Islamic Caliphates Ruling Babylonia

Site hosted by Angelfire.com: Build your free website today!

Islamic Caliphates Ruling Babylonia

The first Caliphs* ruled Babylonia as part of the province of Kûfa, keeping for practical purposes the administrative districts of the Sassanian Empire

they are tolerant of Judaism and Christianity, as well as the Mandæans and Harranians, who each claimed to be the "Sabæans" of the Qur'an, i.e. Sura 5:69

1. Abu Bekr 632-634
2. 'Umar (Omar) 634-644

captures Ctesiphon in 636; Kûfa founded 638-639: appoints Governors of the new province of Kûfa:
(1)Sa'id ibn Abî-Waqqas 639-643
Sub-prefects: Muhammad ibn Maslama 639-640
Ziâd ibn Hanzala 640-641
'Abdallâh ibn Ghatafân 641-643
'Ammâr ibn Yasîr 643
(2) 'Ammâr ibn Yasîr 644
(3) Abû-Mûsà al-Ash'arî 644
(4) Mughaira ibn Shu'ba 644-646

3. 'Uthman 644-656

(5) Sa'id ibn Abî-Waqqâs (2nd time) 646-647
(6) Walîd ibn 'Uqba ibn Abî-Muait 647-651
(7) Sa'îd ibn al-'As ibn Sa'îd al-Amawî 651-655
(8) Abû-Mûsâ al'Ash'arî (2nd time) 655-658

4. 'Alî 656-661 (Assassinated in 'Iraq)

(9) Abû-Mas'ûd 'Uqba ibn 'Amir (of 'Alî) 658-661

Umayyad Dynasty (capital Damascus)
1. Mu'awiya I 661-680

Governors of Kûfa (continued):
(10) 'Abdallâh ibn 'Amr ibn al-'As (of Mu'âwiya) 661
(11) Mughaira ibn Shu'ba (2nd time)(of Mu'âwiya) 661-670
(12)Ziâd ibn Abî-Sufiîn (with Basra) 670-673
(13) 'Ubayidallâ ibn Ziâd 673-679
- adh-Dhahhâk ibn Qayis (lieutenant) 673-678
- 'Abdarrahmân ibn 'Abdallâh (lieutenant) 678-679
(14) Nu'mân ibn Bashîr al-Ansârî 679-680

2. Yazid I 680-683

(15) 'Ubayidallâh ibn Ziâd (2nd time) 680-683

3. Mu'âwiya II 683-684

civil war in 'Iraq, 684-690; 'Abdallâh ibn Zubayir appoints next four governors of Kûfa:
(16) 'Amir ibn Mas'ûd ibn Umayya al-Djumahi 683-684
(17) 'Abdallâh ibn Yazîd al-Khatmî 684
(18) 'Abdallâh ibn Muti' 684 (leader of an insurrection; deposed by
al-Mukhtâr ibn Abî-'Ubayid (Kharidjite) 685; in turn deposed by)
(19) al-Hâris ibn Abî-Rabîa 686-690

4. Marwân I 684-685
5. 'Abd-al-Malik 685-705

(20) Bishr ibn Marwân 690-692 (also ruled Basra until 692)
- Sub-prefect: 'Amr ibn al-Hâris 692
(21)'Abdallâh ibn Khâlid ibn Asîd 693-694
(22) al-Haddjâdj ibn Yûsuf ibn al-Hakam 694-714
- Sub-prefects: 'Abdarrahmân ibn 'Abdarrahmân al-Hadramî 694
- 'Urwa ibn al-Mughayira ibn Shu'ba 694-697
- al-Mughayira ibn 'Abdallâh 697-703
- Haushab ibn Yazîd 703-714

6. al-Walid I 705-715

(23) Sulayiman ibn Yazî ibn Abî-Muslim 714-715

7. Sulayiman 715-717

(24) Yazîd ibn al-Muhallab 715-721
- Sub-prefect: 'Abdalhamîd ibn 'Abdarrahmân 717-721

8. 'Umar II 717-720
9. Yazîd II 720-724

(25) Maslama ibn 'Abdalmalik 721-722
- Sub-prefect: Muhammad ibn 'Amr ibn al-Walîd 721
(26) 'Umar ibn Hubayira 722-724

10. Hisham 724-743

(27) Khâlid ibn 'Abdallâh al-Qasrî al-Badjlî 724-738
(28) Yûsuf ibn 'Umar ibn Shabrama 738-744

11. al-Walid II 743-744

(29) Mansûr ibn Djumhur 744

12. Yazid III 744-745

(30) 'Abdallâh ibn 'Umar ibn 'Abdal'azîz 744-747

13. Marwan II 745-750

adh-Dhahhâk ibn Qayis ash-Shayibânî (Kharidjite) occupies Kûfa 746
Marwan makes Harran capital of Umayyad Dynasty in 747
(31) Yazîd ibn 'Umar ibn Hubayira 747-750

Abbasid (Caliphate) Dynasty of Baghdad, Sunni Moslem (dynasty founded by al-'Abbâs four generations earlier - take Kûfa from the Umayyads in 750)
1. as-Saffah 750-754

(32) Khâlid ibn 'Abdallâh al-Qasri 750 (appointed by Ummayad vizier Abû-Salama)
(33) Dâûd ibn 'Alî ibn 'Abdallâh al-'Abbâs 750
(34) 'Isà ibn Mûsà ibn Muhammad ibn 'Alî al-'Abbâs 750-764

2. al-Mansur 754-775

founds Baghdad as capital 762

3. al-Mahdi 775-785
4. al-Hadi 785-786
5. Harun ar-Rashid 786-809
6. al-Amin 809-813
7. al-Ma'mun 813-833
8. al-Mu 'tasim 833-842
9. al-Wathiq 842-847
10. al-Mutawakkil 847-861
11. al-Muntasir 861-862
12. al-Musta'in 862-866
13. al-Mu'tazz 866-869
14. al-Muhtadi 869-870
15. al-Mu'tamid 870-892
16. al-Mu'tadid 892-902
17. al-Muqtafi 902-908
18. al-Muqtadir 908-932
19. al-Qahir 932-934
20. ar-Radi 934-940
21. al-Muttaqi 940-944
22. al-Mustakfi 944-946

Buyid (=Buwayhid) Shiite Dynasty rules Baghdad from 945. They retain the Abbasid Caliphs as the spiritual and titular heads of the Sunni population
1. Mu'izz al-Dawla (Ahmad) 945-967

Arabic writer ibn Hawkal describes small village of Babil on ruins of Babylon
Abbasid Caliphs continued:
(23) al-Muti 946-974

2. 'Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar 967-978

(24) at-Ta'i 974-991

3. 'Adud al-Dawla 978-983
4. Samsam al-Dawla 983-987
5. Sharaf al-Dawla 987-990
6. Baha' al-Dawla 990-1014

(25) al-Qadir 991-1031

7. Sultan al-Dawla 1014-1023
8. Musharrif al-Dawla 1023-1027
9. Djalal al-Dawla 1027-1046

(26) al-Qa'im 1031-1075

10. Abu Kalidjar 1046-1051
11. al-Malik al-Rahim 1051-1058

The Great Seljuks (a Dynasty originating in Turkey) rule the area from 1055-1118
1. Tughril-Beg 1055-1063

while maintaining the Abbasid Caliphate, the Seljuks also appoint Governors of Baghdad, called Shihna:
- (1) Shihna Emir Bursaq 1059-1064

2. Alp Arslan 1063-1072

(2) Eitekin as-Suleiman 1064-1072
(3) Sa'daddaula Gauhar-Ayin 1072-1074

3. Malik-Shah I 1072-1092

(27) Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadi 1075-1094
- (4) Shihna Gauhar Ayin 1074-1093
- (4a) Nadjmaddaula Khumartekin ash-Sharabi briefly in 1089

4. Mahmud 1092-1093
5. Barkiaruq 1093-1104

(28) Caliph al-Mustazhir 1094-1118
- (5) Shihna Emir Yalbarad 1093
- (6) Eitekin Djabb 1094
- (7) Yusuf ibn Abuq 1095-1102
- (8) Nadjmaddin Ilghazi 1102
- (9) Gumushtekin al-Djandar 1103
- (10) Nadjmaddin Ilghazi (2nd time) 1104

6. Malik-Shah II 1104-1105

(11) Mudjahidaddin Bahruz 1104-1105

7. Muhammad ibn Malik-Shah 1105-1117

(12) Shihna Aqsonqor al-Bursaqi 1105-1127

8. Sandjar 1118-1142 (cedes control to Iraqi Seljuks in 1118, but retains right to appoint governors)

(29) Caliph al-Mustarshid 1118-1135

Iraqi Seljuk Dynasty
1. Mahmud ibn Muhammad 1118-1131

(13) Shihna Zenki ibn Aqsonqor 1127
(14) Mudjahidaddin Bahruz (2nd time) 1127-?

2. Daud ibn Muhammad 1131-1132

(15) Mahmud ibn Muhammad ibn Aqsonsor ?-?
(16) Mas'ud ibn Muhammad ?-?

3. Tughril I 1132-1135
4. Mas'ud 1135-1152

(30) Caliph ar-Rashid 1135-1136
(31) al-Muqtafi 1136-1160
- (17) Bek-Abeh al-Mahmudi ?-1135
- (18) Mudjahidaddin Bahruz 1135-1142

5. Mu'inaddin Malikshah 1152-1153
6. Muhammad ibn Mahmud 1153-1159
7. Sulaiman Shahi Muhammad 1159-1161

(32) al-Mustanjid 1160-1170

8. Arslan-Shah ibn Tughril 1161-1177

(33) al-Mustadi 1170-1180
(traveler Benjamin of Tudela first mediæval European to mention seeing ruins of Nineveh, 1178)

9. Tughril II 1177-1194

(34) Caliph an-Nasir 1180-1225 (restores some of the political autonomy of the Caliphate after the last Seljuk ruler Tughril II, 1194)

35. Caliph az-Zahir 1225-1226
36 al-Mustansir 1226-1242
37. al-Musta'sim 1242-1258

Previous List Persian Dynasties
Next List Mongols and Other Rulers to 1534

Email: BelMurru@BabylonianMagick.com