning as
well as for programme formulation and implementation; and
v. to adopt gender perspective in development planning and
to formulate programmes that enhance full participation of
special groups in society.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 PRIORITY ISSUES
34. Based on the concerns expressed in chapter four, the
Government has identified a number of priority issues that this
policy will address as follows:
5.1 Integration of Population Variables into Development
Planning
- The integration of population variables into development
plans and policies is yet to be fully realised. This is
due to a number of factors including:
i. inadequate commitment and recognition of the
relationship between population variables and development;
ii. use of short term programmes which do not adequately
address long-term issues;
iii limited capacity building at national, sectoral and
district levels;
iv. uncoordinated policy formulation due to lack of a long
term vision; and
v. unavailability of up-to-date, comprehensive sex and age
disaggregated data.
5.2 Population Growth and Employment
36. Due to high population growth in Tanzania, the labour
force has been increasing. The present working age population
constitutes about 50 percent of the total population, most of
whom are unskilled. This expansion aggravates the already
difficult problems of the meager economic activity in the
country. Measures taken to restructure the economy such as
reducing the size of the Government through retrenchment,
employment freeze and promotion of the private sector which uses
capital intensive production techniques have resulted in
widespread unemployment.
5.3 Problems of Special Groups in Society
37. Children and youths, the elderly and people with
disabilities are among groups in the society which need special
programmes to facilitate their full participation in
socio-economic development. Refugees as another special group in
the society requiring special attention and measures to forestall
the negative impact of their influx in the country.
- In this policy, children and youths are defined as those
aged below 25 years. This group constitutes 65 percent of
the Tanzania population. Severe budgetary cuts to the
social sector have aggravated the problems of
children’s accessibility to quality health and
education services. Retrogressive cultural practices and
breakdown of family and societal norms have exposed
children to problems such as malnutrition, child labour,
abandonment, prostitution and sexual abuse. In addition,
the scourge of HIV/AIDS has led to an increasing number
of orphans and possibly of street children. Low
productivity, shortage of basic needs and lack of
employment opportunities in rural areas have forced young
people to migrate to urban areas in hope of getting
employment but the majority if whom end up in frustration
because they cannot find jobs and they often become
loiterers, thieves and drug addicts.
39. According to 1988 census, old people aged 65 years and
above account for about 4 per cent of the population. The
problems facing the elderly include loneliness, low income,
dwindling respect and lack of access to health services, and in
some areas being murdered on account of misguided beliefs in
witchcraft.
40. In Tanzania, the number of people with physical and mental
disabilities is not known. Among the problems facing people with
disabilities include: stigma, discrimination, lack of training,
employment, and assistive devices such as wheel chairs, braille
books, crutches and artificial limbs.
41. Since independence, Tanzania has hosted a considerable
number of refugees from other African countries. The greatest
number entered the country in 1994 from Rwanda and Burundi
following political disturbances. Most of these refugees were
settled in Kagera and Kigoma regions. Among the problems
associated with refugees are deforestation, increased crime rate,
break out of epidemics and deterioration of social services as
well as internal security.
5.4 Gender Equity, Equality, and Women Empowerment
42. Gender refers to the roles of men and women that are
socio-culturally determined. It influences the relationships
between men and women in all spheres of interaction. Thus, gender
inequality in the society arises when gender roles,
responsibilities and resources are unequally distributed between
men and women. In Tanzania, women's participation and
contribution to development have been hampered by discriminatory
socio-cultural practices and other laws, regulations and
procedures pertaining to childhood socialization, access to and
control of property and inheritance as well as participation in
formal educational and employment sectors.
- For most women, their economic, family and social roles
are closely intertwined with their reproductive roles.
The task of bearing and rearing many children, in
addition to constituting health risks, threaten family
welfare by imposing excessive domestic chores to mothers.
For young girls, early child bearing tends to impede
their educational advancement, skills acquisition and
career prospects in the formal sector.
44. Efforts so far made by the Government to rectify gender
inequality include setting up:
- Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children;
ii. Women Development Fund to sensitize and train women at
grassroots level in entrepreneurship skills in the informal
sector and agriculture, directive to District Councils to
allocate 10 percent of revenue to women;
- affirmative action in the political arena which ensures
that at least 15 percent of members of parliament as well
as 25 percent of counsellors in local Governments are
women; and
- policies to encourage the formation of NGOs to address
issues of gender and empowerment of women.
5. 5 Reproductive Health
45. Reproductive health as defined by WHO and ICPD, is a state
of complete physical, mental and social well being in matters
related to reproductive system including its functions and
processes. This implies the right to have a satisfying and safe
sex life, the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide
if, when and how often to do so. Since 1974, the Government has
been providing 75 percent of reproductive health services through
the MCH/FP clinics; these operate as units in hospitals, health
centres and dispensaries. In Tanzania, reproductive health
encompasses four major components: family planning, safe
motherhood, child survival and STIs/HIV/AIDS.
- With respect to quality and accessibility of reproductive
health services, limited and inadequate trained staff,
equipment and supplies contribute to poor ante-natal,
natal, and post-natal services. TDHS (1996) revealed
that, though 98 percent of pregnant women attended
ante-natal services, only 47 percent of deliveries took
place in health facilities. Similarly, there is high
unmet need for family planning services (24 percent)
which require outreach programmes. This situation calls
for training of service providers, equipping health
facilities with basic essential equipment and expanding
reproductive health services to communities through
community based approach where various community resource
members are used (CBDs, TBAs).
- Studies have shown that more than 95 percent of the
population are aware of HIV/AIDS. Among those who are
aware 35 percent of women and 34 percent of men believe
that there is no way to avoid AIDS or that they do not
know if there is any way to avoid AIDS (TDHS, 1996).
According to the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP),
reported AIDS cases in 1990 were 22,084 and the number
grew to 88,700 by 1996. Although the epidemic has spread
to many regions of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Mbeya,
Kilimanjaro and Kagera are the most affected. he most
vulnerable persons are the adolescents/youths who are
sexually active. The 1996 TDHS reveals that at age 15, 19
percent of girls compared to 9 percent of boys have had
first sexual intercourse. And by age 18, this sexual
involvement rises to 62 percent of girls and 48 percent
for boys.
- The prevalence of female circumcision also known as
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), is confined to only
certain regions of the country and is estimated at 18
percent (TDHS, 1996). The proportion varies by region,
from less than 1 per cent in Kigoma to 68 percent in
Dodoma and about 81 per cent in Arusha. These practices
are more prevalent in rural (21 percent) than urban (10
percent) areas; they take place at the ages of 5 years
and below (9 percent), 6-10 years (30 percent), 11-15 (32
percent) and at the ages of 16 years and above (15
percent).
- Infant and child morbidity and mortality rates are still
high. Major causes of infant mortality include diarrhoea
diseases, malnutrition, malaria, anaemia, respiratory
tracts infection and HIV/AIDS. In order to further reduce
the morbidity and mortality, efforts will be made to
increase immunisation coverage and strengthening
management of childhood illness.
- There is a remarkable increase in the proportion of the
elderly people with reproductive health problems. Some of
the problems which need to be addressed include
menopausal and penopausal discomforts and reproductive
tract cancers. There is therefore, need to establish and
provide reproductive health services for the elderly.
- Men have a key role to play in reproductive health
issues. However, intended efforts have not been
adequately made to involve them fully. Hence, it is
crucial to ensure male involvement in reproductive health
activities.
5.6 Environmental Conservation and Sustainable
Development
Environmental Conservation
52. Natural resource base includes forests, land, wildlife,
aquatic resources and minerals. About 50 percent of the total
land of Tanzania is covered by forests and woodland, 40 percent
by grassland and scrub and only 6-8 percent is cultivated.
Aquatic resources include Lake Victoria, Tanganyika and Nyasa and
a variety of other small lakes, swamps and flood plains, forming
a major wetland resource. Marine resource include fish stocks,
coral reefs, sandy beaches, mangroves, marine grasses, salt
resources and other biodiversity. Wildlife is an important part
of Tanzania’s resource endowment; about 25 percent of the
total land area is designated as protected areas, including
forest reserves. These protected areas form the major tourist
base. Energy and mineral resources are another important
components of the resource base. The major energy resources are
fuelwood, hydropower and coal. There is also potential for
natural gas, solar energy and wind energy. This natural resource
base is deteriorating. The underlying causes for this
deterioration include land degradation (caused by deforestation,
overgrazing, etc) and pollution in towns and the countryside,
loss of biodiversity and inadequate environmental awareness.
Other contributing factors include rapid population growth, land
use, inappropriate land use practices, inadequate financial
resources and low involvement of stakeholders in environmental
management programmes. Inadequate integration of environmental
concerns in the planning process also contributes to the
deterioration of the natural resource base.
Water
and Sanitation
- Water
supply is crucial to ensure sustainable economic and
social development of human activities and thus human
welfare. Realizing the importance of water, Tanzania
adopted a 20 year programme in 1970 with the goal of
supplying clean and safe water to all people within
walkable distance of 400 metres from the homes. However,
accessibility to water and sanitation services is still
poor. There is evidence to suggest that the water supply
services have been declining since 1978. A sharp decline
in the proportion of households using piped water was
noted during the 1978/88 decade as compared to the
1967/78 period in both rural and urban areas. This
decline is often compensated by a rise in the proportion
using wells, especially traditional ones outside the
compound.According to the 1996 Ministry of Water report,
48 and 80 percent of the rural population have access to
safe water and sanitary facilities (pit latrines),
respectively. In urban areas, about 69 percent of the
population are served with safe water, about 75 percent
have pit latrines and 10 percent have sewage connections.
The main problems affecting the water and sanitation
services in Tanzania include inadequate funds for
construction of new and maintenance of existing water and
sewerage systems, and destruction of water catchment
areas; and inadequate water harvesting techniques and
facilities. Other factors include low awareness among
decision-makers, planners, and communities on the
importance of clean and safe water supply and sanitation;
socio-cultural values; and lack of appropriate working
tools. Overcrowding in urban areas also contributes to
inadequate access to clean and safe water supply and
proper waste disposal facilities. To tackle these
problems, the Government has formulated a programme to
ensure access to safe water to all and proper sanitary
facilities to about 95 percent of the population by the
year 2002.
5.7 Agriculture, Food and Nutrition
54. Agriculture is an important sector to the economy of
Tanzania. According to the 1997 Tanzania Agricultural Policy, the
sector contributes 60 percent of the export earnings and accounts
for 84 percent of the labour force. Performance indicators show
that growth rates have been fluctuating over the years with a
general trend of decline. For example, between 1965 and 1970,
annual growth rate was about 4.5 percent, declined to 0.6 percent
during the period 1981 – 1985 but it improved to 3.9 percent
in 1996. Food production constitutes the main source of food
security particularly in the rural areas. However, it is
estimated that about seven million people in the country are
chronically food insecure. Also, about 40 percent of the
population lives in drought and flood prone areas and hence face
transitory food insecurity and malnutrition.
55. Malnutrition has been closely linked with various
disabilities such as reduction of physical and mental
capabilities and therefore affects the productivity and
educational capabilities of individuals. According to 1996 TDHS,
malnutrition is the primary cause in more than 50 percent of all
deaths of children aged 1- 4 years.
5.8 Education, Data Collection, Research, and Training
Education
56. Human resources development, particularly education, is a
critical ingredient in a country's development process. Primary
school dropout rates have increased overtime since the early
1980s. Current completion rate is 67 percent and enrolment rate
for primary school pupils has gone down from 90 percent in 1982
to 74 percent in mid 1994.
57. Tanzania's education system still provides few education
and training opportunities to the youths after completing their
primary education. While the total enrolment in primary schools
represent 78 percent of all primary school age children, the
transition to secondary school is only 17 percent. Unfortunately,
the situation is now worse than it was during the 1960s. For
example whereas in 1963, 29.2 percent of primary school leavers
entered secondary schools (public and private), this proportion
declined gradually to 3.4 percent in 1984. However, there was a
gradual rise to 10.5 percent in 1988 and to 14.6 percent in 1995.
Currently about 83 percent of primary school leavers do not get
secondary school education. These primary school leavers are
forced into adult life when they are still too young. Girls in
particular marry early and start bearing children. In addition,
quality of school performance has deteriorated. For example, from
1993 to 1996 less than 25 percent of Form IV students obtained
division I-III passes in their secondary school "O"
level examinations. Also, over half of all primary school
leavers got scores below 20 percent in their Standard VII school
leaving examinations.
58. Basic and post literacy programmes were integrated in the
education system in early 1970s and successfully implemented up
to the mid 1980s. Thereafter, public enthusiasm and official
support towards adult literacy started to wane off. This lack of
official support resulted in the allocation of inadequate
financial, material and human resources, leading to low
enrollments and attendance in these programmes. As a result
literacy level has declined from over 90 percent in 1979 to 68
percent in 1997 and, among the low income families, the literacy
rate is 59 percent.
5.9 Data Collection, Research, and Training
59. In most recent years, Tanzania has witnessed a growing
recognition of the need for more accurate, comprehensive and
timely statistical data. The driving force for improving the data
collection operations of the Government has come from individual
ministries which have become increasingly aware that in-depth
studies containing both quantitative and qualitative analyses are
essential for rational and effective planning and decision making
process. Although population censuses have remained the major
sources of population data, they have been supplemented by
national surveys including Demographic Survey conducted in 1973,
and Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 1991/92 and 1996
respectively. In these surveys, demographic estimates relating
specifically to fertility and mortality as well as to family
planning and health-related data were obtained.
60. Vital registration in Tanzania is not complete since it
has so far covered 66 out of 113 Mainland districts. The exercise
has remained a legal rather than a statistical operation possibly
because of lack of attention and interest as well as obvious
omission of some of the events which are not being registered.
Research is confined to the leading national institutions of
learning and foreign research institutions. They are conducted to
meet mainly academic and individual/institutional requirements
rather than development planning.
61. The training in demography and population studies was
introduced in the institutions of higher learning in the late
1980s. The University of Dar es Salaam, the Institute of
Development Management (IDM), Mzumbe and the Institute of Rural
Development Planning (IRDP), Dodoma, have been offering courses
in demography and population studies at various levels, and of
late, integrating the topic of gender.
5.10 Advocacy and Information, Education and Communication
(IEC)
62. Implementation of the 1992 National Population Policy did
not achieve much due to lack of support particularly in areas of
gender equality, equity and empowerment of women, and the
integration of population variables into the development
programmes. Advocacy and IEC shall be used to shape attitudes and
promote behavioural change in population issues.
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY
6.1 Goals of the Policy
- The main and overriding concern of the population policy
is to enable Tanzania achieve improved standard of living
and quality of life of its people. Important aspects of
quality of life include good health and education,
adequate food and housing, stable environment, equity,
gender equality and security of individuals. The main
goal of the policy is to influence policies, strategies
and programmes that ensure sustainable development of the
people. The sub-goals of this main goal are to contribute
to:
i. Sustainable economic growth and eradication of poverty;
ii. Increased and improved availability and accessibility
of high quality social services;
iii. Attainment of gender equity, equality, and social
justice for all individuals;
iv. Harmonious relationships among population, resource
utilization and environment; and
v. Improvement, availability and timely dissemination of
population information.
6.2 Objectives of the Policy
i. To harmonize population and economic growth;
ii. To promote an integrated rural-urban development;
iii. To promote employment opportunities;
iv. To promote gender equity, equality, and women
empowerment;
v. To transform socio-economic and cultural values and
attitudes that hinder gender equality;
vi. To enhance proper upbringing of children and youths;
vii. To promote the well-being of the elderly and people
with disabilities;
viii. To improve the capacity of the country to address
refugee problems;
ix. To promote public awareness on individual sexual and
reproductive health and rights;
x. To promote and expand quality reproductive health care
services;
xi. To increase agricultural production;
xii. To improve nutritional status of the people;
xiii. To promote integrated and sustainable use and
management of natural resources;
xiv. To improve the preparedness and management of
disasters and emergencies;
xv. To ensure adequate supply of safe and clean water;
xvi. To encourage the private sector, NGOs and religious
organizations to invest in provision of education;
xvii. To promote and provide equitable and quality
education;
xviii. To improve population data collection and research,
and their timely dissemination;
xix. To improve training in population issues;
xx. To create an enabling environment that will facilitate
acceptance of population issues namely: reproductive health,
population and development and gender concerns; and
xxi. To mobilize necessary resources for implementation of
the National Population Policy.
CHAPTER SEVEN
7.0 STRATEGIES
Based on the identified priority issues, the following
strategies will be adopted to achieve the National Population
Policy goals and objectives.
7.1 Intergration of Population Variable into Development
Planning
i. Integrating population variables in development
planning;
ii. Creating awareness to the masses of the link between
population, resources, environment, poverty eradication and
sustainable development;
iii. Building the capacity of planners at district and
national levels in mainstreaming population issues in
development plans with gender perspective;
iv. Encouraging the private sector and local communities
to be actively involved in initiating, implementing and
financing population programmes;
v. Improving productivity of small scale farmers and
industries; and
vi. Promoting non-agricultural production in rural areas.
7.2 Population Growth and Employment
i. Creating enabling environment for investors in all
sectors, especially in the rural areas;
ii. Promoting self-employment opportunities in the
informal sector;
iii. Providing labour market information to employers and
job seekers;
iv. Promoting labour intensive industrial development; and
v. Promoting viable family formation.
7.3 Problems of Special Groups in Society
The Elderly
- Encouraging the private sector, NGO's and religious
organisations to invest in provision of social services
especially health for the elderly;
- Establishing social security measures that address
problems of the elderly; and,
- Encouraging traditional community-based support networks
to the elderly.
Children and Youths
i. Encouraging the private sector, NGO's and religious
organisations to invest in provision of social services for
the children and youths;
ii. Developing talents and capabilities of children and
youths; and
iii. Developing policies and laws that support of family
stability.
People with Disabilities
i. Encouraging the private sector, NGO's and religious
organisations to invest in provision of social services for
people with disabilities;
ii. Developing talents and capabilities of people with
disabilities;
iii. Establishing social security measures that address
problems of people with disabilities; and
iv. Developing National Policy on People with
Disabilities.
Refugees
i. Establishing preparedness plan for handling refugees.
7.4. Gender Equity, Equality, and Women Empowerment
i. Promoting participation of women in decision making;
ii. Increasing awareness of the society about the
importance of education for all children especially the girl
child, and boys under difficult circumstances;
iii. Promoting women employment opportunities and job
security;
iv. Eliminating all forms of discrimination and gender
based violence;
v. Encouraging women and men to participate equally in
household chores;
vi. Ensuring mainstreaming of gender concerns in
development plans and policies;
vii. Carrying out advocacy activities on gender and
population issues; and
viii. Advocating the value of the girl child and boys
under difficult circumstances and creating a conducive
environment for strengthening their image, self-esteem and
status; and
ix. Promoting societies’ positive gender knowledge,
attitudes and practices.
7.5. Reproductive Health
i. Promoting measures to
eradicate harmful traditonal practices including female
genital mutilation (FGM);
ii. Sensitizing the public on the benefits of reproductive
health to all individuals;
iii. Promoting and expanding the scope of reproductive
health advocacy/IEC programmes;
iv. Encouraging the participation and involvement of
communities in the provision of reproductive health care
services;
v. v. Improving the quality and efficiency
of reproductive health care delivery system;
vi. Establishing specific reproductive health services to
cater for the adolescents, youths, men and the elderly;
vii. Offering comprehensive reproductive health services
addressing neglected problems including infertility, STIs,
post-natal care, and abortion complications; and
viii. Improving immunization coverage and strengthening
management of childhood illnesses.
7.6 Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development
Environmental Conservation
i. Integrating environmental considerations in
developments plans;
ii. Promoting an integrated approach to planning and
management of natural resources;
iii. Preventing and controlling environmental degradation;
and
iv. Promoting disaster management skills/techniques.
Water and Sanitation
- Rehabilitating existing water and sanitary systems;
- Exploring and exploiting new potential water sources; and
- Promoting disaster management skills/techniques.
7.7 Agriculture, Food and Nutrition
i. Ensuring accessibility and ownership of land to small
holder farmers ;
ii. Promoting modern farming practices and improving
appropriate agricultural technologies and infrastructure;
iii. Extending credit facilities to small-holder farmers;
iv. Ensuring food security at national and household levels;
v. Enhancing food and nutrition education to the community;
vi. Eradicating cultural barriers to improvement of
nutritional status;
vii. Controlling micronutrients deficiences; and
viii. Controlling protein energy micronutrition
7.8 Education, Data Collection, Research, and Training
Education
i. Encouraging community participation in the provision of
quality education;
ii. Facilitating participation of the private sector, NGOs
and religious organizations to invest in the provision of
education;
iii. Promoting and ensuring equitable distribution of
education opportunities in order to correct gender and
regional imbalances;
iv. Improving the teaching-learning environment;
v. Providing universal primary education to all children;
and
vi. Reducing illiteracy rate.
7.9 Research, data collection and training 22
- Intensifying efforts in the collection, processing,
analysis and timely dissemination of population
information;
- Promoting the use of information on population in the
planning process;
- Undertaking training programmes for personnel in the
field of data collection, analysis and research in
population and development; and
- Promoting on-the-job skills training in population
issues.
7.10 Advocacy and Information, Educational and Communication
(IEC)
i. Coordinating population advocacy efforts by Government
and development partners to ensure efficiency in the
implementation of the National Population Policy;
ii. Promoting debate on population issues among decision
makers and parliamentarians through population fora;
iii. Strengthening participation of NGOs in advocating
population issues;
iv. Establishing an institutional framework to co-ordinate
the population IEC and advocacy activities through the three
levels of individual, group and mass communication; and
v. Improving the quality of advocacy and IEC interventions
through capacity building and by developing culturally
acceptable IEC materials.
CHAPTER EIGHT
8.0 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND ROLES OF SECTORS
8.1 Institutional Arrangements
61. The National Population Policy will be implemented mainly
by Government Ministries/Agencies and Civil society and private
sector. Efforts will be made to strengthen some of the
implementing agencies through capacity building.. Specifically,
Government implementing agencies will include the following:
Tanzania Council for Population and Development (TCPD); National
Population Steering Committee (NPSC); Population and Development
Planning Policy Department (PDPP); National Population Committee
(NPC), and population desks in all relevant ministries at
regional and district levels. The implementing agencies and their
roles are as indicated below:
Tanzania Council for Population and Development
62. This will be the highest policy making body for the
implementation of the NPP. Membership of TCPD will consist of
Ministers of relevant Ministries and the Prime Minister will be
the chairperson. The TCPD will meet at least once in a year.
National Population Steering Committee
63. The NPSC will be the overall co-ordinating and advisory
body for the implementation of the policy. Its members will be
comprised of Permanent Secretaries of relevant ministries who
will be chaired by the Permanent Secretary to the Planning
Commission. The NPSC will also meet at least once a year. The
NPSC will have the following functions to:
i. advise the TCPD on strategies for policy
implementation;
ii. co-ordinate, monitor and evaluate the implementation
of the NPP;
iii. approve long-term population programmes and bi-annual
policy implementation reports; and
iv. advise the TCPD on policy revisions and recommend
approval of the revised population policy.
The National Population Committee (NPC)
64. The NPC, which has been in existence since 1983, is a
multi-sectoral and inter-disciplinary technical committee. The
committee has been advising the planning ministry on all issues
pertaining to population and development. NPC shall be
incorporated in the institutional structures that will implement
the NPP. The Committee will, among other things, provide
technical support to the PC as needed by the organ in its
population policy formulation and implementation functions; and
advise the NPSC on all matters pertaining to population and
development. The NPC will hold meetings at least once in each
quarter.
65. The committee will give advice in the following areas:
i. compilation of all research work on population and
development done in Tanzania, analysis of this research as to
its usefulness, and dissemination of the information to
planning offices in various sectors and districts;
ii. preparing and undertaking research for development
planning purposes;
iii. maintenance and efficient operation of a population
data bank;
iv. inter-sectoral population and development planning
models;
v. training programmes including workshops, on the
integration of population in development plans; and
vi. co-ordination of the implementation of population and
development programmes.
Population Research Technical Steering Committee
66. The committee consists of members drawn from different
institutions and other experts involved in implementing the
National Population Policy. The Committee is charged with
managing the research agenda formulated in early 1998. The main
functions and responsibilities of the committee, will be to :
i. to chart out and review research priorities for the
country programme;
ii. to review suitability of research proposals;
iii. to determine themes for research proposals; and
iv. to advocate and facilitate collection both
quantitative and qualitative studies.
Population and Development Planning Policy Department
67. The capacity of PPU will be enhanced with the aim to be a
fully fledged department in the future within the Planning
Commission (PC) and renamed Population and Development Planning
Policy Department (PDPP). The main functions of PDPP will be to
function as a technical and secretariat body for the
implementation of the NPP. Specifically, its functions will be
to:
i. prepare guidelines for the integration of population
concerns in development plans at national and local level;
ii. act as the secretariat of TCPD, NPSC and the NPC;
iii. collaborate with NPC to identify information/data
gaps in population/development issues and in preparing a
national research agenda;
iv. commission individuals and institutions to conduct
research on population issues;
v. establish and manage a population and development data
bank;
vi. establish direct links/communications with both
ministry's planning units/departments and local Government
planning committees and private institutions and
organizations; and
vii. collaborate with all departments of the PC as well as
the National Bureau of Statistics in data analysis and
identification of the relationships between population and
developments dynamics in Tanzania.
68. Ministries, District Executive Directors= office will
establish a body at their level to co-ordinate population
activities. Roles of population committees in all levels include:
i. coordinate and monitor population issues; and
ii. to ensure full integration of population issues in the
development plans at their levels.
8.2 Roles and Responsibilities of the Stake Holders
69. The implementation of the NPP requires a multi-sectoral
approach and therefore Government ministries and other
institutions will be involved. The roles of these institutions
are broadly outlined hereunder.
70. The Planning Commission
i. to co-ordinate, monitor and evaluate all population
activities and programmes;
ii. to prepare and issue guidelines for the integration of
population concerns in development plans at national,
regional and local Government levels;
iii. to collaborate with other stake holders in matters
related population and sustainable development; and
iv. to collect, disseminate and promote population data
utilization.
71. Vice President's Office
i. to develop programmes that promote social justice and
alleviate poverty through sustained economic growth;
ii. to promote research on the conservation of the
environment;
iii. to carry out research on strategies of eradicating
poverty;
iv. to create awareness and sensitize the mass on
environmental concerns through the private and public mass
media; and
v. to coordinate NGOs dealing wiith population issues.
72. Prime Minister's Office
i. to ensure that the policy is disseminated and
understood at the district level;
ii. to ensure that population concerns are fully
integrated into district development plans and programmes;
and
iii. to ensure that environment issues are included in
formal and non formal education at all levels.
73. Ministry of Health
i. to co-ordinate the implementation of reproductive
health programmes including family planning;
ii. to collaborate with other public and private
institutions in providing reproductive health services;
iii. to enforce minimum standards that must be met by all
service delivery facilities and health providers;
iv. to train health personnel (including TBAs) at all
levels Backas well as to ensure that health education is
integrated into training curricula of medical and paramedical
personnel;
v. to carry out research, in liaison with other
institutions or agents on reproductive health issues; and
vi. to implement and also coordinate health aspects of
STIs, HIV/AIDS programmes.
74. Ministry of Education and Culture
i. to ensure that FLE is extended to all primary,
secondary schools and teachers' training colleges;
ii. to support participation of the community,
institutions and the private sector in the provision of
equitable and quality education;
iii. to encourage folk-media and modern theatre fora on
themes related to population and development;
iv. to strengthen advocacy and social mobilization for
gender equity, equality and the empowerment of women.
v. to ensure provision of basic education to all children;
and
vi. to strengthen literacy programmes.
75. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development
i. to ensure that population variables are integrated in
training programmes of extension workers and to equip them
with relevant skills to enable them to relate population
growth to levels of food production, consumption and other
development activities at local levels;
ii. to promote the use of better farm implements,
techniques and practices of modern farming and improved food
processing and storage facilities; and
iii. to ensure food security for the nation.
76. Ministry of Labour and Youth Development
i. to promote youth programmes for responsible parenthood;
ii. to promote, in liaison with other institutions,
employment opportunities especially for the youths and people
with disabilities; and
iii. to introduce comprehensive labour legislation that
will encourage participatory labour relations in public and
private sectors.
77. Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children
i. to advocate for gender equity, equality and women
empowerment;
ii. to educate women on the importance of breast feeding,
safe motherhood and family planning; and
iii. to ensure that special attention is paid to programs
that are directed at elimination of social-cultural and
discriminatory practices against the girl child, elderly and
people with disabilities.
78. Ministries of Water, Energy and Minerals
i. to ensure availability of safe water to all people;
ii to promote the use of, and research on, renewable
energy resources; and
iii. to create awareness to the community on the dangers
of environmental degradation on aspects relating to supply of
energy like electricity and fuel wood.
79. Ministry of Finance
i. to allocate adequate financial resources to population
activities and programmes; and
ii. to mobilize local and international resources to
support population programmes and activities.
80. Ministry of Home Affairs
i. maintenance of law and order;
ii. coordinating refugee matters;
iii. reduce levels of crime; and
iv. coordinating immigrants and emigrants matters.
81. Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs
i. to collaborate with all other ministries and ensure
that laws that are not in line with this policy are either
reviewed or repealed as well as facilitating enactment of new
ones on matters concerning population, reproductive health,
environment, and other population issues; and
ii. to ensure enforcement of the laws.
82. Institutions of Higher Learning
i. to provide training on population and development;
ii. to conduct research on all population and development
related issues,
iii. to provide consultancies and advisory services on
population and development issues; and
iv. to mainstream gender issues in the existing curricula.
83. Mass Media
i. to promote awareness on population issues, policy and
programmes in relation to development;
ii. to promote the use of reproductive heath services; and
iii. to inform and educate the public on population
problems such as sexual abuse, HIV/AIDS, domestic violence,
neglect and abandonment of children and adolescents.
84. NGOs and Private Sectors
i. to provide reproductive health services including MCH
and FP;
ii. to provide counselling services, especially to the
youths, disabled and people with special problems; and
iii. to supplement Government efforts in both the
formulation, financing, implementation monitoring and
evaluation of population programmes and projects.
iv. to involve the community in designing population based
development projects and programmes.
85. Political Parties
i. to support the integration of population concerns into
social and development agenda;
ii. to sensitise the public on population issues and
mobilise support for population programmes.
86. Religious Institutions
i. to provide spiritual guidance and set standards for
societal moral values; and
ii to provide, formulate and implement projects to
complement efforts made by others.