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"The strife between Big Endians and Little Endians or between Shakespeareans and Baconians has scarcely been more heated, bitter, and prolonged than what Oliver Evans calls 'The distinguished discord between the apparitionist and nonapparitionist readers of The Turn of the Screw' " (Cranfill and Clark 4). Since its publication, Henry James' The Turn of the Screw has been widely criticized both as a ghost story and as a psychological study. Throughout the novel, there are many indications that the story is one of madness and hysteria rather than the supernatural.
James has said of the novel that we are to accept "the general proposition of our young woman's keeping crystalline her record of so many intense anomalies and obscurities--by which I don't, of course, mean her explanation of them, a different matter" (Cranfill and Clark 72). Obviously, the author does not expect us to accept all that the governess says as fact. From the very beginning of the novel, James makes the character of the governess very clear. He seems to take great pains to make her "unappealing and overly emotional" (Mirin). Even supporters of the apparitionist argument cannot deny that the governess displays many signs of instability and emotionality. She demonstrates an urgent, pathetic need to be loved and attacks the children with embraces and "spasms" at any opportunity. She becomes deeply infatuated with the Master at their first meeting (further implications of this will be discussed later) and is a clingy, possessive friend to Mrs. Grose and to the children. She frequently speaks of her emotions in extraordinarily dramatic terms. One example of this is when she agrees that she is quite "carried away" by the beauty of the children. "Well that, I think, is what I came for--to be carried away. I'm afraid, however . . . I'm rather easily carried away. I was carried away in London . . . In Harley Street [when she met the Master]" (James 339).
An explanation for this tendency to be "carried away" may be found in her childhood and home. She is the youngest daughter of a country parson whom she describes as whimsical. In the first draft of the novel, however, James called the father eccentric. Whether whimsical or eccentric, we learn that her father allowed no books in his home, and we infer that she lived a secluded, perhaps repressed life. She refers several times in the novel to receiving "disturbing letters from home" where "all is not well" (Cranfill and Clark 24-8). What is wrong at home? Financial problems? Trouble with the father's "whimsical" nature? We are left to surmise.

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The Flying Porqupine