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Essays from Our Physical World.
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From atoms to DNA.
All living organisms on
our planet are made of carbon, C, hydrogen, H, nitrogen, N, and oxygen,
O. Living organisms also contain phosphorous, P, sulfur, S, and other
metals and nonmetals. DNA contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
and phosphorous.
DNA is the chemical that
carries the genetic code from one generation to the next. Other than a
few very primitive organisms which use RNA, all living creatures use DNA
to propagate their species. The DNA in a single cell may be composed of
billions of atoms. These are arranged in a complex chain with four small
nucleic acids (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) in carefully arranged
ordered pairs. The order in which these four nucleic acids occur makes
up the coded information needed to create a new individual member of the
species.
What of the idea that
life is situated around the atom rather than within? It’s very logical
to think that if a cell still contains life and it’s broken down to molecules,
that these molecules are the building blocks of life. But a molecule
isn’t alive. One would supposedly conclude that life should be situated
around the molecule; a molecule is built by atoms, so life should be situated
around atoms.
This complex hypothesis
yields an equivocal answer -- something along the lines of 'which came
first, the chicken or the egg?' Life depends upon molecules, and
molecules are made up of atoms. DNA consists of polymers of deoxyribonucleic
acids. Each individual nucleotide can be broken down into specific
parts: the ribose sugar, the purine or pyrimidine base, and the three negatively
charged phosphate groups that supply the energy for the creation of long
chains of nucleotides. Each of these ingredients in turn can be broken
down into functional groups, which can be further divided into the individual
atoms - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphate. However,
if one tried starting from the other end and working up, a random mix of
atoms - C, H, O, N, and P would not necessarily yield the molecules needed
by a living organism. So, though life can be considered at the atomic
level, this consideration can only be truly approached within the considerations
of what's happening at the molecular level. |