Enhancement of Plasma Calcium Concentration by Dietary Calcium Sources and Oligosaccharides in Neonatal Chicks

T. Yamashita, M. Tobisa, A. Ohgushi, M. Furuse*

Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Science
Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences
Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

(Received September 28, 2000; accepted December 15, 2000)

Abstract

Yamashita, T., Tobisa, M., Ohgushi, A. and Furuse, M. 2001. Enhancement of plasma calcium concentration by dietary calcium sources and oligosaccharides in neonatal chicks. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 25-32.

The effects of dietary calcium (Ca) sources and several oligosaccharides on plasma Ca concentration were examined in the neonatal chick. In the first experiment, the efficiency of Ca carbonate and eggshell Ca was compared by determining plasma Ca concentration at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min post oral administration. It was significantly higher in the eggshell Ca treatment than in the Ca carbonate treatment and the peak for plasma Ca concentration was obtained at 30 min. The effect of dietary oligosaccharides on plasma Ca concentration was investigated by using isomalto-oligosaccharides, gentiooligosaccharides and nigerooligosaccharides with Ca carbonate. In the second experiment Nigerooligosaccharides enhanced plasma Ca concentration when compared with other treatments. The efficacy of lactose and nigerooligosaccharides on plasma Ca concentration was compared in the third experiment, but no significant difference was detected between them. These results suggested that plasma Ca concentration of the neonatal chick can be modified by dietary Ca sources and the supplementation with specific oligosaccharides.

Genetic Resource Conservation in Poultry Reproduction

N. Fujihara, Y.M. Xi¹ , M.J. Zhang²

Animal Resource Science Section
Faculty of Agriculture
Graduate School, Kyushu University
Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

(Received August 8, 2000; accepted December 15, 2000)

Abstract

Fujihara, N., Xi, Y.M. and Zhang, M.J. 2001. Genetic resource conservation in poultry reproduction. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 33-47.

This review deals with most recently developed new research trends regarding a possible production of transgenic chicken and/or new techniques for producing new types of chicken strains using a unique cell type from developing gonads in chicken embryos. These two new tools provide novel ideas to create some sorts of promising avian species in the very near future in the world, especially in Asian countries.

Influence of Complexed Zinc Products on Live Performance and Carcass Grade of Broilers

J.B. Hess¹, S.F. Bilgili, A.M. Parson, K.M. Downs

Poultry Science Department
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station and
Alabama Cooperative Extension System
Auburn University, AL 36849-5416, USA

(Received July 3, 2000; accepted January 11, 2001)

Abstract

Hess, J.B., Bilgili, S.F., Parson, A.M. and Downs, K.M. 2001. Influence of complexed zinc products on live performance and carcass grade of broilers. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 49-60.

The influence of supplementing diets with zinc (Zn) amino acid complexes on live performance and carcass quality of female (Experiment 1) and male broiler chickens (Experiment 2) was investigated. In Experiment 1, day-old female chicks were fed, under summer conditions, one of 4 dietary treatments: a control and diets supplemented with Zn (40 ppm) from Zn-methionine, Zn-lysine, or a commercial mixture of Zn-methionine and Zn-lysine. During the rearing period, body weight and feed conversion were measured. Randomly selected birds were processed with subsequent evaluation of foot pad lesions and carcass grades. In Experiment 2, male chicks were fed similar diets as Experiment 1, but under cool weather conditions. Live performance variables were measured and randomly selected birds were processed to assess carcass defects, carcass grade, foot pad lesions and carcass yields. In Experiment 1, feed conversion and foot pad lesions were reduced (P<0.05) in female broilers fed the Zn-amino acid complexes, with no consistent alterations in carcass grade other than improvements in wing and back bruising. Body weight of male broilers was improved at 21d with Zn-methionine and Zn-lysine supplemented diets, with improvements in back bruising. No differences in foot pad quality or carcass yields of male broilers was observed among the dietary treatments (P>0.05). The influence of zinc complexes on broiler live performance, carcass bruising and foot pad quality appeared to vary with environmental conditions.

Efficacy of Carbohydrases Derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum in Wheat- and Barley-Based Diets on Performance and Fermentation of Carbohydrates in the Intestine of Broilers

D. Jamroz, J. Orda, A. Wiliczkiewicz, J. Skorupinska

Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Quality
Agricultural University
ul. Chelmonskiego 38 D; 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland

(Received August 2, 2000; accepted January 21, 2001)

Abstract

Jamroz, D., Orda, J., Wiliczkiewicz, A. and Skorupinska, J. 2001. Efficacy of carbohydrases derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum in wheat- and barley-based diets on performance and fermentation of carbohydrates in the intestine of broilers. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 61-72.

Starbro broiler chickens were fed on diets (starter/grower) differing in the kind of cereals: 49/56 % wheat (W), 49/56 % barley (B) or 25/28% wheat and 25/28% barley (W+B), with or without supplementation of granulated enzyme complex derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Performance, carcass characteristics, length of intestinal segments and concentrations of fermentation products in different parts of the intestine were evaluated. The effects of the enzyme supplementation were higher in chickens fed diets containing wheat or wheat and barley. The production of short chain fatty acids as a result of non-starch polysaccharides degradation was not consistently influenced either by the kind of cereal or by the supplementation with carbohydrases.

Effects of Broiler Breeder Hen Age and Dietary Fat Intake on Circulating Serum Lipids^1,2

Mickey A. Latour,^*3 E. David Peebles,^*
S.M. Doyle,^* T. Pansky^*

*Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA

**Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University
Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA

(Received August 28, 2000; accepted January 14, 2001)

Abstract

Latour, M.A., Peebles, E.D., Doyle, S.M. and Pansky, T. 2001. Effects of broiler breeder hen age and dietary fat intake on circulating serum lipids. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 73-84.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet and broiler breeder hen age on serum cholesterol (CHOL) and very low density (VLDL) and high density (HDL) lipoproteins. In Experiment 1, breeder hens were bled at 20, 26, 32, 36, 43 and 48 wk of age, whereas in Experiment 2 hens were bled at 22, 36, 51 and 69 wk of age. Across both experiments lipids changed drastically with the onset of lay and as the breeders aged. In Experiment 1, CHOL and HDL decreased at 32 wk and remained low through 48 wk when compared to prelay values at 20 wk. A similar pattern was observed in Experiment 2. In both experiments, VLDL increased greatly with the onset of egg production. Despite the alterations in diet (saturated vs unsaturated diets) there were no differences in circulating lipids as affected by diet. The present study provides information on circulating lipids in broiler breeders through a complete production period, when challenged with various lipid diets. Even though diets were modified in lipid composition, the broiler breeder hens only exhibited changes in their circulating lipids as a function of age, a unique distinction from mammalian lipid metabolism.

Pharmacokinetics of Sulphamethazine and its Acetyl Metabolite in Chickens

H. Rajaian¹, H.W. Symonds², C.J. Bowmer²

¹School of Veterinary Medicine
Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

²Department of Pharmacology
The University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K.

(Revised received January 9, 2001; accepted January 13, 2001)

Abstract

Rajaian, H., Symonds, H.W. and Bowmer, C.J. 2001. Pharmacokinetics of sulphamethazine and its acetyl metabolite in chickens. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19 : 85-96.

The aim of this study was: first, to establish the basic pharmacokinetic characteristics of sulphamethazine following single intravenous, intramuscular, intracrop and oral dose to chickens; and second, to determine the kinetic behaviour of its main metabolite, N⁴-acetyl sulphamethazine. Each group of five Hi-Sex chickens was given a bolus dose of sulphamethazine (100 mg kg^-1) by the above routes. Blood samples were collected at various time intervals for up to 48 h after dosing and
were assayed spectrophotometrically for the presence of sulphamethazine and its metabolite. The results suggest first, that the blood clearance
(»0.06 L h^-1 kg^-1) and elimination half-life (»9 h) of sulphamethazine in chickens are independent of the route of administration and second, the extent of acetylation of sulphamethazine in chickens may be influenced by the route by which the drug is administered and is low for the intramuscular route.

Chronic Inhibition of the Sympathetic Nervous System with Guanethidine : Effects on Body and Organ Weights and Food Intake of Chicks Given a Phenylalanine Excess Diet

T. Bungo¹, Y.-H. Choi², M. Furuse³

¹Laboratory of Animal Science
Department of Agrobiological Science
Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University
Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan

²Department of Nutritional Science
Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario M5S 3ES, Canada

³Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Science
Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences
Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

(Received November 27, 2000; accepted January 13, 2001)

Abstract

Bungo, T., Choi, Y.-H. and Furuse, M. 2001. Chronic inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system with guanethidine : Effects on body and organ weights and food intake of chicks given a phenylalanine excess diet. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 97-106.

To investigate the effect of chronic inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system on food intake in the chicken, guanethidine (GTD, 0 or 50 mg/kg body weight/d), an adrenergic blocker, was subcutaneously administered to chicks for 4 weeks starting at 10 days of age in experiment 1. Chronic GTD decreased body weight gain and brain weight, but not heart and adrenal gland weights. In the second experiment, effects of chronic GTD and dietary excess phenylalanine (Phe) on daily food intake were investigated at one week interval for 4 weeks. At each week, food intake was determined at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h after feeding. Significant dietary effects of excess Phe were found at several times in every week, but chronic GTD administration did not alter intake of Phe excess diet. Main effect of GTD could be detected until 2 weeks of feeding. A significant interaction between GTD and Phe treatments was detected in some times determined until 3 weeks of feeding, implied that effects of excess Phe improved by GTD. At a final week, dietary excess Phe decreased food intake, but the effect of GTD disappeared. It is possible that the anorexia by excess Phe may be affected by sympathectomy in an early week of age.

Use of Wheat, Barley or Triticale in Feed for Laying Hens Supplemented with Carbohydrases

D. Jamroz^1*, J. Skorupinska¹, J. Orda¹,
A. Wiliczkiewicz¹, A.-M. Klünter²

¹Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Quality, Agricultural University,

ul. Chelmonskiego 38D; 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland (PL)

²Société Chimique Roche S.A., CRNA, 68305 Village-Neuf, France

(Received July 27, 2000; accepted January 6, 2001)

Abstract

Jamroz, D., Skorupiñska, J., Orda, J., Wiliczkiewicz, A. and Klünter, A.-M. 2001. Use of wheat, barley or triticale in feed for laying hens supplemented with carbohydrases derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 107-116.

The objective of the present experiment was to determine the influence of different cereals (67 % wheat, 66 % barley or 70 % triticale) in feed for laying hens supplemented with and without carbohydrases derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum on laying performance, egg quality, digestibility and utilization of nutrients. In average of the 386 days of egg production the laying performance was 92.2, 92.0 and 91.2 % in the wheat, barley and triticale diet, respectively. Egg production and feed conversion were similar for the diets containing different types of cereals. The addition of the enzyme product to the wheat diet and the barley diet improved the laying performance significantly by 3.2 and 3.0 %. With regard to the type of cereal used in the diets, no differences in egg quality were observed.

Effects of Mannan Oligosaccharides on Antibody Response to Infectious Bronchitis, Infectious Bursal Disease and Newcastle Disease in Chickens

T.M. Shafey, S. Al-Mufarej, M.I. Shalaby, A.J. Jarelnabi

Department of Animal Production
College of Agriculture
King Saud University
Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia

(Received June 7, 2000; accepted January 2, 2001)

Abstract

Shafey, T.M., Al-Mufarej, S., Shalaby, M.I. and Jarelnabi, A.J. 2001. Effects of mannan oligosaccharides on antibody response to infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease and Newcastle disease in chickens. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 117-127.

The effects of feeding a mannan oligosaccharide (Bio-Mos) from 0 to 3g/kg diet on 1 to 35 day serum total protein, albumin and globulin and on antibody response to infectious bronchitis (IB), infectious bursal disease (IBD) and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines of meat (experiment 1) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) (experiment 2) chickens were examined. A general vaccination program was used against IB, IBD and ND with half of the birds per diet receiving a booster dose of IB and ND vaccines at 12 day of age in experiment 1. Whilst, all birds in experiment 2 were vaccinated with the booster dose, Bio-Mos (BM) did not influence antibody titers of IB, IBD and ND and serum albumin of chickens. Serum globulin and total protein were influenced by dietary addition of BM in SPF chickens but not in meat chickens. It was concluded that the addition of BM to the diet of chickens did not significantly influence the immune response to IB, IBD and ND vaccines in meat and SPF chickens.