You should probably read the heat transfer primer page first.

It gets up to 280 F (138 C) on the moon.

At high noon the average temperature of the lunar surface can reach that temperature. But that's not the same thing as saying it was 72 F (22 C) in Los Angeles today. The latter is air temperature. The temperature of various surfaces in Los Angeles might have been as high as 180 F (82 C). Air temperature has no meaning on the moon because there's no air.

280 F (138 C) may be the temperature of the lunar surface material at equilibrium in full sunlight, but it's not the temperature of any random object in a similar situation. Objects will be heated to that temperature only if they absorb the same amount of sunlight as lunar surface material. More reflective objects absorb less light and are heated less. Less reflective items may be heated even hotter.

Just as on earth, the temperatures at morning and evening on the moon are lower than at noon. This is because the sun strikes the surface at a more acute angle and therefore isn't as intense. The lunar landing sites and times were chosen to be at early morning or late evening at the site. This reduced the surface temperature at those sites.

The physics term for this phenomenon is "form factor for radiative heat transfer". Quite a mouthful. The meteorological term is "angle of insolation" and it's why we have seasons on earth.

Putting something in your oven and turning up the temperature to 250 F (121 C) is a good way of simulating lunar surface conditions.

False.

Ovens work more by convective heat transfer than radiative heat transfer. The heating element heats the air in the oven which in turn heats objects in the oven. But on the lunar surface only objects in direct sunlight or physically touching hot objects are heated.

Photographic film melts at 150 F (65 C). Therefore you can't use it to take photos on the moon.

This would be a problem only if there was a way for the film to be heated. Since the film wasn't in direct sunlight it wouldn't have been heated.

The only source of heat would have been conductive heat transfer through the camera body, and only at the points where the film physically touched the body or a connected part. Rolled up on its spool inside the magazine it was relatively safe from conducted heat. Hasselblad gave the lunar surface cameras a shiny polished metal finish to reduce the amount of light they would absorb. They were also fitted with thermometers so astronauts could monitor the film temperature.