*Y.-r-g- “maintain”
from IELS: rex
Rex, which is attested only in Italic, Celtic, and Indic - that
is at the Western and Eastern extremeties of the Indo-European
world, belongs to a very ancient group of terms relating to
religion and law. The connexion of Latin rego with Gr. orégo:
“extend in a straight line” (the o- being phonologically
explainable), the examination of the old uses of reg- in Latin
(e.g. in regere fines, e regione, rectus, rex sacrorum)
suggests that the rex, properly more of a priest than a king
in the modern sense, was the man who had authority to trace out
the sites of towns and to determine the rules of law.
TP's commentary:
or it belongs to a very ancient group of terms having to do with
navigation which were introduced by invaders arriving from the east
into exactly those Western and Eastern extremeties of the IE area
because they have a coastline.
IELS
regio “region, the point reached
in a straight line” Latin
e regione “at the straight point, opposite” Latin
regio “the point reached by a straight
line traced out on the ground
or in the sky,
the space enclosed between such
straight lines drawn in
different directions” Latin, in the
language of augury
rectus “straight as the line which
one draws” Latin, in the
language of augury
regula “the instrument used to trace
the straight line” Latin, in the
language of augury
regere fines “trace out the limits by
straight lines” Latin, in the
language of augury
This is the operation carried out by the high priest before a
temple or a town is built and it consists in the delimitation
on a given terrain of a sacred plot of ground. The magical
character of this operation is evident: what is involved is
the delimitation of the interior and the exterior, the realm
of the sacred and the realm of the profane, the national
territory and foreign territory. The tracing of these limits
is carried out by the person invested with the highest powers,
the "rex".
...
Opposed to the "straight" in the moral order is what is “twisted,
bent”. Hence "straight" is equivalent to "just", "honest", while
its contrary "twisted, bent" is identified with "perfidious",
"mendacious", etc.
TP:
I should be very surprised if that crookedness is not related to
that horrible serpent, *H-n-g-, again.
IELS
This set of ideas is already Indo-European. To Latin 'rectus'
corresponds the Gothic adjective 'raiht-s', which translates
Greek 'euthús' “straight”; further the Old Persian 'ra:sta'
which qualifies the noun 'the way' in this injunction:
'Do not desert the straight way'.
PMA
raja “king, prince, lord” Sanskrit
ravi “sun” Sanskrit
raj “to shine” Sanskrit, also
rajas “space” Sanskrit, from
raj “to spread out, stretch” also
loka “world, space, people”
rajas “energy, activity” Sanskrit
raj “to rule” Sanskrit
IENH 428:
*?[a|ë]r-ag- “to climb on, to mount;
to rise, to be lifted up;
to lift up, to raise” Proto-Nostratic >
*(e|o)rg[h]- “to climb on, to mount;
to rise, to become puffed up” Proto-IndoEuropean
*?org[h]i- “testicle” (< “puffed up, swollen”) Proto-IndoEuropean
*?[a|ë]r[a|e]g- “to climb on, to mount;
to rise, to ascend” Proto-AfroAsiatic
*ark- “to climb, to mount an animal,
to rise, to get puffed up” Proto-Dravidian
Altaic
ergü-, örgü- “to lift up, to raise” Mongolian
ürgü- “to lift” Buriat (Alar dialect)
ïrge- “to lift” Buriat (Khori dialect)
IENH 591:
*r[a|ë]k'- “to stretch, extend, draw out” Proto-Nostratic >
*r(e|o)k'- “to stretch, extend, draw out” Proto-IndoEuropean
*r[a|ë]k'- “to stretch, extend, draw out” Proto-AfroAsiatic
IENH 599:
*r(a|ë)q'- “to observe, watch,
regard attentively;
to supervise, control” Proto-Nostratic >
*r(e|o)k'- (lengthened grade *r(e:|o:)k'-)
“to observe, watch,
watch for, care for” Proto-IndoEuropean
*req'- “to drive (cattle)” Proto-Kartvelian
*r(a|ë)k- “to observe, watch,
regard attentively;
to supervise, control” Proto-AfroAsiatic
IENH 600:
*r(a|ë)k[h]- “to put together,
put in order, arrange” Proto-Nostratic
*r(e|o)k[h]- “to put together,
put in order, arrange” Proto-IndoEuropean
*rakkæ- “to put together,
put in order, arrange” Proto-FinnoUgric
VISW
*Y.-r-
*or- Proto-IndoEuropean
*or-t- participle
o:rto “rose, went up” Greek
ortus (particpl.) Latin
ortus (noun) (gen. ortu:s) Latin
art Middle High German
von arde (ho:he erborn)
“according to ancestry” Middle High German
*or-i-
ori:ri “rise, arise,
come into existence” Latin
ori:go “origin” Latin
*Y.-r- Proto-AfroAsiatic
*Y.-r-d- , -d- corresponding to the Indo-European participial -t-
Y.arada (perf.) “(a plant, a tree, a canine tooth,
a camel's tush) came forth” Arabic
*Y.-r-g-
Y.arga (intr.) “rose, went up” Ethiopian
Y.araga (trans.) “he ascended, mounted
(the stair, the ladder)” Arabic
ma-Y.ragun,
mi-Y.ra:gun “a ladder,
a series of steps or stairs” Arabic
*Y.-r-
*or- Proto-IndoEuropean
*or-d
ordo “row, order” Latin
ordéo: “start a weaving” Greek
ex-ordior “start a weaving” Latin
ordior “order by row, sew, begin” Latin
*Y.-r-A , transitive *Y.aráA >
*re:- Proto-IndoEuropean
reju (inf. reti) “put in order,
place wood in layers” Lithuanian
*ra-, reduced in participle
rodh (fem.) “row” Old Norse
rat (fem.) “row, line” Middle High German
*Y.-r- Proto-AfroAsiatic
*Y.-r-k-
Y.a:rakh “order (e.g. the firewood on the altar),
build” Hebrew
Y.èrækh, Y.ærk- “ordering into layers” Hebrew
Y.èrækh, Y.ærk- “order” New Hebrew
Y.ari:kha: “ordering” New Hebrew
Y.erikhu:th “order” New Hebrew
*Y.-r-m- niph. “be heaped” Hebrew
Y.a:ram “to heap” New Hebrew
Y.aramatun “a quantity of reaped
corn collected together,
a heap of dung” Arabic
Y.are:ma: “heap (of cereal,
fruit, rubble)” Hebrew
Y.are:ma: “heap of cereal” New Hebrew
Y.are:mtha: “heap of cereal” Judeo-Aramaic
*Y.-r-k-
or-g-, org- “reach, direct” Proto-IndoEuropean
oréknumi, orégo “reach” Greek
*r-g- Proto-Indouropean
rego “direct” Latin
e:-rigo “erect” Latin
rikan “to heap” Gothic
rogus “heap (of combustible material), pyre” Latin
ra:zajeiti “points, sets straight, sets in order” Avestan
ham-ra:zajeite: “stretches (himself) out, reaches up” Median
with n-infix
rnjá-ti “stretches himself” Sanskrit
rakkr “upright” Old Norse
rekkja “bed” Old Norse
*Y.-r-sh- < Y.-r-k- Proto-AfroAsiatic
Y.ars^uN,
Y.ari:s^uN “wooden structure, tabernacle
constructed of wood and thuma:m herb
(Panicum dichotonum, used by the
Arabs to cover their huts), a booth
or a shed, or thing constructed
for the shade” Arabic
Y.ars^uN “a structure of wood built at the head
of a well (forming a shade), the bier
of a corpse, a (king's) throne” Arabic
ers^u,
irs^u “bedstead, bed” Assyrian
Y.æræsh “bed, bier” Hebrew
Y.æræs “bed” New Hebrew
Y.arså: “bed” Syriac
Y.arsa: “bed, bier” Judeo-Aramaic
Y.ari:shun “the elevated structure made for a
grape-vine, of sticks or pieces
of wood” Arabic
Y.ari:sh “tabernacle, shed for shade” Ethiopian
Y.arasha “he built a building of wood,
he constructed or built what is
called an Y.ari:sh > he built
(al-bayta, the house)” Arabic
Y.arrasha II “he made (al-Garsha),
he roofed (al-bayta, the house)
and raised the building (thereof)” Arabic
V “he became settled (bi-l-baladi,
in the country or town)” Arabic
Y.-r-s “put on spalier” New Hebrew
Y.arsela: “guard hut” Judeo-Aramaic
EIEC
*H3régs (gen. H3régos) - H3rég-on “ruler, king”
H3régs
ri:
(gen. ri:g) “king” Old Irish
-rix “king” Gaulish
re:x “king” Latin
Resos name of mythic king Thracian
b&r&zi-ra:z “ruling in the heights” Avestan
kathi-ra:ysa, appr.
“mayor” (< “town-ruler”) Khotanese
*raz(i)-puthra >
rra:s-pu:ra “prince” Khotanese
*raz(i)-dugdar >
rra:s-duar “princess” Khotanese
ra:j- “king” Sanskrit
sam-ra:j- “overlord” Sanskrit
*H3rég-on
ri:gain “queen” Old Irish
*ri:gani- >
rhiain “maiden” Welsh
*re:gni:-na:- >
re:gi:na “queen” Latin
rra:ysan- “lord, ruler” Khotanese
rri:na “queen” Khotanese
ra:jan- “king” Sanskrit
ra:jni- “queen” Sanskrit
sam-ra:jni- “wife of an overlord” Sanskrit
ra:janyá- “royal” Sanskrit
*H3rég-yo-m “kingdom, power”
ri:ge “kingdom” Old Irish
*ra:zya >
ra:s^a- “power, might” Khotanese
ra:jyam “kingdom” Sanskrit
*H3rég-yo-s “royal”
re:gius “royal” Latin
ra:jyá- “royal” Sanskrit
EIEC
*H3reg- “move in a straight line; extend, stretch”
rigid “stretches” Old Irish
ro(d)i “gives” Middle Welsh
rego: “direct in a straight line” Latin
rekja “stretch, spread out” Old Norse
reccan “stretch out; be concerned about” Old English
reck English
rec(c)han “stretch out” Old High German
uf-rakjands
(pres. part.) “reaching out, extending” Gothic
rézhti “stretch” Lithuanian
rie:zt “stretches up” Latvian
orégo “stretch” Greek
hargana:u- “palm, sole” Hittite
kheiros oregnús “stretching out the hands” Greek
ra:zayeiti “adjusts, arranges” Avestan
rñjati / rjyati “stretches, stretches out” Sanskrit
räk- “strech out, cover” TokharianAB
*H3regtos “right”
recht “law, authority” Old Irish
re:ctus (adj.) “right” Latin
re:tt-r “right, law, legal claim” Old Norse
re:tti “direction” Old Norse
re:tta “rule, land” Old Norse
riht “right” Old English
right English
reht “right, justice” Old High German
raiht-s “right” Gothic
raihtis (adv.) “indeed, rightly” Gothic
orektós “stretched out” Greek
ras^ta- “right, straight” Avestan
TP
riki “realm, kingdom” Old Norse
RVCFRN
ravi “sun” Sanskrit
areg-akn “sun”,
lit. “eye of the sun” Armenian
arew “sun” Armenian
HSED 2088: *ra' “sun, god”
r´ “sun, Sun-god” Egyptian
(pyramids)
*re: “sun, Sun-god” Coptic
ri “sun, Sun-god” Akhmimian
re: “sun, Sun-god” Bohairian
re: “sun, Sun-god” Sahidic
*rayi- < *raHi- “sun” West Chadic
ri “sun” Geji
are “sun” Sha
*raH- “sun, god” East Chadic
ra “sun, god” Mokilko
ra:ya “sun, god” Bidiya
Possibly related to
*ray'- “daylight” Semitic
ray'- “daylight” Arabic
'ry “sky” Egyptian
(Greek papyri)
HSED 2077: *ra?-/*raw-/*ray- “be, become, make”
Consonantal alternation *-?- ~ *-w- ~ *-y-
( TP: or possibly metathesis ?r > r?)
ìry “be, do, make” Egyptian
Old Kingdom
*?iri “be, do, make” Coptic
ili “be, do, make” Fayumian
eire “be, do, make” Akhmimian
iri “be, do, make” Bohairian
eire “be, do, make” Sahidic
*ra?-/*raw- West Chadic
ra “become” Gwandara
ro “work” Bokkos
*ray- “become, build” Central Chadic
re, rey “become, build” Lame
*riy- East Chadic
orriye “become” Dangla
riyo “work, make” Dangla
riy “work, make” Bidiya
Secondary *i before *y.
*ra?- “stay, remain” Rift
ra?- “stay, remain” Asa
raw- “stay, remain” Dahalo
possibly (from the sense “stretch” or “survey”)
HSED 122: *?orah- “road, way”
*?urah- “way” Semitic
?urhu,
?arhu “way” Akkadian
?o:rah “way” Hebrew
?rh “way” Aramaic
(Emp, Palm)
?u:rha: “way” Aramaic (Syr)
'whr? “way” Aramaic (Mand)
?urh “way” Aramaic (NAram)
*?wara- < *?waraH- “road” West Chadic
ar “road” Sura
ar “road” Angas
war “road” Ankwe
?araw “road” Kulere
*-H- is. probably, preserved as -w- in Klr but lost elsewhere
*?war- “road” East Chadic
?oora “road” Bidiya
An alternative reconstruction could be *waHar- with a
metathesis and a regular contraction of *-waHa- > Bidiya -oo-
*?or- “road” Highland East
Cushitic
ora “road” Darasa
No traces of the laryngeal
*?uruw “path, way” Rift
uruwa “path, way” Gorowa
Secondary formation in -uwa. The loss of laryngeal in
Rift is irregular.
CELR VIII 103:
*yar “do, make” East Chadic
*ray “build” Central Chadic
ìry “do, make” Egyptian
CELR VIII 105:
*rid.- “do, make” West Chadic
rdy “do, make” Egyptian
RWc:
sarge:l “ruler (tool, not person)” Hebrew
regel, ragl- “foot (body part)” Hebrew
sirge:l “to draw straight lines” Hebrew
NEW:
rak “reach” (of river) Dutch
rekken “stretch” Dutch
EHWL:
cf. Benveniste above on “rex”
aritimi,
artume,
artam, artms,
artumes,
arthem Artemis, goddess of
spells and prophecy Etruscan
arth “to section or subdivide” Etruscan
arthe velna “one who severs, cuts off” Etruscan
artna “limb, member, part” Etruscan
artna mem[p]ru “one who subdivides in parts” Etruscan
arta “breaker, smasher” >
“carpenter (Vulcan)” Etruscan
artile “one who articulates, artisan” Etruscan
KI:
ragam “manner, way, fashion”,
“kind, sort, type”,
“melody”,
“color” Indonesian
rakit “raft; bamboo-floor” Indonesian
berakit “closely linked (joined)” Indonesian
merakit “connect, tie, join”,
“make up, devise, contrive” Indonesian
rangka “skeleton”,
“draft, scheme” Indonesian
rangka dada “thorax, chest” Indonesian
merangkakan “to design” Indonesian
rangkai “bunch” Indonesian
serangkai “associated, connected. linked” Indonesian
berangkai-rangkai “[inter-]connected,
linked in a row” Indonesian
merangkai[kan] “join, connect, link, combine” Indonesian
[pe]rangkaian “connection, link, chain;
series, collection;
structure, scheme” Indonesian
CAD 19.320:
a:ri “king, ruler” Isnag
*ha:zi Proto-Hesperonesian
ha:ri? id. Tagalog
hari? id. Sarangani Blaan
ratu id. Javanese
ratu id. Sika
latu id. Kwanera
ari?i id. Tahitian
?ariki id. Rapanui
PMS
lugal “king” Sumerian
PMA
rahu- “king” Philippines
raha- “respected married elder” Arosi
araha- “chief, ruler” common Melanesian
rato- “elder” Solomon Is.
mae-raha- “chief” Wango
rato- “chief” Arosi
ratu- “master, lord” Fiji
ratu- “chief, noble” Java
latu- “master builder” Samoa
ra'atira- “chief” Tahiti
lakan- “chief, lord” Tagalog
ma-raja- “important person” Orang Besar
toma-raya- “king” Sekol
datu- “chief, leader” common Philippines,
Indonesia
PMA
lakas- “energy, strength, strong” Philippines
lakwa- “quickly” Melanesia
laki- “great” SE Papuan
rakahi'a- “to heat, warm” Are'are
raka- “to be powerful magically” Are'are
raka- “to make fire” Solomon Is.
laki- “fire” Motu
lake- “fire” Vaturana
raka “excessive, overly hot” Ulawa
rakahi- “excessive” Wango
rakahi- “to heat, melt” Ulawa
a-raka- “fire” Suki
PMA
raya “to be great, large” Indonesia
ra, raa, la- “distant in space or time” common Oceanic
laki- “largeness” Philippines
lakihan- “to enlarge” Philippines
loki- “large” Vaturana
lagay- “place, position, fix” Philippines
lugal- “place” Philippines
laganap- “widespread” Philippines
lagalag- “roving, wandering” Tagalog
latag- “spread over, extended” Philippines
lata- “large, wide” Marino
lokwo- “large, spacious” Ngwatua
lakwoa- “large, spacious” Lolsiwoi
latlat- “to spread out” Proto-Philippine
rita- “to spread out” Proto-Malaitan
reten- “to stretch out” Proto-Austronesian
ruqan, ruqar- “space, open space” Proto-Austronesian
rangi, langi- “sky, heavens, space, wind” common Austronesian
lagi- “sky, heavens” Nanumea
laki- “man, male”, rarely “mankind” common Austronesian
laqi- “offspring” Atayal
PMA
a-rahaa,
a-lahaa- “to rule” common Melanesian
lavak (pa-)- “to rule” Paiwan
ari (mag-)- “to rule” Tagalog
TP:
But what is the connection with *l-w-k- “light”?
and *H-r-k- “sun, silver, gold, fire”?
TP:
Possibly, with a d-preformative:
SSIRG:
*trek(k)a- “drag, pull” (TP: by two?) Proto-Germanic
trechen id. Middle High German
treka id. Old Frisian
trecken id. Middle Dutch, Middle Low German
trek id. Dutch
TP:
Possibly, with an s-preformative:
SSIRG:
*strak[ki]je- Proto-Germanic
strekkja “stretch, reach” Old Norse
strecchen,
strecken id. Old High German
streccean id. Old English
strecken id. German
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