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Computer Science

Even before the first computer was conceptualized, data had already been
stored on hard copy medium and used with a machine.  As early as 1801, the
punched card was used as a control device for mechanical looms.  One and
one-half centuries later, IBM joined punched cards to computers, encoding
binary information as patterns of small rectangular holes.  Today, punch
cards are rarely used with computers. Instead, they are used for a handful
of train tickets and election ballots.  Although some may find it
surprising, a computer printout is another type of hard copy medium.  
Pictures, barcodes, and term papers are modern examples of data storage
that can later be retrieved using optical technology.  Although it
consumes physical space and requires proper care, non-acidic paper
printouts can hold information for centuries.  If long-term storage is not
of prime concern, magnetic medium can retain tremendous amounts of data
and consume less space than a single piece of paper.

The magnetic technology used for computer data storage is the same
technology used in the various forms of magnetic tape from audiocassette
to videocassette recorders.  One of the first computer storage devices was
the magnetic tape drive. Magnetic tape is a sequential data storage
medium. To read data, a tape drive must wind through the spool of tape to
the exact location of the desired information. To write, the tape drive
encodes data sequentially on the tape. Because tape drives cannot randomly
access or write data like disk drives, and are thus much slower, they have
been replaced as the primary storage device with the hard drive.  The hard
drive is composed of thin layers of rigid magnetic platters stacked on top
of one another like records in a jukebox, and the heads that read and
write data to the spinning platters resemble the arm of a record player.  
Floppy disks are another common magnetic storage medium.  They offer
relatively small storage capacity when compared to hard drives, but unlike
hard drives, are portable.  Floppy disks are constructed of a flexible
disk covered by a thin layer of iron oxide that stores data in the form of
magnetic dots. A plastic casing protects the disk: soft for the 51/4-inch
disk, and hard for the 31/2-inch disk.  Magnetic storage medium, for all
its advantages, only has a life expectancy of twenty years.

Data can be stored on electronic medium, such as memory chips.  Every
modern personal computer utilizes electronic circuits to hold data and
instructions.  These devices are categorized as RAM (random access memory)
or ROM (read-only memory), and are compact, reliable, and efficient.  RAM
is volatile, and is primarily used for the temporary storage of programs
that are running.  ROM is non-volatile, and usually holds the basic
instruction sets a computer needs to operate.  Electronic medium is
susceptible to static electricity damage and has a limited life
expectancy, but in the modern personal computer, electronic hardware
usually becomes obsolete before it fails.  Optical storage medium, on the
other hand, will last indefinitely.

Optical storage is an increasingly popular method of storing data.  
Optical disk drives use lasers to read and write to their medium. When
writing to an optical disk, a laser creates pits on its surface to
represent data. Areas not burned into pits by the laser are called lands.
The laser reads back the data on the optical disk by scanning for pits and
lands. There are three primary optical disk mediums available for storage:
CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory), WORM (write once read many), and
rewritable optical disks. The CD-ROM is, by far, the most popular form of
optical disk storage; however, CD-ROMs are read-only. At the factory,
lasers are used to create a master CD-ROM, and a mold is made from the
master and used to create copies. WORM drives are used almost exclusively
for archival storage where it is important that the data cannot be changed
or erased after it is written, for example, financial record storage.
Rewritable optical disks are typically used for data backup and archiving
massive amounts of data, such as image databases.

Although there are many manufacturers of the data storage devices used in
the modern personal computer, each fits into one of four technological
classes according to the material and methods it uses to record
information.  Hardcopy medium existed before the invention of the
computer, and magnetic medium is predominantly used today.  Electronic
medium is used by every computer system, and is used to store instructions
or temporarily hold data.  Finally, optical storage medium utilizes lasers
to read and write information to a disk that lasts indefinitely.  Each
type of medium is suitable for certain functions that computer users
require. Although they use differing technologies, they all have equal
importance in the modern personal computer system.