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Marijuana's harms have been proved scientifically. In the 1960s and 1970s, many people believed that marijuana was harmless. Today we know that marijuana is much more dangerous than previously believed.

'Every single scientific study that has been done in the last several years shows alarming increases in the toxicity and danger of using marijuana.' -- President Bill Clinton, remarks at signing of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1994, Framington, MA (20 October 1994).

Parents ...who used marijuana a generation ago ...need to ...realize ...that research has shown the drug to be far more dangerous ...than was known in the 1960s and 1970s.' -- 'Marijuana for the Sick,' New York Times (30 December 1996), p. A14.

'New research tools, including sophisticated brain scanners and methods for studying the brain's system of chemical messengers ...provide new insights on the often subtle effects [of] marijuana.' -- Earl Lane, 'Reefer Madness Revisited Newsday (3 September 1996), p. B21.

'There are over ten thousand documented studies available that confirm the harmful physical and Psychological effects of smoking marijuana.' -- California Narcotic Officers' Association, Marijuana is NOT a Medicine, Santa Clarita, CA (1996).

'Whatever you may have heard or thought about marijuana in the '60s, '70s, and '80s, forget it.' -- 'Taking the Cover Off Pot,' Washington Post, (7 December 1995), p. A24.


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In 1972, after reviewing the scientific evidence, the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse concluded that while marijuana was not entirely safe, its dangers had been grossly overstated. Since then, researchers have conducted thousands of studies of humans, animals, and cell cultures. None reveal any findings dramatically different from those described by the National Commission in 1972. In 1995, based on thirty years of scientific research, editors of the British medical journal Lancet concluded that 'the smoking of cannabis, even long term, is not harmful to health.'


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Marijuana has no medicinal value. Safer, more effective drugs are available, including a synthetic version of THC, marijuana's primary active ingredient, which is marketed in the United States under the name Marinol.

'There is no evidence to prove marijuana's use in chemotherapy. There are numerous alternative drugs that obviate the need to even pursue research on the subject.' -- Drug Enforcement Administration, Drug Legalization: Myths and Misconceptions, Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice (1994), p.49.

'Smoking pot does not qualify as a medicine. . . . The marijuana as medicine issue is a carefully orchestrated campaign ...by aging hippies, lawyers, and marijuana users who are imposing a cruel hoax on sick and dying people.' -- Robert E. Peterson, The Marijuana as Medicine Scam, Lansing, MI: Michigan Office of Drug Control Policy (undated).

'Considering the known effects of marijuana on short - term memory, it seems probable that marijuana would impair . . . the patient's ability to remember to take other lifesaving . . . medicines.' -- Richard A. Schwartz & Eric A. Voth, 'Marijuana as Medicine: Making a Silk Purse Out of a Sow's Ear,' Journal of Addictive Diseases 14:15-21 (1995).

'The pro-drug lobby exploits the suffering of patients with chronic illness ...as part of a strategy to legalize marijuana for general use.' -- Drug Watch International, By Any Modern Medical Standard, Marijuana is No Medicine, Omaha (undated).

'There could be no worse message to young people....Just when the nation is trying its hardest to educate teenagers not to use psychoactive drugs, now they are being told that marijuana [is a] medicine.' -- Barry McCaffrey, Director of National Drug Control Policy, Office of National Drug Control Policy Press Release, Washington DC (15 November 1996).


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Marijuana has been shown to be effective in reducing nausea induced by cancer chemotherapy, stimulating appetite in AIDS patients, and reducing intraocular pressure in people with glaucoma. There is also appreciable evidence that marijuana reduces muscle spasticity in patients with neurological disorders. A synthetic THC capsule is available by prescription, but it is not as effective as smoked marijuana for many patients. Pure THC may also produce more unpleasant psychoactive side effects than smoked marijuana. Many people use marijuana as a medicine today, despite its illegality. In doing so, they risk arrest and imprisonment.


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Marijuana is highly addictive. Long-term marijuana users experience physical dependence and withdrawal, and often need professional drug treatment to break their marijuana habits.

'There is a demand for marijuana-specific treatment that is currently unmet. Marijuana dependence is a challenge that does not pale in comparison to other dependencies, as many people think.' -- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 'Marijuana Treatments Involving Social Support or Relapse Prevention Appear to Reduce Chronic Drug Use,' NIDA Notes 5,2 (1990), p.16.

'Studies show that after abruptly stopping marijuana use, the long-term heavy pot user may develop signs and symptoms of withdrawal.' -- Neil Swan, 'A Look at Marijuana's Harmful Effects,' NIDA Notes 9,2 (1994) p.16.

'In 1993, over 100,000 people entering drug treatment programs reported marijuana as their primary drug of abuse, showing they need help to stop.' -- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Marijuana: What Parents Need to Know, Rockville, MD (1995), p.19.


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Most people who smoke marijuana smoke it only occasionally. A small minority of Americans - less than 1 percent - smoke marijuana on a daily or near daily basis. An even smaller minority develop dependence on marijuana. Some people who smoke marijuana heavily and frequently stop without difficulty. Others seek help from drug treatment professionals. Marijuana does not cause physical dependence. If people experience withdrawal symptoms at all, they are remarkably mild.


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Marijuana is a gateway drug. Even if marijuana itself causes minimal harm, it is a dangerous substance because it leads to the use of 'harder drugs' like heroin, LSD, and cocaine.

'Marijuana use is on the rise. . . . These findings are especially alarming since the use of marijuana - the most widely used drug - often leads to the use of other, more dangerous drugs.' -- Join Together, Monthly Action Kit: Increase in Marijuana Use Among Young People, Boston, (1995).

'Children who have used marijuana are 85 times likelier to use cocaine than children who have not used marijuana.' -- Center on Addiction & Substance Abuse, Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana: Gateways to Illicit Drugs New York (1994), p.9.

'It appears that the biochemical changes induced by marijuana in the brain result in a drug-seeking, drug-taking behavior, which in many instances will lead the user to experiment with other pleasurable substances.' -- Gabriel Nahas, Keep Off the Grass Middlebury, VT: Paul S. Eriksson (1990), p. xxiii.

'Since marijuana use, harmful as it is in its own right, is often a prelude to the use of other drugs ...[it is] doubly disastrous.' -- Senator Orrin Hatch, Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings, Teenage Drug Use (4 September 1996).

'Although marijuana is not as addictive or toxic as cocaine...smoking marijuana - or seeing others smoke marijuana - might make some individuals more disposed to use other drugs.' -- Andrew L. Chalsma & David Boyum, Marijuana Situation Assessment, Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy (1994), p. 5.


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Marijuana does not cause people to use hard drugs. What the gateway theory presents as a causal explanation is a statistical association between common and uncommon drugs, an association that changes over time as different drugs increase and decrease in prevalence. Marijuana is the most popular illegal drug in the United States today. Therefore, people who have used less popular drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, and LSD, are likely to have also used marijuana. Most marijuana users never use any other illegal drug. Indeed, for the large majority of people, marijuana is a terminus rather than a gateway drug.


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Marijuana offenses are not severely punished. Few marijuana law violators are arrested and hardly anyone goes to prison. This lenient treatment is responsible for marijuana's continued availability and use.

'Marijuana enforcement has become far too lax. . . . Marijuana felons must face greater odds of arrest and incarceration.' -- Robert E. Peterson, The success of Tough Drug Enforcement, Vestal, NY: Performance Accountability Evaluations (1996), p.iv.

'The lax treatment has allowed criminals to use and traffic in marijuana with impunity.' -- Robert E. Pierre, 'Marijuana's Violent Side,' Washington Post (24 September 1996), p.1.

'There have to be meaningful consequences when people pollute our young people with marijuana. Right now, we are not doing a good job.' -- Patrick McGowan, Minnesota Sheriff, quoted in 'Too Easy on Drugs, Bennett Tells,' The Sacramento Bee (19 June 1990), p.1.

Marijuana is how this country got into this [drug] problem in the first place. . . . Possession of less than one ounce of marijuana . . . [is often] classed a minor infraction. . . . I believe this is far too lenient.' -- William Bennett, Director of National Drug Control Policy, quoted in 'Too Easy on Drugs, Bennett Tells,' The Sacramento Bee (19 June 1990), p.1.

'It's time to get tough with those who sell marijuana to our most vulnerable citizens - children. . . . Clearly, we should be as tough on marijuana dealers as we are on heroin and cocaine pushers.' -- Senator Mitch McConnell, Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings, Teenage Drug Use (4 September 1996).


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Marijuana arrests in the united states doubled between 1991 and 1995. In 1995, more than one-half-million people were arrested for marijuana offenses. Eighty-six percent of them were arrested for marijuana possession. Tens of thousands of people are now in prison for marijuana offenses. An even greater number are punished with probation, fines, and civil sanctions, including having their property seized, their driver's licenses revoked, and their employment terminated. Despite these civil and criminal sanctions, marijuana continues to be readily available and widely used.'
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