|
THIRD EDITION - RELEASE DATE 15 JUNE 2002
INDEX
A
"A" in velocity formula 1
ABS brakes - the function of 1
ABS - peculiarities 2
Acceleration rate - formulae 2
Acceleration and deceleration factor - m - formulae 2
Alphabet - Greek see Greek alphabet 38
Angle of takeoff 3
Angle of sliding friction see sliding friction 82
Angular acceleration 3
Angular momentum 3
Angular velocity 3
Aquaplaning see hydroplaning 39 - 40
Arc - height at any point in an arc along the horizontal distance 4
Arc - highest point reached in an arc 5
Arc - horizontal distance to a point opposite the highest point in an arc 5
Arc - maximum height obtained by a know velocity 6
Arc - time to reach any horizontal distance along the path of the arc 6
Arc - time to reach maximum height 6
Arc - value of the length (measuring) 6
Arc - velocity necessary to raise an object to a specific height 6
B
Bicycles - acceleration 7
Bicycles - drive train 7
Bicycles - formulae 7
Bicycles - RPM 7
Bicycles - turns 8
Brakes - collision - sign of front brake use 8
Brake lag 8
Braking and turning - non ABS vehicle 8
C
Cartesian co-ordinates 9
Centre of mass see Gravity - centre of on passenger cars 37
Centre of mass of two bodies 9
Centroid of a damaged area 10
Centrifugal force 11
Centrifugal skid mark 11
Centripetal force 11
Chord 11
Circle 11
Circumference 11
Closing velocity - use of effective mass 12
Co-ordinates - right and left hand 13
Coefficient see friction 34 and 35 , drag factor 22, and stiffness 89
Coefficient of sliding friction see sliding friction 82 and drag factor 22
Collins J.C. - pedestrian speed formula 13 - 14
Combined speeds 14
Combined speeds - formula variation when using slide to stop 14
Consevation of linear momentum - see momentum 50 - 60
Critical speed on curves 14 - 15
Crush - crush for speed estimates (2, 4, and 6 equidistant L measurements) 15 - 16
Crush - equidistant or non-equidistant L measurements 16
Crush - non central - for determining effective mass 16
Crush speed - rules of thumb 17
D
Damage 17
D - the distance in slide to a stop 17
D - the average distance 17
Degree 17
Delta 17
Delta P and Delta V 18
Diagrams - linear momentum 18
Diameter 19
Distance accelerated in time 19
Distance accelerated in time from a stop 19
Distance covered while accelerating from a stop or skidding to a stop (drag and time known) 19
Distance skid in a known time 19
Distance in the slide to stop formula 20
Distance required to bring a vehicle to a stop 20
Distance skid - determining time using a quadratic 21
Dissipation of energy see crush 15 - 16 and energy - kinetic 27 - 28
Division 21
Drag factor - friction force 22
Drag factors for individual wheels (NHTSA values) 22
Drag factor two vehicle system 23
Drag factor for a vehicle towing an unbraked trailer 23
Drag sled - construction 23 - 24
Drift angle see slip angle 84
Dynamics 24
Dynamic Crush 24
E
EBS - equivalent barrier speed 25
EBS and Delta V - when to use the combined speed formula 25 - 27
Energy 27
Energy - kinetic 27 - 28
Energy - principle of conservation of 28
Eubanks - pedestrian and cyclist collision speeds - moving and stopped 28 - 29
Evasion distance and lane change formulae 30 - 31
F
f - the symbol for drag factor 31
F - the symbol for force 31
Fall - formula and derivation 32
Fall and Slide Quadratic - pedestrian impact speed 32 - 33
Fall - speed determination 33
Friction (drag factor) from speed and time 34
Friction (drag factor) from speed and distance 34
Friction (drag factor) from distance and time 34
Friction (drag factor) on a curve 34
Friction - slide to stop 34
Friction - vehicle braking and steering capabilities (friction circle) 35
Force - horizontal 35
Gap skid 36
Glass - fractures from direct impact 36
Gouge marks 36
Grade percent 36
Gravity 37
Gravity - centre of (on passenger cars) 37
Greek alphabet 38
Guardrail deflections 38
H
Heat - thermodynamics 38 - 39
Higgins - vehicle speed - pedestrian collision formula 39
Horsepower 39
Hydroplaning 39 - 40
I
Impact forces 40 - 41
Impact forces - consequences 41
Impulse - momentum equation 41
Inertial parameter estimation 41
Inertial tendancies 42
J&K
Joule 43
Kinematics 43
Kinetic Energy 43
Kinetics 43
K/mh 43
Knot (nautical mile) 43
L
Lane change formula - see evasion 30 - 31
Law of cosines 44
Law of sines 44
Law of tangents 44
Lift off speed - cresting a hill 45
Light - law of inverse squares 46
Light - second law of reflection 46
Light - second law of refraction 46
Light - rotating mirror 46
Limpert R. - pedestrian impact speed formulae 46 - 47
Linear momentum 47 see momentum 50 - 60
Lines, slopes and angles 47 - 48
Low speed rear impact collisions 48
M
m - as a variable in formula 49
Mass 49
Math operation rules and symbols 49
Middle ordinate 49
Minimum speed - slide/skid to stop 49
Moment 50
Moment of inertia 50
Momentum - original 360 degree method 50-51
Momentum - standard 360 degree method 51
Momentum - break apart collisions 52
Momentum - broadside or rear end collision 52
Momentum - conservation of 52
Momentum - head-on collision with no post-collision movement 52
Momentum - head-on collision with post-collision movement 53
Momentum - in-line collision - solve by using simultaneous equations 53 - 58
Momentum - rear end collision while both vehicles moving 58
Momentum - rear end offset collision - lead vehicle stopped 58
Momentum - rear end collision - same speed assumed 58 - 59
Momentum - right angle collision 59
Momentum - vector diagramming 60
Motorcycles - counter-steer 61
Motorcycles - driver injuries 61
Motorcycles - flutter 61
Motorcycles - front tire skid 61
Motorcycles - high siding 61
Motorcycles - lateral friction 61
Motorcycles - lean angle 61
Motorcycles - manipulating a speed range from RPM 62
Motorcycles - problems for riders 63
Motorcycles - rake 63
Motorcycles - rear tire skid 63
Motorcycles - slide outs 63
Motorcycles - trail 63
Motorcycles - trajectory of driver and passenger (the Searle formula) 63
Motorcycles - weave 64
Motorcycles - wobble 64
MPH 64
Multiplication 64
N
Newton 64
Newton's first law 64
Newton's second law 65
Newton's third law 65
Northwestern - pedestrian collision formula 65 - 66
O
Overturning speed - on curves 66
P
Parabola 67
Passing see evasion 30- 31
PDOF 67
Pedestrian impact speeds 67
Perception and reaction time 68
Pi 68
Pole impact speed - frontal collision - Nystrom & Kost formula 68
Pole impact speed - frontal collision - Mak formula 69
Poundal 70
Pultar - pedestrian collision speed 70
Pythagorean theorem 70
Q
Quadratic equations 70 - 71
R
Radian 72
Radius 72
Radius - average used 72
Radius formula standard 72
Radius formula no chord or middle ordinate 72
Radius formula circumscribed circle 73
Radius formula determining with a compass 73
Radius formula using the Pythagorean theorem 74
Radius - degree of curve 74
Radius - maximum and minimum for a turning car 74 - 75
Reaction - distance formula 75
Reaction - time see perception and reaction 68
Reflection and refraction see light 46
Roll over speed - minimum - after striking a curb 78
RR (Rail Road) crossing - AASHTO triangle 79 - 80
S
Salt - road and common - properties of 81
Searle - pedestrian and cyclist speed 81
Seatbelt examination 81
Side scuff 81
Sideslip - yaw 82
Skid - skip skid 82
Sliding friction - the angle of 82
Slide to stop - derivation 83
Slide stop 84
Slide stop - sides of vehicle on two surfaces 84
Slip angle 84
Snowmobile - drag factors 85
Speed 85
Speeds - tachometer and gearing 85
Speed - maximum from which to stop in a given distance 86
Speed - of a rotating vehicle - kinetic energy method 86 - 88
Statics 88
Static Crush 88
Stiffness categories - from crash tests 89
Stiffness categories - from crash tests with impactors (side & rear) 90
Stop - slide to - with weight shift 91
Superelevation 92
Stcherbatcheff - solving for speed from pedestrian throw distance 92
T
Tachometers - for speed 92 - 93
Tangent offset equation 93
Test skids 94
Throw distance 94
Time to skid to a stop or accelerate from a stop 94
Time to slow 94
Time to skid or accelerate from a stop 94
Time in a circular path 95
Tip-over speed see over-turning speed on curves 66 and roll-over speed when tripped by a curb 78
Trailer - drag factor adjustment 95
Trailer - effect of improper loading on friction coefficient 95 - 96
Trailer - tracking 97
Trigonometric equations 98
Truck speed - engine and transmission 98
U&V
Uniform acceleration 98
Vault - derivation of the formula 98 - 101
Vault 101
Vector 101
Velocity 102
Velocity, height and time of a free falling body 102
Velocity/Time/Distance 102
Velocity - initial 102
Velocity at any time in an acceleration or a skid 103
Velocity at any distance in an acceleration or a skid 103
Velocity - initial when distance, time and acceleration rate known 103
View in right angled and oblique angled approaches - for time to collision 103
W
Weight transfer - cornering/braking/accelerating 104
Wind speed - overturning vehicles 105
Wood - pedestrian speed formula 106
Work 106
XYZ
Yaw see critical curve speed 14 - 15
Yaw - critical curve speed derivation 106 - 107
Yaw - COLM - check of pre-collision Yaw speed 108
Yaw - radius of gyration 108 - 109
Yaw - Sine Correlation 109
Yaw - Striations 109
Yaw - Striation Angle Measurement 109
About the author .............
APPENDIX
Conversion of Quantities and Units
Weather Facts
Notes for the Expert Witness
World Wide Web URL's
|
