Index Dutch Bronze Age Index first farmers in the Netherlands The Gaulish Verbal System The Verbal structure of Gaulish is still somewhat of a shadowy area. While we are normally able to recognize verbs in the inscriptions, in quite a few instances it is hard to properly dissect the verb and determine its meaning. For comparison, some Celtiberian [CIB] and Lepontic forms have also been given here. Examples of Verbal-Forms From Inscriptions
1ST SG. UEDIUMI [UEDIU - MI "I pray"] PISSIUMI [PIS-SI-U-MI "I shall see"] DESSUMIS [DEKS-U - MI-S] DELGU [DELG-U "I hold"] REGU [REG-U "I straighten"] TIOINUORU GUSSU [GUST-U "I choose"] IMMI [ES-MI "I am"] UELOR ["I wish"] MARCOSIOR [MARCO-SI-OR "I should like to ride"] LUGE ["I swear"] 2ND SG GABAS ["you have taken"] PRINAS ["you have purchased"] ESI [ES-SI "you are"] GABI ["take!"] LUBI ["enjoy!"] PETI DA ["give!"] CARA ["love!"] EXU ["out!"] 3RD SG DEDOR ["It is done"] RATET ["blesses"] AUOT ["made"] AXAT [AG-S-AT "it shall go"] BUED' [BU-E-S-T "shall be"] BUETID [BU-ET-ID "it is"] READDAS [RO-AD-DA-S-T "offered"] IEURU ["dedicated"] SENIT SESIT NEAT SISTAT AMBIDISETI (CIB) CUATI (CIB) AUSETI (CIB) LUNGETU LONCATE ESTI [ES-TI "is"] LEGASIT [*LEG-A-S-T-IT "laid it"] LOGITOE SIOXTI [*SI-SAG-TI "sought"] BISSIET DEUORBUETID [ DE-UOR-BUE-T-ID "conquers"] KARNITU ["heaped"] DEDE ["gave"] SONITI APPISETU [*AD-PIS-ET-U] "sees" UERSONITI (CIB) AS'ECATI (CIB) ROBISETU (CIB) BIIETUTU NEBINTOR NITIXSINTOR [NI-TIG-SI-NT-OR] DEDU (LEP) - ["done"] 1ST PL DIUERTOMU [DE-UERT-OMU "we turn out of"] BRIGIOMU OCIOMU COMEIMU (CIB) [COM-EI-MU "we go together"] 2ND PL BIIETE ["you all shall be"] IBETIS ["drink, you"] 3RD PL SENANT PETIDSIONT [*PET-IT-SI-ONT] TIGONTIAS [TIG-ONT + IAS (relative pronoun)] SISONT (CIB) SAGITIONTIAS DUGIONTIO TONCSIONTIO BIONTUTU (I)AXTANT DILIGENTIR ELASUNONT (CIB) IORUS KARNITUS LUBITUS RUSIMUS (CIB) DATUS (CIB) DINBITUS (CIB) OISATUS (CIB) US'ABITUS (CIB) DOENTI (CIB)	Gallo-Greek inscription: ...DOIIA. The text can be dated between 170-91 B.C.E.             Coin "Dubnoreix". Dubnoreix (or "Dumnoreix") was a leader of the Hedui (Bibracte, near Dijon) in the 1st century B.C.E. "Dubno"/"dumno" means "world" so his name meant "King of the world"                 Sacrifice, 2nd / 1st century B.C.E.: bilangual stone ("schiste"), Vercelli, Italy (more)
GAULISH SENTENCES Word order in Common Celtic seems to have been more fluid than what we find in the modern Celtic languages, as is evidenced in the following examples.   SOV: [Celtiberian] uta oscues boustomue coruinomue macasiamue ailamue ambitiseti (Enclitic) + (Subject) + Nom. sg.(Objects with enclitic suff.) + 3rd Sg. (Verb) SV: ESKEGGOLATI ANIATEIOS IMMI gen. Sg. + nom sg. (Subj.) + 1st sg. Pres. (Verb) " I am Excingolatos' (inalienable property?) " GENETA IMI DAGA VIMPI nom. Sg. Fem. (Subj.) + 1st. Pres. (Verb) + fem. adj. + fem. Adj. " I am a good and pretty girl" SVO:   LICNOS CONTEXTOS IEURU ANUALONNACU CANECO-SEDLON nom. sg. Masc. (Subj.) + 3rd Past (Verb) + dat. sg. (Ind. Obj.) + acc. sg. (Obj.) "Licnos Contextos dedicated for Anualonacos (a) golden throne" VO: TARANU DEDE BRATOU DEKANTEM dat. Sg. Masc (Ind.Obj.) + 3rd sg. Pret. (Verb) + dat. Sg. + accus. Sg. (Obj.) "For Taranus; dedicated, in thanks, a Tithe" NEDDAMON DELGU LINDA (fronted) gen. Pl. neut. + 1st pres. (Verb) + neut. Pl. acc. (Object) "I hold the drinks of the nearest"
VS: TOMEDECLAI OBALDA NATINA Past. 3rd Sg. (Verb) + Nom. Fem. (Subject) "Obalda the youngest daughter set me up" VOS: ATEGNATI DRUTIGNI KARNITU ARTUAS' COISIS DRUTIGNOS (fronted) dat. (Ind.Obj.)+ Past. 3rd Sg. (Verb) + Acc. (Object) + Nom. Sg. (Subject) "For Ategnatos son of Drutios, Coisis son of Drutios established the burial mound"" VSO: SIOXTI ALBANOS PANNA EXTRA TUDD CCC 3rd Sg. Past. (Verb) + Nom. Sg. (Subject) + acc. Pl.(Object) "Albanos sought a lot of 300 vessels" © 2000 by Christopher Gwinn   More info about the editor  Note from the editor:  Unfortunately, I don't have a recent e-mail address of Mr. Christopher Gwinn.  Please contact me in case you have.