Index Dutch
Bronze Age
Index First farmers in the Netherlands
15.000:
5.Egypt: first cultivated cereals
10.000:
Palestine settlements: first grain gatherers
9000:
1.Israël: bone / flint sickle
1.Jericho (=Tell-es-Sultan) founded
3.Mesopotamia: agriculure
12.Mesopotamia and E-Mediterranian: copper beads, also smelted copper (on a small scale)
<8500:
The Paleolithic (ice ages) ends
Jericho: stone tower
8350 - 7350:
8.Jericho, the first settlement of the world with a surrounding wall (4 acres) and a tower
8000 - 4000:
8.Copper centers: Northern Greece, Turkey, Northern Iran, Northern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, East-Israël (Beidha)
5.Jericho: cultivated wheat
1.Mesopotamia: domesticated sheep
7500 - 7000:
Palestine (Jericho 7800), Syria, Iraq: agriculture and pottery
Sea level: - 45 m
From the U.K. to Siberia / Alaska: Maglemose culture
7000:
Magdalen
Sea level: - 15 m
Sahara: Neolithic culture
8.Early experiments with copper ores in Central Turkey
1.Mesopotamia: domesticated goats
6700 / 6500:
Turkey: urban civilisation: Çatal Hüyük (cereals, vegetables, fruits, wine, beer)
6500:
Western Mediterranian: Neolithic culture (sheep, pottery)
Start of "Middle Danube" cultures: Lepenski Vir
6000:
Netherlands: first canoo (Pesse)
1.Mesopotamia: domesticated cattle, pigs, goose, cereals (2- rowed hulled barley)
5800:
End of Çatal Hüyük, founding of Byblos
From Croatia to the Ukrain: Danube Neolithic
Sea level: 0 m
5500:
From Denmark to Siberia: Mesolithic culture "Ertebölle"
1.Mesopotamia: "Ubaid" pottery
5500 - 5300:
Sea level: + 2 m
Neolithic cultures spread all over the European continent: Vinça, linear pottery Neolithic farm
Egypt: first farmers (8.: 5000)
| 5000: 8.Israël and Lebanon: copper ores are melted 1.Mesopotamia: first use of irrigation, first casting of copper 12.Mesopotamia (5th millenium): casting of copper (first time in history) in open moulds: axes and long blades 18.Serbia: mining of copper ores in 20 deep pits (5th millenium, see graphic) 20.Belgium (Darion): first fortified settlement |
 |
4800:
Serbia: copper mining and metallurgy
4700:
Copper cultures develope: Vinça "C, D", Tripolije
Bretagne: first megaliths (Barnenez 4600 - 4300)
4600:
Northeuropean Ertebölle continues, developes into a Neolithic culture: the Funnel Beakers
4500:
Spreading of the megalithic culture over Southwest Europe
The Netherlands: second Neolithic culture "Swifterband"; in the winter they hunt near the sea, in the summer they return to their farmland.
1.Plough tracks in the southern part of Mesopotamia
12.Serbia (Vinca) / S-Bulgaria: mining of large amounts of copper ores, axes with cast holes (first
time in history)
12.Italy and S-Spain: use of copper
4400:
Mesopotamia: El Obeid ("I")
U.K.: Neolithic culture
4200:
West-Germany: Rössen / Michelsberg
Wolga region: Kurgan ("I") culture
<4000:
12.Egypt: copper work (chisels)
4000:
Sea level: + 5 m
Mesopotamia: El Obeid ("II")
U.K., West-Germany, Denmark, South Sweden (Funnel Beaker), Portugal: spreading of the megalithic culture
8.9.Israël and Lebanon: start of casting bronzes, first use of a plough
1.Egypt and Mesopotamia: first use of the pottery wheel ("tournette")
4.Middle-East, 4th millenium: the use of the lost-wax process (bronze moulds), gold, silver and lead are known
|
3800 - 3700:
Indo-European cultures: combat axes (see photo right), corded ware Kurgan ("II")
Photo right: top: flint axe, the other is a typical N-W European battle axe with a drilled hole. This drilling can be practised in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands |
|
3500:
Sea level: + 3 m
Languedoc and Provence: more megaliths
Near the Black Sea: the horse is domesticated
The Netherlands: the third neolitic / megalithic culture (Funnel Beaker) builds "hunebeds"
The Austrian Alps: Otzi, the Ötztaler glacier
man dies
5.Egypt: first bronze, first sailing boats
5.Israël and Lebanon: first bronze
9.Jericho: ±1000 inhabitants
5.Iran, Sumer: casting of copper
6.Iran, Sumer: first cities (Uruk: 100 acres, 10.000 inhabitants!)
8.N-E Mesopotamia: 6 tin mines (3500 - 1600)
±3200:
5.Egypt: 365 days calendar
3300:
Kurgan ("III")
1.Mesopotamia: domesticated donkey
3100:
Sea level: + 1 m
First hieroglyphes
8.Egypt: copper melting
3000 - 2900:
Mesopotamia: first writing
8.Mesopotamia: first "icon-writing" / hieroglyphes (3000)
3000 - 1200:
8.Mesopotamia: trade in copper 'ingots' (currency bars)
2700:
First graves near Stonehenge ("I")
Avebury stones
Stonehenge ("II")
The Bell Beaker culture spreads all over the Nort African and European Atlantic coast. This culture might have experimented with copper- working
5.Mesopotamia: Gilgamesh king of Uruk, fortifications around the cities
±2660 - 2600:
5.Egypt: first stone pyramids
2660 - 2180:
5.Sinaï: copper mines, copper trade with Egypt
2600:
1.Egypt: first plough, trade route along the coast with Phoenicia (Lebanon)
2500:
22.The virus "influenza A" jumps from wild to domesticated ducks
17.Portugal (Zambujal): copper age tools: axes, saw blades, chisels, piercers. copper trade in
ingots and finished products
4.Assyria: bronze weights shaped like ducks / lions: spherical or barrel-shaped
4.Syria (Ur): in 2 pieces cast dagger (26 cm): blade and handle together rivetet
2400:
Czechia: Unetiçe Bronze Age culture ?
Netherlands: first wheel, Vlaardingen culture
4.Syria (Ur): cast, half-moon shaped axe 14 cm x 7,3 cm
±2300:
3.Sumerian / Semitic non-iconic writing, "hour", "60 minutes", algebra, medicines
19.Bronneger (NL): first copper beads in "hunebed" (megalith barrow)
21.Egypt: a grave of the pharao Pepi contained a bronze statue which contained tin from Cornwall
2250 - 1875:
11.Palestine: only nomads
2200:
Stonehenge completed
2000 - 1700:
Hot climate
Nordic Bronze Age
U.K.: Wessex
F: Armorican Bronze Age
9.Greece: sailing ships can sail the seas
4.Sumeria: first iron and steel
11.Sumeria / N-Israël: (in writing) "caravans bring the tin to Hazor" (city in N-Israël)
1800:
Sea level: + 3 m
around 1600:
22. The Chinese start to domesticate ducks, chickens and pigs, close to eachother in farms.
Pig- and bird-type influenza virusses 'cross' with eachother which lead to virusses that are contageous for humans.
1600 - 1100:
9.Cyprus: trade in copper 'ingots' (currency bars)
16th century:
3.8.Iran: Kassites have iron war chariots
1550:
11.Jericho is destroyed
1500:
9.Sumeria / Israël: first alphabets
1445:
Greek writing: Linear B
1400:
11.Syria (Ugarit): iron battle axe
1370:
Georgia and Turkey: start of Iron Age
1240:
Central and West Europe: Celts, Iron Age, Hallstatt
>1200:
11.Near East: long dry periods, cities are abandoned, people move into the hills
1200:
8.Egypt / Palestine: Jews emigrate from Egypt to Palestine (11.: 1260)
1100:
Sea level: + 1 m
The Netherlands, West-Germany: Urnfield culture
800:
The Netherlands: start Iron Age
±700:
8.Egypt: first iron
4.Assyria: first brass (zinc and copper), 17 bronze 'lion' weights: 2 - 30 cm, 50 - 2000 g
650:
8.Turkey: first coins
600:
8.Greece: first coins
521:
8.Middle East: Darius I, stable weights / measures, written laws, stable currency system, efficiënt mailing system
412:
22.Hippocrates describes an epidemic that is similar with influenza
4th century:
4.Middle East: gold coins: 'Darics'
390:
Rome sacked by the Gauls, led by Brennus: "Vae victii!" (See graphic right) 
375:
5.Phoenicia: coins with ships depicted
334 - 323:
6.Middle East: Alexander the Great
278:
6.7.8.The Gauls settle in Central Turkey ("Galatia")
100:
16.Jeruzalem: first glass 'blowing' techniques
Scheme of animal domestication (4.)
| Animal: | name in the wild: | domesticated (estimated years B.C.E.): |
place (Middle-East, unless specified): |
| dog | woolf | 11.000 | |
| goat | bezoar goat | 8500 | |
| sheep | moufflon | 8000 | |
| pig | boar | 7500 | |
| cattle | 7000 | ||
| cat | wild cat | 7000 | |
| chicken | fowl | 6000 | China |
| donkey | wild ass | 4000 | |
| horse | tarpan | 4000 | Near the Black Sea, Russia |
| camel | wild camel | 3000 | Saudi-Arabia, India |
| rabbitt | wild rabbitt | 1000 | Spain |
Calibrated
The radiocarbon (C14) method of dating an archaeologic place proved to be insecure with dates that were thousands of years B.C.E.
By examining the tree rings (dendrochronology) and comparing them with C14 results, better results were achieved.
There are various methods to calibrate C14 results. More information about these methods.
Literature list:
C. Renfrew, Past Worlds: Atlas of archaeology, 1988
R. McNally, Atlas of world history, 1992
Dr. Vermel, Geïllustreerde bosatlas van de wereldgeschiedenis, 1984
M. Roaf, Cultural atlas of Mesopotamia, 1990
P.V. Naquet, The Harper Atlas of world history, 1992
T. Cussans, Atlas of European history, 1994
C. Anker, De Kelten: Europa in de ijzertijd, 1995
N. Stone, (Times) Atlas of world history, 1989
G. Parker, (Times) Atlas of world history, 1993
K. Ploetz, Wereldgeschiedenis in jaartallen, 1980
Drs. Van der Land, Van Abraham tot David, 1993
J. Hawkes, Archeologisch panorama, 1976
G. Mandel / P. Eisele, Koning Samolo, 1980
P. Albenda, The palace of Sargon (Assyria), 1986
A. v. Iterson, Armenzorg bij Joden in Palestina 100 v.C. - 200 n.C., 1911
H. Blok, De onderste steen boven, 1991
Antike Welt Tl 8, 1977
Time-Life, Het vroege Europa, raadsels in steen, 1995
L.P. Louwe Kooijmans, prehistorie en vroegste geschiedenis van ons land, 1974
D. Cahen, J.P. Caspar, F. Gosselin, A. Hauzeur, La village Rubané fortifié de Darion - Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 17, 1987
I. Wilkins, Where Troy once stood, 1990
http://www.degrotegriepmeting.nl / The Scientist
De oude geschiedenis in jaartallen (just in Dutch, 2600 B.C.E. - 293 C.E., mainly focused on the Roman Empire)
Galatia:
King Nicomedes invited the tribes of the Tolostibogii, Tectosagii, Trocmii.
They served in his army and were known for their agression.
After their service they build oppidas (fortifications in the hills).
March 26th, 1998
