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Case #33

A 56 year old male presents to the ER after sudden onset of Shortness of breath this morning. He states that he was in his usual state of health when he awoke from his sleep early this morning with "The feeling like I couldn't catch my breath" He said it was so difficult even to go to the bathroom with out being really out of breath. He also says that he feels like his heart is going "a mile a minute". He said his wife got really worried and she convinced him to call 911. He denies at any point any chest pain, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, cough, sputum production. He denies any toxic habits. His past medical history includes prostate cancer for which he is currently receiving therapy for, and asthma. He denies any surgeries, or drug allergies. He is currently only taking ADVAIR, albuterol for rescue and the regiment prescribed by his oncologist for the prostate cancer which he can not remember the name of. He has no known drug allergies. In the ER he was found to be 86% on room air and went up to 93% on Non-rebreather facemask and breathing @ 30 times a minute. His blood pressure was 110/60. His physical was significant for only a middle aged male in moderate distress, breathing rapidly with use of accessory muscles not able to complete full sentences. His lungs are clear, his cardiac exam is significant for an RV heave and the rest his exam was essentially normal. You take a look at the Chest X-ray and it is essentially normal. You have an old chart and before you look at the new EKG which is in your hands you see that his EKG in the old Chart from about 2 months ago is totally Normal. Now you look at the new EKG and this is what you see.

Click Here for larger Image of EKG

 

These new changes on the EKG are highly suspicious for someone who is having a massive PE.

First lets quickly go over the interpretation of EKG by itself than talk about what happened in this case.

Starting with the systematic approach, we have Sinus Rhythm in the high 90's. The sharp rise of the p wave in lead II is highly suggestive of Right atrial enlargement. The PR is normal. The QRS is chuck full of information. The axis is right over the border to call a Right Axis deviation (around 95 degrees), there is also a large R' in v1. The first instinct when seeing an R' is to call a Right Bundle Branch Block, but in this case the QRS duration is normal, (.09 seconds) and therefore there is no intraventricular conduction delay, so it must be explained in another way. The R wave is > 7mm, their is right axis deviation, there is no signs of MI, there is right atrial enlargement so this meets criteria for Right Ventricular Hypertrophy with strain because the T wave is inverted. With the old EKG being totally normal, this is an ominous sign that the Right ventricle is working overtime to pump against a likely huge pulmonary embolism sitting in one of the main branches causing the EKG to fit this kind of pattern acutely. What is less important and much less sensitive but taught classically is the "S1" (s wave in lead I) "Q3" (q wave in lead III) and "T3" (t wave inverted in III) pattern. This was first described by Mcginn in 1935 (McGinn S, White PD. Acute cor pulmonale resulting from pulmonary embolism. JAMA 1935; 104:1473-1480) where these changes where found in 7 of 9 cases of pulmonary embolism. NOT a very ground breaking patient population for numbers and not a very sensitive finding but held near and dear to people in need of pimping questions.

So now what happened in this case. The patients labs where normal except an ABG done on 100% room air had a large A-A gradient. So with this EKG, ABG and History of cancer and sudden onset of SOB he was sent for a Pulmonary Embolism Protocol CAT Scan with IV contrast and sure enough he had a large clot sitting in the Right pulmonary artery. He also became hemodynamically unstable and was taken to the OR for embolectomy. He did well post op and was sent home on anticoagulation.