*H-n-g- “crooked, snake, destroy”
or: naga, that horrible Serpent
PMA
naga “snake, serpent” Sanskrit
IENH 372:
*?[a|ë]n “to turn, return,
turn around, turn back” Proto-Nostratic >
*?h[e|a]n (?h[e|a]n-[yo|t[h]ero]-s)
“on the other hand,
on the contrary” Proto-IndoEuropean
*?[a|ë]n- “to turn, return,
turn around, turn back” Proto-AfroAsiatic
IENH 395 :
*H[a|ë]n- “to bend, to curve, to twist” Proto-Nostratic >
*Hh[e|a]n-k[h]- “to bend, to curve” Proto-IndoEuropean
*Hh[e|a]n-k'- “to bend, to curve” Proto-IndoEuropean
*h[a|ë]n- “to bend, curve, twist” Proto-AfroAsiatic
IENH 386 :
*H[a|ë]n- “to show favour;
to be gracious,
affectionate, tender” Proto-Nostratic >
*Hh[e|a|n-s- “to be gracious, to show favour” Proto-IndoEuropean
*H[a|ë]n- “to show favour, to be gracious” Proto-AfroAsiatic
IENH 379 :
*H[a|ë]n-ag- “to press or squeeze together,
to make narrow or constricted, to strangle;
(adj.) narrow, constricted; (n.) throat”
Proto-Nostratic >
*Hh[e|a]ng[h]- “to be narrow, to choke, to strangle;
(adj.) narrow, constricted” Proto-IndoEuropean
*H[a|ë]n[a|ë]g- “to be narrow, constricted;
(n.) throat” Proto-AfroAsiatic
*angke “painfully constricted” Proto-FinnoUgric
*anank- “to suffer, to be distressed,
to be slain, to afflict;
(n.) pain, affliction” Proto-Dravidian
*ank- “palate” Proto-Dravidian
IENH 563 :
*n[a|ë]H- “to tremble, shake;
to fear, be afraid” Proto-Nostratic >
*n[e|a]Hh- > *na:- “to fear” Proto-IndoEuropean
*n[a|ë]H- “to tremble, shake;
to fear, be afraid” Proto-AfroAsiatic
With w-preformative as posited by H. Møller :
IENH 498 :
*w[a|ë]ng- “to bend” Proto-Nostratic >
*w(e|o)-d[h]- “to bend, twist, turn” Proto-IndoEuropean
*w(e|o)-k[h]- “to bend, twist, turn” Proto-IndoEuropean
*w(e|o)n-k'- “to curve, bend” Proto-IndoEuropean
*w(e|o)n-g[h]- “to turn, go crookedly” Proto-IndoEuropean
*w[a|ë]n- “to bend, twist;
to be bent,
twisted, crooked” Proto-AfroAsiatic
*wangka “bent or crooked object:
hook, handle, knob,
lever, elbow, etc” Proto-FinnoPermian
*vanki “bent or curved object:
hook, handle,
curved ornament” Proto-Dravidian
*vanank- “to bend” Proto-Dravidian
*vãnk- “to bend, bow,
stoop, become crooked” Proto-Dravidian
further with w-preformative? (same semantic field)
HSED 1288: *h.unah.- “be afraid”
h.n.h. “fright” Egyptian (late)
Deverbative noun.
xunax- “be afraid” Central Chadic
xunaG “be afraid” Musgum
Partial reduplication?
HSED 2499: *wagal- “fright, fear”
*wVgal- “be frightened” Semitic
wgl “be frightened” Arabic
*walVg- East Chadic
walga “fright, fear” Kera
(metathesis)
HSED 2500: *wagar- “be afraid”
*wVgar “be afraid” Semitic
ygr Hebrew
wgr Arabic
*?urVg “fear” East Chadic
(metathesis)
?urg- Mokilko
HSED 2508: *wahal- “be afraid”
*wVhal- “be afraid” Semitic
whl Arabic
*wawal- > *waHal-
“be afraid” West Chadic
wowal Paa
*yal- “be afraid” East Chadic
yele Sokoro
HSED 2510: *wah- “die; death”
wh3 “deadly illness” Egyptian (medical papyri)
deverbative. -3 stand for the root vowel *a
*waH- “perish” West Chadic
wah Dafo-Butura
HSED 2517: *wak- “be afraid”
*wVkVy- “be afraid” Semitic
way Ugaritic
way Arabic (VIII)
*wak- “frighten” West Chadic
wuk Sura
wok Angas
CELR IX 52:
*hunag- “fear” Central Chadic
h.nh. “fright” Egyptian
IELS:
wanaks “king” Greek
TP:
This one badly needs an explanation.
According to Benveniste, wanaks is subordinate(?) to the
basileus. So I imagined some kind of opposition major
vs. minor, order vs. chaos, Forces of Law vs. Serpent.
But that's as close as I get. Yes, I know. Perhaps wanaks
is someone else's king, the other side's king?
Of course, this side's king, the right king, is H-r-g.
EIEC *a:nos (= h2eh2enos?) “circle, ring”
a:inne “ring, circuit” Old Irish
a:nus “ring, anus” Latin
a:nulus “finger ring” Latin
anur “necklace, ring” Armenian
EIEC *h2enghus “narrow”
cumgae “strangling, suffocation” Old Irish
cumung (< *kom-nghu-) “narrow, restricted” Old Irish
eang (< *eks-nghu-) “wide” Welsh
angi-portus “narrow street, cul-de-sac” Latin
ôngr “narrow” Old Norse
enge “narrow” Old English
angi “narrow” Old High German
angwus “narrow” Gothic
añkshtas “narrow” Lithuanian
hnzwg- “narrow” Middle Persian
amhú- “narrow” Sanskrit
possibly
ozûkû “narrow” Old Church Slavonian
amphén “neck” Greek
EIEC h2engh(w)én- “neck”
hals-anga “nape of neck” Gothic
vjazî “nape” Russian
amphen “nape” Aeolic Greek
aukén (?< *ankhwen) “nape” Attic Greek
awjik' (pl.) “neck” Armenian
UUASI
ilpa “scar, cicatrice” Uw Olkola
ilpa algngan “message stick” Uw Olkola
alh “fire, firewood, wood”
generic classifier anything
to do with fire (root: /alhu/;
ergative/locative: alhu-l) Uw Oykangand
alh odnd “fire carrying stick” Uw Olkola,
Uw Oykangand
alh anychir “smokefire, smoke” Uw Oykangand
ajimb (meat cl):
inh ajimb “spotted tree monitor or "wangu",
Varanus timorensis” Uw Olkola
ajimb alh anyjir “seven sisters constellation” Uw Olkola
achimb (meat cl):
inh achimb, wangu, Varanus timorensis Uw Oykangand
achimb alh anychir “seven sisters constellation” Uw Oykangand
alk (Oyk)
alk “spear, generic classifier for
spears, spear parts and some
trees important in spear
industry (root: /alka/;
ergative/locative: alka-nhdh)” Uw Oykangand
inh alk (meat cl) “porcupine [echidna] quill” Uw Oykangand
alk alaw “spear rod”,
“spear rod tree, Cordia myxa” Uw Oykangand
iganigan (fire cl):
alh iganigan “spark” Uw Olkola
TP:
H-n-g- > alk ?
H-n-gi > anychi-, anyji- ?
SIG :
H-n- “bend, twist”
Ha:na: perf. “bend, twist” Hebrew
Hana: “he bent” Arab.
transferred sense
“was inclined to, amore affectione propensus fuit”
H-n-n redupl. Semit.:
H-n-n “be favourably, gracefully inclined,
give out of grace to sby, take pity on sby”
H n perf. “to favour” Phoenic.
as in the proper name b y l H n "Baal favours"
Hanna “was merciful, compassionate,
favourably inclined”,
subst.:
Hinn-, Hèn m. “inclination, favour,
mercy, grace” Hebr.
annu m. “favour, grace” Assyrian
proper names
Hanni'e:l Hebr.
H n b y l (= Hannibayl) Phoenic.
Hannanun “compassion” Arab.
IE extended by A1, H-n-A1- > ne: in
(gi-)na:tha “mercy” Old Saxon
gi-na:da “mercy” Old High German
present stem with n-infix (H)nne: from (H)nneA1,
an “is favourable to” Old High German
unnan “be favourable to” Old High German
gi-unnan “be favourable to” Old High German
from which the abstract fem. Germanic an-sti-
ansts “favour” Gothic
anst “favour” Old High German
èst “favour” Anglo-Saxon
äst “favour” Old Norse
from H-n- “be inclined, bend” :
H-n-g2- “bend oneself, bend”
Hanaga perf. “caused to bend, made crooked” Arab.
IE ánk2- in
ánca-ti “bends, curves” Sanskrit
ánkas n. “bend, curve” Sanskrit
ancus “having a crooked arm” Old Latin
angko:n “elbow” Greek
angkulu-s “curved” Greek
angkistron “fish hook” Greek
angul “hook” Old High German
o-grade IE ònk2 in
anká- m. “bend, hook” Sanskrit
ongko-s “bend, hook” Greek
uncus “bent; hook” Latin
alternate form H-n-G2 > IE áng2- in
angulus Latin
o-grade
ungulus “ring” Old Latin
with w-preformative IE wank2- in
vánca-ti “walks bent, strays, stumbles” Sanskrit
wa:h “bent, wrong” Old Saxon
un-wa:hs Gothic
alternate form wáng2- in
wancho:n “stray, wander” Old High German
further
H-n-p- : H-n-P
H-n-p- in
Hanafa “he inclined to,
declined (from it)” Arabic
Hanafun “a natural wryness,
an inversion of the foot,
a crookedness in the leg or foot” Arabic
plus
Hanifa, Hanufa intr.perf.
“he had that kind of distortion” Arabic
H-n-P- > sem. H-n-b- in
H-n-b- II “(old age) bent him down” Arabic
V “he was (became) crooked,
curved or bent” Arabic
metaphorically “he was (became) affected
with compassion (for him)” Arabic
mu-Hannabun “bent with age” Arabic
ta-Hnibun “a bending or curving of the sinews
or a convexity in the shank of the
backbone and forelegs of a horse” Arabic
from this, with suffixed r (and feminine -t)
Henbert 1) “navel” 2) “inguina” Ethiopian, Tigre
'enbert 1) “navel” 2) “inguina” Amharic
H-n-p- > IE ámb- in
ambo:n “raised edge,
(ionian ambe) raised bottom of the beaker,
mountain peak” Greek
H-n-P-, stressed on second syllable > IE n-bh- “hub, navel”
o-grade òmbh- in
umbo “shield buckle,
projecting part of a mountain” Latin
from which, with (likely) the same r
as in Ethiop. > l after labial *ombhelo-s
omphalos “navel” Greek
umbilicus “navel” Latin
SNE 4
*hina “feel tenderness for, love” Nostratic
apparently *hina ~ *hani;
Semitic:
ene:nu “to show favor” Akkadian
hnn “get favor, take pity on” Ugaritic
ha:nan “to show favor, be gracious” Hebrew
han “to show favor, be gracious” Syriac
hanna “to feel tenderness,
affection, sympathy” Arabic
hnn “give” Soqotri
Indo-European:
*ans- “be favorably disposed”
*ansé:s >
*a:né:s >
pros-e:né:s “friendly” Greek
ap-e:né:s “unfriendly, hard” Greek
ansts “favor, grace” Gothic
anst,
unst “favor, grace” Old High German
unna “love, favor” Old Norse
*ans- >
as^s^u “good” Hittite
Mongolian:
inaû “friendship, love,
friend, lovely” Mongolian
Tgm.:
a:ni- “rejoice” Evenki
a:n'in “joy” Evenki
Dravidian:
*in- “be pleasant” Dravidian
*an- “love, friendship” Dravidian
*ani- “be beautiful” Dravidian
ani- “enjoy” Kodagu
IESSG
*H-n-P- Proto-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic >
*n-bh- “navel” Proto-IndoEuropean
naba “nave” Old High German
nabe “nave” German
naf “nave” Old Norse
nabalo “navel” Old High German
nafli “navel” Old Norse
nabhya- n. “nave” Sanskrit
ná:bhi “nave, navel” Sanskrit
*ambh- “circle”
ámphi Greek
ambi-, amb- Latin
amb- Gaulish
*nbh- > *mbh- >
umbi “about” Old High German
umb “about” Old Norse
SIG
extensions to H-n- “bend, twist”, words for snake
H-n-kw- (H-n-k2-) > IE angw- in:
angui-s “snake, adder” Latin
angì-s “snake, adder” Lithuanian
ãzi “snake, adder” Slavic
n-g2- in:
na:ga- “snake” Sanskrit
with s mobile
(or causative, from the verb?) from sHn-:
sno:kr Old Norse
snaca Anglo-Saxon
snake English
ng in:
unc “snake, adder” Old High German
H-n-k1- in
Hanas^un “reptile animal” Arab.
metathesis to n-H-s- in
na:Ha:sh “snake” Hebr.
from the noun “snake” some verbs are derived:
a) in the sense “choke, frighten"
H-n-k2 in:
Henkat “fright” Ethiopian
possibly
H-n-k “frighten” Ethiopian
Hænkétkete “take fright” Tigre
possibly West Semitic H-n-k
H-n-k “strangle” Hebrew
Henak “he choked” Syriac
further
Henikå “anxious” Syriac
however this has also h2 and might go with South Semitic X-n-k
b) in the sense “pursue"
*H-n-k1 in:
Hanas^un originally
“snake, reptile animal,
noxious reptile” Arab.
from which a denominative verb
Hanasha “he hunted, sought to catch or capture
(venomous or noxious reptiles or the like,
such as scorpions or serpents)” Arab.
might possibly correspond to IE ang1-
a:hta (from Germanic anXta:-)
“ban, hostile pursuit” Old High German
a:htian “to ban, to outlaw” Old Saxon
a:hten “to ban, to outlaw” Old High German
æ:hten “to ban, to outlaw” Middle High German
ächten “to ban, to outlaw” German
*H-n-K- Proto-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic
n > l, *H-l-s- > *l-H-s- Proto-AfroAsiatic
la:Has “impell, push, oppress” Hebrew
làHas m. “tightness, oppression” Hebrew
laHHasa II “got someone
into difficulties” Arabic
TP : and if, as Møller writes somewhere,
but I can't find it now, *nH- > *mH- :
HSED 1757 : *mehas-
mzh “crocodile” Egyptian
metathesis (Old Kingdom)
*myaHas- “python” West Chadic
me:sa: Hausa
*mas- “snake” Lowland East Cushitic
mas- Somali
contraction
*hamas- “snake” Highland East Cushitic
hamaso Sidamo
hamas-ichcho Hadiya
hamasi Bambala
metathesis, assimilation of vowels
but note:
HSED 2430: *t[ü]m- “fish”
tm.t “kind of fish” Egyptian
(medical papyri)
*tum- “fish” Central Chadic
tum “fish” Musgum
*ü is reconstructed on the basis of forms appearing in
HSED 2431 *tüm-mehas- “crocodile, snake”. This root serves
as a second component of a Cushitic composite for “fish”:
*kur-tum- Lowland East Cushitic
qurttummi Oromo
kurtum-et Gidole
*kir-tum-/*kur-tum- Highland East Cushitic
kilti?mi Sidamo
kultu?me Darasa
kurtume Hadiya
kurchum-et Alaba
kur-tume Bambala
kurtum Kambatta
HSED 1870 : *nihas- “snake”
*nahas- “snake” Semitic
assimilation of vowels, cf Arabian hanash- “reptile, snake”?
n-h-sh “snake” Ugaritic
na:ha:sh “snake” Hebrew
*nyas- < *niHas- “python” West Chadic
nyesh “python” Bokkos
nis “python” Dafo-Butura
TP
*tüm-nihas- >
HSED 2431: *tüm-mehas- “crocodile, snake”
*timshah- “crocodile” Semitic
timsa:h- “crocodile” Arabic
Haplology and metathesis.
tshmm “crocodile” Egyptian
(Greek papyri)
Metathesis and loss of the laryngeal in Late
Egyptian. Note irregular -sh- < *-s-.
*timyas-
< *tumyaHas- “horned viper” Central Chadic
timesh “horned viper” Mofu
*tumVs- “crocodile” East Chadic
tumsa “crocodile” Mubi
tumsa “crocodile” Mokilko
Borrowed from Arabic?
Compound with the original meaning “snake-fish”
of *tüm- “fish” and *mehas- “big snake, crocodile”
TP
or *nihas- “snake”. Hence *mehas- by assimilation
and re-division?
EBAE 6.23:
Enkel “ankle” German
anhala,
enkil id. Old High German
anka “back of head, joint” Old High German
anke “joint” Middle High German
án.ga- n. “joint” Sanskrit
anka, hanka “foot, lower thigh,
lower extemity of animal” Basque
“leg, buttock, hip” Basque dial.
*anka “foot, lower thigh etc” Proto-Vasconic
anca “hip” Spanish, Portuguese,
Provencal, Italian
hanche id. French
hancha id. Medieval Latin
with k-prefix? cf above
EBAE 6.24:
Schenkel “thigh” German
schenkel id. Middle High German
schinkel id. Middle Low German
sc(h)enkel id. Middle Dutch
diminutives of
sceanca id. Old English
schinke id. Middle Low German
with dissimilated anlaut
sákthi n. id. Sanskrit
*skanko “foot, leg” Proto-Vasconic
>
zango id. Basque
sanga, sango,
sanka, sankho
s.ango, s^ango
s^anko id. Basque
s^ungo “hind thigh” Basque
Schinken,
Schunke “ham” German
diminuating palatalisation
s~anku “limping” Basque
EBAE 6.9:
*hæ:ggo:n “hook” Pre-German
Haken id. German
ha:ke(n) id. Middle High German
ha:kho,
ha;co,
hac(ho),
ha:ho id. Old High German
ha:gge id. Middle High German
ha:go id. Old High German
*hako:n id. Pre-German
hako, ho:co id. Old Low German
haca id. Old English
haki id. Old Norse
*ho:ka id. Pre-German
ho:k, huk id. Middle Low German
ho:k id. Old Frisian
ho:c id. Old English
hækja “crutch” Old Norse
gako, gakho “key” Basque dial.
gakulu “thorn, spur” Basque dial.
kako, kakho “hook” Basque
khakodun “hook-shaped” Basque
kakola “stilt” Basque
EWBS:
denies
kak.vi “hook” Georgian
okoka “plough” Georgian
SFPST 74:
*khjuk “bent, crooked” Old Chinese
*khjowk id. Middle Chinese
'gugs “to bend, make crooked” Written Tibetan
kug “crooked, a hook” Written Tibetan
*kuk > kauk “to be crooked,
not straight” Written Burmese
ROC:
(b)khok “to bend, bent” Old Chinese
khjowk id. Middle Chinese
qu3 id. Chinese
(b)N-khok “bent, curved,
bend the body” Old Chinese
gjowk id. Middle Chinese
ju2 id. Chinese
*n,khok “curved” Proto-Miao-Yao
CAE:
kan, “spread open (legs)” Proto-Austronesian
kuk “bent, crooked” Proto-MalayoPolynesian
kun, “bend” Proto-Austronesian
kuq “bent, crooked” Proto-MalayoPolynesian
ISG:
*k^-n-g- “hang” Pre-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic
*k^-nk- id. Proto-IndoEuropean
ha:han tr. “hang” Gothic
hange:n intr.“hang” Old High German
hangen id. Middle High German, German
s^´an,ka-te: “is suspended >
doubts, worries,
vacillates” Sanskrit
s^´an,ká: “doubt, worry, fear” Sanskrit
s^´an,kita- “worried, nervous of” Sanskrit
cunctor “vacillate, procratinate,
hesitate” Latin
hæ:tta “endanger, risk, dare” Old Norse
a: “let depend on” Old Norse
:
*k^-n-G.- Pre-IndoEuropean-AfroAsiatic
*k^-nk- Proto-IndoEuropean
henchen “limp” Old High German
hinken id. Middle High German, German
=
s^´-n-k.- Semitic
s^anak.a “tied, impeded,
he bound (the camel with
the s^ina:k.),
he curbed (the camel) by
means of his zima:m (or
nose rein),
he bound (the head of the
beast) to the head of a
tree or to an elevated peg
so that his neck became
extended,
he suspended (the waterskin)
to a peg” Arabic
>
s^enek. “he hanged (him) by the
neck till he died” Modern Arabic
mis^nakatun > Arabic
mes^nak.a “a gallows” Modern Arabic
mas^nu:kun
part. “put to death by being
hanged” Modern Arabic
s^anik.a
intr. “he became attached (to
a thing)” Arabic
senek. “he craved” Syrian
af. “made crave, induced,
forced” Syrian
s^anak.un “the heart's longing for
a thing” Arabic
s^inak.un “any cord by which a thing
is suspended,
the suspensory cord of a
waterskin” Arabic
DELL:
cingo:,
cinxi:,
cinctum “to gird, put on belt” Latin
`sihitu “girt, with belt on” Umbrian
an`sihitu “un-girt, with no belt on” Umbrian
kañcate “he binds” Sanskrit (gloss.)
kañcukah “armor, shirt” Sanskrit
kañci “belt” Sanskrit
kinkýti “rein (beast)” Lithuanian
podo-ka(k)e: “wooden impediment
for horses” Greek
TP:
kink Nordwestblock
in English
DELL:
ha:mus “(fishing) hook” Latin
hamo “fishing hook” Old High German
khamós “kampúlos” Greek (Hesych.)
khabós “kampúlon, stenón” Gerek (Hesych.)
DBF:
hamu “(fishing) hook” Lapurti, Low Navarre Basque
DEE:
ham lit. “bend of the leg” English
hamme “ham” Middle English
hamm “ham” Old English
hamme “ham” German dial.
cam “bent” Welsh
camurus “crooked” Latin
gammon preserved thigh of a hog English
gambon Old French
<
gamba “leg” Old French
gamba “joint of the leg” Late Latin
kampé: “a bending” Greek
IENH 557 :
*n[i|e]k[h]- “to strike, hit” Proto-Nostratic >
*n(e|o)k[h]- “to slay, smite” Proto-IndoEuropean
*n[a|ë]k[h]- “to strike, hit” Proto-AfroAsiatic
*nikkä- “to push” Proto-Uralic
*nek- “to suffer, be distressed” Proto-Dravidian
EIEC *nek- “perish, die”
neco: “kill” Latin
noceo: “inflict injury” Latin
nasyeiti “disappears” Avestan
násyati “is lost, disappears, perishes” Sanskrit
näkstär “disappears, perishes” TokharianA
nakstär “disappears, perishes” TokharianB
naksäm “destroys” TokharianB
*nek- “death”
*nkti-
e:cht “killing” Old Irish
nex “death” Latin
no:kar “coma” Greek
néktar “nectar” (< “death conquering”) Greek
henkan- “death” Hittite
*nekus “death, dead”
*nkw
e:c “death” Old Irish
angau “death” Welsh
nékus “corpse; dead” Greek
nasu- “corpse” Avestan
*nkw-ó- “mortal”
onk “man” TokharianA
enkwe “man” TokharianB
HSED 1838 : *nahas- “pierce”
*nVhash-/*nVhush- “prick” Semitic
nhs[-a-, -u-] “prick” Arabic
*nas “pierce (with spear)” West Chadic
nashe “pierce (with spear)” Hausa
*nas < *naHas- “pierce” East Chadic
nase “pierce” Mobu
nesi “pierce” Ngamo
HSED 1873 : *nikif- “tree, bush”
*nikip- “bush” Semitic
niqiptu “bush” Akkadian
ndf.t “tree” Egyptian (Old Kingdom)
HSED 1866 : *nig- “break”
ngy “break” Egyptian (New Kingdom)
Infinitive in -y.
*lig- < *nig- “break” Central Chadic
ligi “break” Mbara
HSED 1871 : *nik- “grind”
nd “grind” Egyptian (Old Kingdom)
Progressive palatalization of *-k-
*niku- “grind” West Chadic
nika “grind” Hausa
nik “grind” Fyer
nuk “grind” Bokkos
cf. partial reduplication in
*ni-nuk- “break”
nung “break” Sura
nung “break” Sha
nying “break” Kulere
HSED 1837 : *nah- “bend” (intr.)
*nVh- “bend” Semitic
nhh “bend” Arabic
*naH- “bend” Agaw
na?y- “bend” Bilin
HSED 1846 : *napil- “snake, worm”
*napil- “caterpillar” Semitic
nappillu “caterpillar” Akkadian
-n < Hamito-Semitic -l-
npn “snake” Egyptian (in royal tombs)
HSED 1833 : *na?Vw- “snake, worm”
n'w “kind of snake” Egyptian (book of the dead)
*nVHVw- “snake” West Chadic
nywoo “snake” Sura
nwo “snake” Chip
nwo “snake” Mupun
EIEC
*H1ógwhis (gen. *H1égwis) “snake”
euod “sheepworm” Welsh
euon “horseworm” Welsh
*eghi- Proto-Keltic
egala “leech” Old High German
ekhis (< *eghi-) “viper” Greek
ekhidna (< *eghidneh2) “viper” Greek
ophis “snake” Greek
izh (< *e:gwhi-) “snake, viper” Armenian
azhi- “snake” Avestan
áhi- “snake” Sanskrit
auk- (< *euk ?< *eku) “snake” TokharianB
*h2éngwhis (gen. *h2ngwhéis) “snake”
TP : from n-infixed present of verb?
esc-ung ('water-snake”,
ung < angwho:) “eel” Old Irish
llysyw(en) “eel” Welsh
anguilla “eel” Latin
uo:dze “snake” Latvian
uzh “snake” Russian
wãz “snake” Polish
abeis “snakes” Illyrian (Hesychius)
awj (gen. sg. awji) “snake” Armenian
*néH1to:r (gen. *nH1trós); Italo-Celtic *nH1trik- “snake”
nathir (gen. natrach) “snake” Old Irish
neidr “snake” Welsh
natrix “water-snake” Latin
nadhr - nadhra “snake, adder” Old Norse
næ:dre “snake, adder” Old English
na:t(a)ra “snake, adder” Old High German
nadrs “snake, viper” Gothic
*HVngh[el|ur] “eel”
angurgis “eel” Old Prussian
ungurys (< *angurys) “eel” Lithuanian
ankeria (< Proto-Baltic *anguriya-)
“eel” Finnish
õgulja/jegulja “eel” Old Church Slavonian
ugorî “eel” Russian
engelus “eel” Greek
from *(s)neH1(i) “twist fibres together to form a thread,
occupy oneself with thread”
(present *(s)néH1ye/o-)
sniid “twists, binds,
torments, strives” Middle Irish
nyddaf “spin” Welsh
neo: “spin” Latin
nä(w)en “sew, stitch” Old High German
sna:ju “twist loosely together,
spin” Latvian
néo: “spin” Greek
eunnetos “well-spun” Greek
sná:yu “ban, sinew” Sanskrit
nominal derivatives:
(1) *snoH1teh2-
sna:th “thread” Old Irish
sno:d “headband” Old English
snood English
sna:te “linen shawl, cape” Latvian
(2) *snéH1tis
na:t “seam” Old High German
ne:sis “spinning” Greek
(3) *snéH1mn
ne:men “tissue, fabric” Latin
ne:ma “thread, yarn” Greek
derivatives:
*neH1-tleh2- “needle”
sna:that “needle” Old Irish
na:dhl “needle” Old Norse
næ:dl “needle” Old English
needle English
na:dala “needle” Old High German
ne:thla “needle” Gothic
*(s)niH1 (<(s)nH1i)
nýtis “weaver's reed” Lithuanian
nits (some part of the loom) Latvian
niti “thread” Russian
GCALLE 134:
*?alx& “snake” Proto-ChukchiKamchatkan
Salishan:
?él\qay? id. Squamish
?él\qey? id. Cowichan
al\qic'änc^ id. Coeur d'Alène
Algonquian-Ritwan:
*aþko:ka id. Proto-Algonquian
*-askwaya- “bloodsucker; snail” Proto-Algonquian
IENH 559:
*n[a|ë]t'y- “to turn, twist together” Proto-Nostratic >
*n(e|o)t'- “to turn, twist together,
tie, bind” Proto-IndoEuropean
nd “string, thread” Egyptian, AfroAsiatic
EIEC
*sneH1u- “twist fibres together to form thread,
occupy oneself with thread”
snu:a “wind, (double and) twist (yarn),
twine (thread)” Old Norse
snaujis “noose, snare” Latvian
snujõ “set warp” Old Church Slavonian
HACL :
*ngalé “eel” Hokan
cf.
anguilla “eel” Latin
Ben Madison claims a connection between Afro-Asiatic and the Hokan
languages of North America. He mentions a Snake people in Ohio,
which caught my imagination, along with the image of the well-known
Ohio mound depicting a snake devouring an egg. So I included it.
EIEC
from *(s)neH1w-r or *(s)neH1-wr “sinew, tendon”
nervus (< *neuro-) “sinew, tendon, muscle, nerve” Latin
neuron “sinew, tendon, cord” Greek
neard (NEW
naar “unpleasant, nasty, sad” Dutch
EIEC
*h2eghleh2- “affliction”
eg(e)le “disagreeable” Old English
aglo: “affliction” Gothic
aghra: “type of a disease” Avestan
ághra: “affliction” Sanskrit
*h2énghes- appr. “suffering, grief, fear”
angor “fear” Latin
angr “grief, anger” Old Norse
anger English
angust “fear” Old High German
ãzah- “oppression” Avestan
TP: n-infix analogically from verb?
*h2em(H)-y-weh2-
anía: “grief, sorrow, trouble” Greek
ámi:wa: “suffering, sickness” Sanskrit
cf
ama “bother, pester, molest” Old Norse
ami “anguish, torment, vexation” New Icelandic
ámi:ti “torments, presses” Sanskrit
amishkaññe “unpleasant” TokharianB
amishke “bad-tempered, despondent” TokharianB
EIEC: Greek *ami:wa: by dissimilation > *ani:wa:
TP : the other way round, *-nH- > *-m- would suit me better
SNE *naha “to fear”
*nah “fear” East Cushitic
nah- “pity, be startled” Somali
nah- “fear, take pity on” Galla
nah- “be tender hearted” Konso
nah- “be afraid, tremble” Gidole
na- “fear” Burji
Indo-European:
*naH- > na: “to fear, be ashamed”
nahh- “to fear, be in awe,
be cautious” Hittite
nahhan “awe, worship” Hittite
nah-sharatt- “fear, awe” Hittite
na:r “modest, shy” Old Irish
na:(i)re “shame” Old Irish
Dravidian:
*nar- “to fear”
arai “be terrified” Tamil
aruku “be afraid” Tamil
aral(a) “terror, fear” Kannada
aragali “hesitation, doubt” Telugu
ari “fear” Najki
ari “fear” Kolami
nar “fear” Parji
narc- “to fear” Parji
nar “fear” Gadba
nars- “to fear” Gadba
arkara “be terrified” Malto
narring “to flee, run away” Brahui
IENH 568 :
*n[a|ë]?- “to come, go, arrive,
journey, travel, sail” Proto-Nostratic >
*n[e|a|o]?h- “to sail, to set sail” Proto-IndoEuropean
*n[e|a]?h-u-s “ship” Proto-IndoEuropean
*n[a|ë]?- “to come, go, arrive,
journey, travel, sail” Proto-AfroAsiatic
EIEC
*(s)neh2- “swim” (pres. (s)néh2ti)
snaid “swims” Old Irish
no: “swim” Latin
nekho: “swim” Greek
snayeiti “washes” Avestan
snáti “bathes” Sanskrit
na:sk “bathe, swim” TokharianB
*néh2us (gen. nh2uós) “boat”
na:u “boat” Old Irish
noe “boat” Welsh
navis “ship” Latin
no:r “ship” Old Norse
nowend “skipper, sailor” Old English
from *noh2w-on- with "hardened" laryngeal :
nokkui “boat” Old Norse
naca “boat” Old English
nahho “skiff, small boat” Old High German
naûs “(war)ship” Greek
naw “boat” Ossetic
na:u- “boat” Sanskrit
derivatives :
*neh2uiyos
néios “of or belonging to a boat” Greek
na:viya- “navigable” Avestan
na:viya:- “(river) passable
only with a boat,
not wadable” Old Persian
na:vyà- “crossable with a boat” Sanskrit
na: “mill race,
aqueduct consisting
of hollow logs” Khowar
*n-s- “island”
HSED 1852 : *neb- “swim”
nby “swim” Egyptian, pyramids
Vocalic -y
*nyabi- “swim” Central Chadic
nebia “swim” Gulfey
IENH 302 :
*H[a|ë]gy- “to be pressed or weighed down;
to be oppressed;
to be disheartened, distressed,
afflicted, troubled” Proto-Nostratic >
*Hh[e|a]g[h] “to be weighed down,
oppressed, fearful” Proto-IndoEuropean
*H[a|ë]gy- “to be pressed or weighed down;
to be oppressed;
to be disheartened, distressed,
afflicted, troubled” Proto-AfroAsiatic
*ag- “to press firmly, to hold firmly;
to tremble, to fear;
(n) affliction, trouble,
difficulty” Proto-Dravidian
TP:
Angel the brother of Dan, according to the chronicler
Saxo Grammaticus (appr 1170 AD)
Angeln today, landscape in Schleswig from which the
Anglians emigrated to England, according to
Beda Venerabilis; then, possibly the name of
all of Schleswig-Holstein, situated between
Denmark and Saxony.
The importance of Scheswig-Holstein is that it controls the place
where the Jutland peninsula is at its narrowest and hence there
was a strong flow of goods that way, from the North Sea up the
Treene River, over land to the market town of Hedeby, and on the
Schlei inlet to the Baltic. This route was preferred since the
journey around Jutland was dangerous to small ships. Several
places in North America you find "portages", e.g. Portage des
Sioux. These are places where people used to transport goods
from one river system to another. This route across Jutland
peninsula is a portage.
The etymology of "Angeln" has been disputed. One suggestion derives
it from the shape of the Schlei inlet: narrow and winding. Another
(mine, actually) would see the name as designating the place where
the Jutland peninsula is at its narrowest. But suppose there was a
connection between the Naga people and the "Angli"? In that case
the English people would be doomed to roam the seas forever. This
is of course silly, so let's disregard it.
As an aside, Dan and Angel were descendants of a king Skjold (Shield)
who as an infant came to Denmark alone in a ship.
ikari “anchor” Japanese
ikari “anger” Japanese
TP : Is snow = precipitation = pumice, or am I stretching this too far?
Note the Sanskrit use of the sword.
To those that say that an imported religion can't replace such a
commonplace word as "snow", look what happened to the word for
"word", "verbum" in Italian and French "parola", "parole"
(< "parabola"), replaced by a Greek word from the religious manners
of speech of the early Christian communities.
EIEC
*snigwh-s (fem.), *snóigwh-os (masc.) “snow”
snige “drip, flowing” Old Irish
snecht(a)e “snow” Old Irish
*snigwh-
nyf “snow” Welsh
nix, nivis (fem.) “snow” Latin
sna:w “snow” Old English
snow English
sne:(o), sne:wes (masc.) “snow” Old High German
snaiws “snow” Gothic
snaygis “snow” Old Prussian
snie:gas “snow” Lithuanian
snìegs “snow” Latvian
snegu “snow” Old Church Slavonian
nípha (acc.fem.) “snow” Greek
niphás, niphetós “snowstorm”
(pl.) “snowflakes” Greek
zhinij “snow” Shugni
snéha “slime, grease” Sanskrit
sineha- “snow” Prakrit
*snigwhi- or *snigwhen-
*shiñce “snow”
shiñcatstse “snowy” TokharianB
*sneigwh- “to snow”
snigid “rains, snows” Old Irish
nyfio “snows” Welsh
nivit, ninguit “snows” Latin
snýr “snows” Old Norse
sni:wan “snows” Old English
sni:wan “snows” Old High German
snie:ga, snie:gti
(sniñga, snigti) “snows” Lithuanian
snieg, snigt “snows” Latvian
osnezheitî “snows” Old Church Slavonian
neíphei “snows” Greek
snae:zhaiti “snows” Avestan
sneháyati “causes to fall(?)” Sanskrit
a-snih-at (aorist) “remain lying(?)” Sanskrit
No evidence for s-mobile TP: ?
niha-ka “snow-storm” Sanskrit
is therefore not cognate
ninctu Umbrian
uncertain interpretation, TP (?),
should have s- TP (?)
GCALLE
n,aq-r “snow” Gil
Algonquian-Ritwan:
*mexkwamya “ice” Proto-Algonquian
Salishan:
máqa? “snow” Squamish
méqe id. Cowichan
n,áqe? id. Clallam
*muq&- “rain; hail” Proto-Chukchi
EIEC
Fire under the water:
*Hngwnis “fire” [note the n!]
ignis “fire” Latin
ùgnis “fire” Lithuanian
uguns “fire” Latvian
ognî “fire” Old Church Slavonian
ogónî “fire” Russian
agní- “fire” Sanskrit
The fire in the water is an important
Proto-IndoEuropean theme.
Several of the myths suggest that the unsuccessful
approach to the deity resulted in the formation of
(three) rivers, real or mythical.
*Hóngl ( - ?*Héngo:l) “charcoal”
Old root noun in -l, n-infix?
aingeal “fire” New Irish
anglis “charcoal” Old Prussian
anglis “charcoal” Lithuanian
ùogle “charcoal” Latvian
öglî “charcoal” Old Church Slavonian
úgolî “coal” Russian
PMA
naka- “sea-monster” Hawai'i
ngata- “snake” Samoa
nganga- “house-lizard” Marquesas
niha- “snake” Buro
ngu- “snake” Thai
ngua- “snake” Sek
ngi- “snake” Ong-Be
ngi- “snake” Laqua
nge- “snake” Dioi
ngata- “snake, worm” Indonesia
nguak- “dragon, crocodile” Thai
ngata- “snake” Makatea, Mele, Futuna
NN
neak “snake” Khmer
DMSM
nàik “mythical serpent,
possessing superhuman
powers, Na:ga” Mon
"(na:k < Sanskrit, Prakit na:ga)"
nàik prèa “female Na:ga, Na:gini” Mon
NN
neke “snake” Maori
"English loan"
Dictionaries make a point of telling you that these words are
loans. They offer no evidence for that claim.
PMA
nah “to tie”, also
naddhe “cord” Sanskrit
IENH 559 :
*n[a|ë]r'y- “to turn, twist together” Proto-Nostratic >
*n(e|o)t'- “to turn, twist together,
tie, bid” Proto-IndoEuropean
nd “string, thread” Egyptian, AfroAsiatic
EIEC
*ned- “knot”
naiscid “binds” Old Irish
naidm(m) “bond” Old Irish
necto: “knot, bind” Latin
("influenced by pect- “comb (wool)”"?)
no:dus “knot” Latin
nassa (< *nd-teh2-?) “weel,
wickertrap for fish” Latin
no:t “net” Old Norse
nett “net” Old English
net English
nez(z)i “net” Old High German
nati “net” Gothic
(
perhaps also
nest “needle, clasp” Old Norse
nostle “fillet, band” Old English
nestila “brooch” Old High German
nust “connection” Old High German
)
naska (< *nad-ska) “bundle” Avestan
náhyati “bind” Sanskrit
("-dh- from badh-" ?)
*ned- “nettle”
nenaid “nettle” Middle Irish
dynat “nettle” Middle Welsh
"Celtic *ninati- with assimilation in Welsh"
netele “nettle” Old English
nettle English
nezzila (< nod-il-eh2-) “nettle” Old High German
nazza “nettle” Old High German
ádíke (< nd-ik-eh2- ) “nettle” Greek
noatis “nettle” Old Prussian
no:tere “nettle” Lithuanian
na:tre “nettle” Latvian
na:t “nettle” Slovene
('t' instead of 'd' in Baltic and Slavic unexplained)
From nettles can be obtained fibres, which can be used for weaving
cloth. They have been recovered from a Bronze Age tomb in Denmark,
and were also used for cloth in Denmark in the textile (and
otherwise) shortage in WWII.
TP :
Presumably they have been used also for sewing, so that a connection
with *neH- “sew” is possible.
EIEC
*h3nobh- “navel, nave”
nof “nave of wheel” Old Norse
nafu “nave” Old English
naba “nave” Old High German
nabis “navel, nave” Old Prussian
naba “navel” Latvian
nábhya- “nave” Sanskrit
aniw “wheel” Armenian
imbliu “navel” Old Irish
umbilicus “navel” Latin
umbo “boss on shield” Latin
nafli “navel” Old Norse
nafela “navel” Old English
nabalo “navel” Old High German
amban “belly” Old High German
omphalós “navel, boss of shield” Greek
ná:bhi “navel” Sanskrit
“navel” is often a derivative of “nave”
PMA
nake, naki- “to tie, knot, bind” Polynesia
nati- “to tie” Tahiti
naga “tree” Sanskrit
TP
This is as close as I can get to that Naga tree. I assume an
underlying idea such as "vertical line". Spear tree? cf.
IELL
*derw- “tree” Proto-IndoEuropean
dervo- “a tree” Gaulish
dóru “spear, tree” Greek
taru- “tree, trees” Hittite
dáru “tree” Sanskrit
taru- “spear” Thracian
UUASI
alk “spear, generic classifier for spears,
spear parts and some trees important in
spear industry (root: /alka/;
ergative/locative: alka-nhdh)” Uw Oykangand
inh alk (meat cl) “porcupine [echidna] quill” Uw Oykangand
alk alaw “spear rod”,
“spear rod tree, Cordia myxa” Uw Oykangand
EIEC
?*H1negh-es- appr. “spear”
nozhi (< *H1nogh-yo-) “knife” Old Church Slavonian
engkos (?< *H1enghes-) “spear” Greek
nes(s) “wound” Old Irish
from *H1negh- “stab”
IEW
*nogwo- or *nagwo- “tree”?
naga- “tree, mountain” Sanskrit
nokkui “boat” Old Icelandic
nahho “boat” Old High German
naco “boat” Old Saxon
naca “boat” Old English
PMA
Naga- name of tree
(Narra, Philippine Mahogany)
Philippines
naga- “tree” Malua Bay, Lingarak
nega- “tree” Petarmur, Vao
nige- “tree” Rerep, Unua
nege- “tree” Litzlitz
nagai- “tree” Vartavo, Lepaxsivir, Port Sandwich
negai- “tree” Maxbaxo
naka- “tree” Tonga, Makura
nakau- “tree” Woraviu, Sesake, Nguna, Pwele
IENH 312 :
*gw[a|ë]n- “to hit, strike, slay,
kill, wound, harm, injure” Proto-Nostratic >
*gw(e|o)n- “to hit, strike, slay,
kill, wound, hurt” Proto-IndoEuropean
*gw[a|ë]n- “to hit, strike, slay,
kill, wound, harm, injure” Proto-AfroAsiatic
EIEC
*gwhen- (pres. *gwhénti) “strike”
*gwhóneye/o-
gonaid “wounds, strikes” Old Irish
de:-fendo: “protect” Latin
gunn-r “combat” Old Norse
guntwei “drive (cattle)” Old Prussian
genù “drive (cattle), hunt” Lithuanian
geniù “prune (trees),
trim (a hedge)” Lithuanian
dzenu “drive cattle” Latvian
zhenõ “drive cattle” Old Church Slavonian
gonjõ “pursue” Old Church Slavonian
zhijõ “harvest, cut” Old Church Slavonian
gon “a drive, a hunt” Russian
theíno “strike” Greek
phónos “murder” Greek
apéphato “died”
(< *'was struck down”) Greek (Hesychius)
jnem “strike” Armenian
ganem “strike” Armenian
kue:nzi “strikes” Hittite
jainti “strikes” Avestan
hánti “strikes” Sanskrit
*gwhn-ske/o-
käsk- “scatter (violently)” TokharianB
CAIEH 11
*ghwen- “strike, kill” Proto-IndoEuropean
*bunuq Proto-Austronesian
bunoq “war” Tagalog
bunu “kill” Toba
bunoh “kill” Mal.
vuno “kill” Mer.
hunu “slaughter” Saa
TP :
cf the traditional description of the mythical dragon-slayer:
áhann áhim “he slew the serpent” Sanskrit
janat azhim “he slew the serpent” Avestan
*(H1e)gwhent H1ógwhim “he slew the serpent” Proto-IndoEuropean
or
*H1egwhent H1éngwhim ?
i.e. originally something like *H-gw-n- H-n-gw- ? That would be
aesthetically pleasing (I think, I haven't been a Proto-
AustroIndoEuropean bard).
AG:
BEND 1.
*kun[k,q], “bend” PAustric
*(n)kun[k,q] id. PAA
*du(?)ku? “bend, curve” PAN (ACD)
*(n)ku? Mon-Khmer
kong koi “back of neck” Bahnar (PB)
cung kiêng ti “elbow” Chrau
kung kíng kóng id. Sedang
trùang gung “curved” Jeh
makóng “arm” Katu
kong id. Rengao
kun /ko?/ “to bend, curve” Khmer
cúng “to bend as to
make a fishhook” Pacoh
ticong “neck” Pacoh
ku? “to bend” Pearic
kóng “arm, hand” Sedang
cung “bow” Vietnamese
*inku? > *ju? Mon-Khmer
jung “curved” Rengao
Munda: None
Comment: Cf AT*[i](?)kuk, *[i](?)ku? “bend/bent, arched, crooked”
Previously compared with PAN
(D38) *hi?kuk “bent, crooked” and
(B173) *(C,t,T)iku? “bend, curve”
Note that in the ACD, Blust cites the AN roots
*-ku(q) “bend, curve”,
*-kuk “bent, hunched over”, and
*-ku? “bend, curve”
At the PAustric level, the “bend, curve” root was probably
*kV, with *kuk and *kuq suffixed derivatives thereof.
Affixation of the latter produced *kunk and *kunq, whence *ku?.
Last updated: 11/22/01
Published: A1:169 as *(n)kuk, *kunk, *kunk[eq]
IELL
eban, ebanen “died, was buried” Iberian
UUASI :
agngar “devil, ghost, kwinkan; white man” Uw Olkola,
Uw Oykangand
ajen “kill” Uw Olkola
angaw “freshwater crocodile” Uw Ilbmbanhdiy,
Uw Oykangand
abm “man, person, generic classifier
for all human beings
(root: /abma/; ergative/locative: abma-l)”
Uw Oykangand
ing (man cl):
abm ing “ghost sp.” Uw Olkola,
Uw Oykangand
Anhanggaw undetermined language and
group name, about Laura Uw Olkola
Anhangkaw undetermined language and
group name, about Laura Uw Oykangand
anngul “hand, finger” Uw Olkola
anychunggal “bend” Uw Oykangand
anyin “fishing net” Uw Oykangand
anyumb “throat” Uw Oykangand,
Uw Ilbmbanhdiy
engawal “image, breath” Uw Olkola,
Uw Oykangand,
Uw Ilbmbanhdiy
engawal “spirit” Uw Olkola,
Uw Oykangand
angangal “spirit” Uw Ilbmbanhdiy
engawal “body” Uw Ilbmbanhdiy
enggar “body” Uw Olkola
engkar “body; laboured breathing,
breathing slowly” Uw Oykangand
engomang “cloud; image, spirit;
shade, shadow” Uw Olkola,
Uw Oykangand
oneg “neck” Uw Olkola,
Uw Oykangand
inh generic classifier for mammals,
birds and reptiles Uw Oykangand
inh onyel “snake skin” Uw Olkola
inh onychel “snake skin” Uw Oykangand
onychar “tree” Uw Olkola
algal “shooting star” Uw Olkola
algal “straight” Uw Oykangand
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