Muscular Trauma Treatment with the Diode Laser : An Experimental in vivo Study in Rabbit

G.A. Guzzardella, G. Morrone, G. Giavaresi,
M. Rocca, P. Torricelli, M. Fini, R. Giardino

Department of Experimental Surgery
Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute and Chair of Surgical Pathophysiology
University of Bologna, Bologna-40136, Italy

(Received July 9, 2000; accepted January 16, 2001)

Abstract

Guzzardella, G.A., Morrone, G., Giavaresi, G., Rocca, M., Torricelli, P., Fini, M. and Giardino, R. 2001. Muscular trauma treatment with the diode laser: An experimental in vivo study in rabbit. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 137-144.

An experimental rabbit model of traumatic muscular lesion treated using the low-power laser was assessed using histomorphometric and laboratory tests. Twenty adult New Zealand male rabbits were subjected to muscular trauma under general anaesthesia. Four days after trauma, rabbits in A group started a daily laser therapy, while healing occurred spontaneously in group B animals. The following parameters were analysed on muscular samples: qualitative histological aspect and quantitative histomorphometric evaluation of muscular damage and tissue repair. Results showed a better qualitative and quantitative healing process in traumatised muscles treated with the diode Ga-Al-As low-power laser, if compared to muscles where healing occurred spontaneously. The significant results achieved, demonstrated a relationship between traumatised muscular tissues and stimulation properties of the laser device, and the rabbit proved to be a valid experimental animal model for transferring data into clinical practice.

Effect of Different Dietary CP Levels on the Growth, Nutrient Utilization and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Barrows and Gilts Reared in Phase Feeding Regimen^#

J.H. Lee^*, J.D. Kim², J.H. Kim³, I.H. Kim⁴, In K. Han¹

Department of Animal Science and Technology
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Seoul National University, Suweon 441-744, Korea

(Received August 28, 2000; accepted January 20, 2001)

Abstract

Lee, J. H., Kim, J. D., Kim, J. H., Kim, I. H., Han, In K. 2001. Effect of different dietary CP levels on the growth, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics of finishing barrows and gilts reared in phase feeding regimen. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 145-163.

This experiment was to investigate the effects of different crude protein (CP) sequences on growth performance, nutrients utilization and carcass characteristics of finishing barrows and gilts under three phase feeding regimen. A total of 120 finishing pigs (Landrace×Large White×Duroc) averaging 53.3±0.91 kg of body weight and 30 pigs (averaging 52.5±0.57, 81.8±0.79 and 100.7±0.89, respectively) were assigned to the feeding and the metabolic trial, respectively. Experiment was arranged as a 2×3 factorial design, barrows and gilts and three dietary treatments. Each treatment had four replicates with five pigs per replicate. Finishing period (53 to 107 kg) was divided into three phases (53 to 69 kg, 69 to 88 kg and 88 to 107 kg). Dietary treatments included 1) 17%-15%-13% (high CP), 2) 16%-14%-12% (medium CP), 3) 15%-13%-11% (low CP) sequence for finishing period. During the overall experimental period (53 to 107 kg), there was no interaction between sexes and dietary CP levels on growth performances. Barrows consumed more feed (p<0.01) and grew faster (p<0.01) than gilts did. ADG of pigs fed on high dietary CP feeding group was improved significantly than that of pigs fed on low dietary CP feeding group (p<0.05). Average values of essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acids digestibilities were generally not influenced by dietary CP levels and sexes. However, fecal daily nitrogen (N) excretion averaged over all periods was significantly higher in high dietary CP feeing group than in medium and low dietary CP feeding groups (p<0.05). Averaged blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was greater (p<0.05) in barrows than in gilts and was increased as dietary CP concentration increased (p<0.05). Backfat (BF) thickness was greater in barrows than in gilts (p<0.05). Longissimus muscle area (LEA) was greater in gilts than in barrows (p<0.01) and was greater in high and medium dietary CP feeding regimens than in low dietary CP feeding regimen (p<0.05). It is concluded that 16%-14%-12% dietary CP sequence is desirable in respect of economics and environment for practical three phase feeding regimen for gilts and barrows during finishing period.

Nutrient Intake and Digestibility of Cotton Gin Trash Treated with Hypochlorite Oxidant or Extruded¹

J.K. Bernard^1,2, A. Woldeghebriel³, T.C. Mueller⁴

Department of Animal Science
The University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37901-1071, USA

(Received September 6, 2000; accepted December 18, 2000)

Abstract

Bernard, J.K., Woldeghebriel, A. and Mueller, T.C. 2001. Nutrient intake and digestibility of cotton gin trash treated with hypochlorite oxidant or extruded. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 165-176.

To determine the effect of hypochlorite oxidant and extrusion on nutrient intake and digestibility of gin trash (GT) and compare GT with pelleted cottonseed hull (PCSH), two trials were conducted. Treatments included PCSH, untreated (CONT), predigested with a hypochlorite oxidant (PD), extruded (EXT) and predigested and extruded (P&E) byproduct. Five Holstein heifers were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design and fed diets containing 25% GT or PCSH. Dry matter (DM) intake of heifers was not different among treatments but intake of diets containing GT was 17% lower than PCSH. Apparent digestibility of DM, OM, and NDF was similar for all treatments; however, ADF digestibility was lowest for PCSH compared to CONT, PD and P&E. Ruminal NH₃-N concentration was highest for P&E compared to PCSH, CONT and PD. Extrusion decreased molar proportions of acetate (A) and increased propionate (P) resulting in lower A:P ratios. Molar proportions of butyrate was greatest for CONT and P&E and molar proportions of isovalerate was greatest for PCSH and PD. Concentrations of plasma urea-N (PUN) and glucose were not different among treatments. In situ digestibility of DM and NDF was greatest for GT compared to PCSH. Treatment of GT with the mixed oxidant or extruding the GT did not improve DM or NDF digestibility at 48 and 96 h compared to CONT. All GT treatments were digested equally at 192h. Extrusion improved bulk density of GT by 63% but did not improve DM intake or apparent digestibility. Extruding the material treated with the mixed oxidant in the current study appeared to eliminate any potential increase in apparent digestibility compared with the PD byproduct. This may in part be attributed to the potential loss of solublized components resulting in increased concentration of less digestible fraction in the remaining material.

Possible Release to the Wild of the Captive-Bred Crested Ibis, Nipponia nippon

Y. M. Xi, N. Fujihara*

Division of Animal Resource Science
School of Agriculture
Graduate School Kyushu University
Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

(Received February 1, 2001; accepted March 25, 2001)

Abstract

Xi, Y. M. and Fujihara, N. 2001. Possible release to the wild of the captive-bred crested ibis, Nipponia nippon. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 177-186.

The present study was designed to try a possible release to the wild of the captive-bred crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) using an aviary (flight cage). A special attention was paid to ensure parental characteristics of human-hand-reared birds. Successful result was obtained when parental birds (male and female) were kept far from other breeding birds in captivity. This experiment suggests a possibility of releasing of human-hand-reared birds to the wild which may contribute to the increase of population size of the crested ibis in the future.

Effects of Haemoglobin and Transferrin Polymorphisms on the Performance of Awassi and Crossbred Ewes Under Subtropic Environment

Nazan Darcan, Okan Güney

Department of Animal Science
Faculty of Agriculture
Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey

(Revised received December 16, 2000; accepted January 25, 2001)

Abstract

Darcan, N. and Güney, O. 2000. Effects of haemoglobin and transferrin polymorphisms on the performance of Awassi and crossbred ewes under subtropic environment. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 187-192.

Performance (lactation milk yield, prolificacy, fertility and litter size) and polymorphisms of two biochemical systems (haemoglobin and transferrin) of pure Awassi and Çukurova Assaf (Ç. Assaf, 5/8 Awassi + 3/8 East Friesian) and influences of Hb, Tf titred groups on performances of two genotypes were examined. Performance of Awassi and Ç. Assaf ewes were significantly different. Furthermore, there was significant difference between lamb weights at birth and weaning (P<0.01), while no significant differences between haemoglobin and transferrin types of pure Awassi and Ç. Assaf (P>0.05) were found. It was confirmed that haemoglobin and transferrin polymorphisms were found to be effective on the performances of Awassi and Çukurova Assaf breeds.

Use of Soybean Hulls in Broiler Litter-Based Diets Fed to Beef Cattle¹

N.K. Gurung², D.L. Rankins, Jr.³

Department of Animal & Dairy Sciences
Auburn University
Alabama 36849, USA

(Revised received June 7, 2000; accepted December 23, 2000)

Abstract

Gurung, N.K. and Rankins, Jr., D.L. 2001. Use of soybean hulls in broiler litter-based diets fed to beef cattle. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 193-201.

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing corn with soybean hulls (SH) in broiler litter (BL)-based diets on nutrient digestibilities and growth rate. Trial 1: 32 predominantly Angus steers (initial body weight = 274±16 kg) were fed one of four diets over a 112-day period (four steers/pen; two pens/diet). The diets were as follows: 1) 500 g/kg BL and 500 g/kg cracked corn (corn), 2) 500 g/kg BL, 375 g/kg corn and 125 g/kg SH, 3) same as # 2 and 4) 500 g/kg BL, 250 g/kg corn and 250 g/kg SH. Diets 1, 3 and 4 were supplemented with 1.55 kg of chopped Coastal Bermuda grass hay per steer per day. Diet 2 received no hay. Total daily dry matter intake and average daily gains were increased by hay supplementation (P<0.05). Addition of soybean hulls increased average daily gains in a linear manner (P<0.05). Soybean hull addition had a quadratic effect on apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and crude protein (P<0.05). Trial 2: 60 Angus X Charolais heifers (initial body weight = 193±14 kg) were allotted to one of the following five diets (four heifers/pen, three pens/diet): 1) 500 g/kg BL and 500 g/kg corn, 2) 500 g/kg BL, 375 g/kg corn and 125 g/kg SH, 3)500 g/kg BL, 250 g/kg corn and 250 g/kg SH, 4) 500 g/kg BL, 125 g/kg corn and 375 g/kg SH, and 5) 500 g/kg BL and 500 g/kg SH. There were no differences in total daily feed intakes between diets (P>0.05) and average daily gains were also similar between treatments (P>0.05).

Mortality Caused by Staphylococcus xylosus in Red Porgy (Pagrus pagrus) Fish

D. Padilla, F. Acosta, F. Rodríguez, V. Gómez,
S. Déniz, F. Real

Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Trasmontaña s/n. Arucas. 35416
Canary Islands, Spain

(Received July 24, 2000; accepted January 16, 2001)

Abstract

Padilla, D., Acosta, F., Rodríguez, F., Gómez, V., Déniz, S. and Real, F. 2001. Mortality caused by Staphylococcus xylosus in red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) fish. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 203-208.

In a group of experimental red porgy breeders from the Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas de Taliarte (Las Palmas, Spain), displaying haemorrhages and sudden death, Staphylococcus xylosus was isolated in pure culture from internal organs showing most prominent lesions of hepatitis and nephritis. Two trials were carried out to show the virulence of this isolated strain by two fish species, gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and red porgy (Pagrus pagrus). Similar clinicopathologic effects resulted from these trials and the red porgies used were the most affected fishes.

Seasonal Dynamics of Dry Matter, Crude Protein and Cell Wall Digestion in Total Plant, Leaves and Stems of Common Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris)

R.G. Ramírez^1*, R. Foroughbackhch¹, L. Hauad¹
J. Alba-Avila¹, C.G. García-Castillo²
M. Espinosa-Vázquez²

¹Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
apartado Postal 142, Sucursal F
San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L. 66450, México

²Departamento de Ganadería
Colegio de Posgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México.

(Revised received October 31, 2000; accepted January 3, 2001)

Abstract

Ramírez, R.G., Foroughbackhch, R., Hauad, L., Alba-Avila, J., García-Castillo, C.G. and Espinosa-Vázquez, M. 2001. Seasonal dynamics of dry matter, crude protein and cell wall digestion in total plant, leaves and stems of common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 209-218.

This study was conducted to estimate and compare, seasonally, the nutrient content and the rate and extent of digestion of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and cell wall (CW) of total plant (TP), leaves (L) and stems (S) of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). Plants were sampled in a four-ha pasture at Marin, N.L. County, Mexico, during fall of 1998, winter, spring and summer of 1999. The in situ technique was used to estimate effective degradability of DM (EDDM), crude protein (EDCP) and cell wall (EDCW), using rumen fistulated sheep. Crude protein content in forage was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons; however, cell wall and its derivatives (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were significantly lower in summer. Crude protein content was higher in L than S, but CW was lower in L than in S. Moreover, EDDM, EDCP and EDCW were significantly higher in summer than in other seasons and also were higher in L than in S. Highly significant correlation coefficients between CP, CW and effective degradability data may indicate that when CP increased and CW decreased, EDDM, EDCP and EDCW increased. The nutrient content and digestion parameters of digestion of buffelgrass varied among seasons, being summer and fall higher in nutrient digestion and spring and winter lower. Furthermore, leaves of buffelgrass should be considered different entities than stems when determining nutritional quality.

Relationship of Body Weight at Sexual Maturity with Body Weights at Various Ages in Lines of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), Unselected and Selected for Four-Week Body Weight

I. Oguz, Y. Akbas, Ö. Altan

Department of Animal Science
Faculty of Agriculture
Aegean University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

(Revised received February 26, 2001; accepted March 20, 2001)

Abstract

Oguz, I., Akbas, Y. and Altan, Ö. 2001. Relationship of body weight at sexual maturity with body weights at various ages in lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), unselected and selected for four-week body weight. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 219-223.

To evaluate the relationship between body weights at sexual maturity and at various ages in two lines of Japanese quail, unselected and selected for four-week body weight for ten generation, body weights of female quails were measured at different days. Selection for increased 4-week body weight resulted in changes in weights at various ages and increased the body weight at sexual maturity. In two lines, correlations between body weights at various ages and body weight at sexual maturity, and regression of body weight at various ages on weight at the sexual maturity were generally positive and significantly different from zero. Selection for increased 4-week body weight in Japanese quail resulted in a delay in age at sexual maturity and body weights at sexual maturity were highly related to juvenile body weights in both Japanese quail lines.

Ultrastructural Aspects of Buffalo Submandibular Glands

S.H. Mansouri, J. Mehrabi

Department of Anatomical Sciences
School of Veterinary Medicine
Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345-1144, Iran

(Revised received September 11, 2000; accepted January 24, 2001)

Abstract

Mansouri, S.H. and Mehrabi, J. 2001. Ultrastructural aspects of buffalo submandibular glands. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 225-232.

Submandibular glands of five adult male buffaloes were examined by conventional electron microscopic technique. The glands were compound tubulo-acinar in nature and consisted of serous, mucous and seromucous secretory units. Mucous secretory cells were predominant. Few microvilli were seen at the luminal surface of the secretory units of the gland. The mucous cells contained scattered mitochondria, parallel and nondilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, non-developed Golgi apparatus and a large number of the secretory granules, mostly fused. The secretory serous cells and demilunes consisted of a large number of electron-lucent secretory granules and a few secretory granules with electron dense matrix. In addition, the cells contained rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Other organelles were sparse. Basal striations were the main characteristics of the submandibular striated duct cells.

Determination of Sheep Pox Circulating Neutralizing Antibodies in Immunized Sheep and Goats in the North Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

S. M. Rashwan, H. N. Al Khalaf, M. I. Al Hammad,
M. H. Abdel-Baky, A. H. Azab

Veterinary Vaccine Production Center
Riyadh 11454-15831, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

(Received April 28, 2000; accepted September 28, 2000)

Abstract

Rashwan, S. M., Al Khalaf, H. N., Al Hammad, M. I., Abdel-Baky, M. H. and Azab, A. H. 2001. Determination of sheep pox circulating neutralizing antibodies in immunized sheep and goats in the North Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 233-235.

As a first field trial to evaluate the sheep pox vaccine efficacy under farm conditions, sheep pox virus-neutralizing antibodies were determined in vaccinated sheep and goats of different breeds, ages and sexes in one of the biggest mutton farms in the north region of the Kingdom. The results exhibited 100% post-vaccinal serum neutralizing antibodies with a titre range of 1.2 to 2.1 log 10 in sheep and 1.2 to 1.8 log 10 in goats.

Ultrastructural Characteristics of Alginate-Induced Reddish Purple Stained Cells (ARPC) in Mouse Peritoneal Cavity

Wei He, Kazuhiro Fujiki, Noboru Fujihara

Animal Resource Science Section
Division of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences
College of Agriculture
Graduate School Kyushu University
Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

(Received May 24, 2000; accepted January 27, 2001)

Abstract

He, W., Fujiki, K. and Fujihara, N. 2001. Ultrastructural characteristics of alginate-induced reddish purple stained cells (ARPC) in mouse peritoneal cavity. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 20: 15-26.

To characterize microscopic features of the alginate-induced reddish purple-stained cells (ARPC) using electron microscope, one ml of sodium alginate solution (10 mg/ml) was injected into mice intraperitoneally. Mice were killed after the injection at various time intervals to collect the peritoneal fluid. The cells contained in the fluid were collected by centrifugation and subjected to cytological examinations. As a result, electron microscopy revealed that the vacuole-like organelles (VLO) contained very small amount of electron-dense substance. The substance was stained reddish purple with Wright solution. ELISA using anti-alginate monoclonal antibody and uronic acid determination indicated that the substance is not phagocytosed sodium alginate but ARPC-derived cellular materials. It is concluded that the ARPC is shown to be obviously cellular organelles.

Economic Analysis of Calving Interval of Hungarian Dairy Cattle*

A. M. Safiullah, R. Prabaharan¹, P. Sadasivam

Veterinary College and Research Institute
Namakkal-637 001, India

( Revised received November 1, 2000; accepted January 30, 2001)

Abstract

Safiullah, A.M., Prabaharan, R., Sadasivam, P. 2001. Economic analysis of calving interval of Hungarian dairy cattle. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 237-246.

The impact of various lengths of calving interval (CI) was analysed by budgeting analysis using Quatro spreadsheet program. The lifetime milk yield and profit per day was used as a basis on various milk yields, milk prices and culling strategy either on age of cow or lactation. Another locally developed biometrical program package was also used to analyse the distribution of herds using frequency table. Milk production level over different lengths of CI and average lactational CI in comparison with each lactation were analysed. Greater portion of herds were distributed within the CI of 360 days. Annual milk yield got reduced from 4500 to 2272 kg as the CI increased from 360 to 450d. Average CI was found to be higher for high yielding cows in expectation to have more lactational yields by keeping them for longer days open. The CI increased as the lactation progressed upto the fourth and then started decreasing. Increasing CI from 360 to 420 or 450d resulted in a loss of 0.70 to 2.33 or 0.94 to 3.15 USD. From these findings, it could be concluded that optimum CI should be adjusted between 360d and 390d.