Index
What is Instructional
Strategy?
Attitude Change,
Motivation, & Interest
Cognitive Strategy
Concept Learning
Declarative Knowledge
Principle Learning
Problem Solving
Procedure Learning
Psychomotor Skill
Learning
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Problem-Solving
Summary
Problem-solving is a process that involves discovering the
correct sequence of alternatives leading to a goal or to an ideal solution.
Problem-solving requires the selection and combination of
multiple principles in order to solve a problem.
Problem-solving is simpler when fewer principles must be
considered.
Example
Students will problem solve to identify controls needed to
prevent shrinkage of asset accounts.
Introduction
- Gain
attention—“Today we’re going to work on a problem like you will
encounter on the CPA exam.”
- State purpose—“You
will be able combine principles to solve problems.”
- Stimulate
interest—“You will need to think like an auditor, so get ready to take
notes.”
- Provide overview—
Point out that listeners will need to pay attention as the problem is
read because the problem is very detailed and complex.
Body
- Stimulate
recall—after the audit problem is read, review relevant prior knowledge
that relates to the problem.
- Process
information—Provide think-alouds and break problem into subgoals.
- Focus
attention—Isolate the relevant attributes in their present state and in
their goal state.
- Learning strategy—ask guiding questions
and provide hints, generate networks and analogies.
- Practice—practice
identifying and clarifying given and goal states.
- Evaluate
feedback—give hints or ask questions, provide information on efficiency
as well as effectiveness of solution.
Conclusion
- Summarize
and review—Restate critical attributes of problem class, summarize
effective strategies.
- Transfer
knowledge—explicitly state when strategies may transfer to other problem
types.
- Re-motivate
and close—“Review the importance and breadth of what has been learned.
Assessment
- Assess
performance—Test ability to solve similar but novel problems, test
ability to isolate goal state and given state.
- Feedback—Identify
whether problems are in pattern recognition, decomposition, explaining
solution, etc.
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