² Urazaev, Sh. Z. V. I. Lenin i stroitelstva soveteskoi gosudarstvennosti v Turkistane (V. I. Lenin and the Structure of Soviet Government in Turkistan), Tashkent, 1967, p. 225.²

³ Degtiarinka, N. D. Razvitie sovetskoi gosudarstvenosti v Tadzhikistane (The Progress of Soviet Rule in Tajikistan), Moscow, 1960, pp. 31-32.³

⁴ Ibid.⁴

⁵ Safarov, G. Kolonialnaia revolutsia (opit Turkistana) (Colonial Revolution: The Turkistan Experience), Moscow, 1921, p. 110.⁵

⁶ Geyr, I. I. Putushastvie po Turkistanu (Turkistan Travels), Tashkent, 1901, p. 27.⁶

⁷ I. I. Zarubin, linguist and Iranist, deals primarily with the folklore of the Iranian peoples. He has made noteworthy contributions to the understanding of the peoples of the Kuhistan as well as to those of Bartang and Rushan (ed).⁷

⁸ Rahimov, R. R. Sovetskaya etnografia (The Soviet Ethnographic Journal), no. 1, 1989, p. 117.⁸

⁹ Ibid., p.118.⁹

¹⁰ Ibid. The genesis and the meaning of the word "sart" have created difficulty for researchers. Barthold's understanding of sart is that it is the Turko-Mongol tribes' name for the settled populations of Central Asia, especially the Sughdians and their descendants, the Tajiks. Later, this word was used to refer to settled Uzbeks as well. Because of their identification with settled life, traders, too, have often been referred to as sart.

In general, it seems that the word sart, like the word Tajik, was used as an ethnic identifier. i.e., in the same way that earlier Tajik separated the settled Muslims from the pagan tribesmen; sart divided the settled population in general from the nomadic. But as often happens, the tribes settled and, consequently, became sarts themselves. In this sense, it is not at all surprising to find the word sart applied to settled Uzbeks, Kyrgyzes, Kazakhs, and others. For details see, "Tajik Soviet Encyclopedia," vol. 6, p. 609 (ed.). ¹⁰

¹¹ Ibid.¹¹

¹² Ibid.¹²

¹³ Ibid.¹³

¹⁴ Ibid.¹⁴

¹⁵ Ibid.¹⁵

¹⁶ Turar Riskulov served the Communist Party in various capacities, especially as Peoples Commissar of Health (1918-19) and the Director of the Commission for Prevention of Hunger (1919-20). He was purged in 1938 (ed.).¹⁶

¹⁷ Safarov, G. op cit, p. 110.¹⁷

¹⁸ Ibid, p. 111.¹⁸

¹⁹ Ibid.¹⁹

²⁰ Ibid.²⁰

²¹ Izvestiya (News), February 5, 1920.²¹

²² Barthold, V. V. Tadzhiki. istoricheskii ocherk (Tajiki: Historical Essays), Tashkent, 1925, p. 117.²²

²³ See also K. Hassanov, V. I. Lenin i Turkbiyoro CK VPK (V. I. Lenin and the Turkistan Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the USSR, Tashkent, 1969, pp. 32-33.²³

²⁴ Fanian, D. K. K istorii sovetskgo stroitelstva v Tadzhikistane (1920-1929) (About the History of Soviet Rule in Tajikistan: 1920-1929), Stalinabad, 1941, p. 16.²⁴

²⁵ See also: Zarafshan and Turkistan in Uzbeki for December, January, and February 1920-21.²⁵

²⁶ Centralnyi gosudarstvenyi arkhiv Oktiabrskoi revolutsii SSSR (Central Governmental Archives of the October Revolution in the USSR), F. 1318. - op. !. -D. 627.²⁶

²⁷ See, Inostrannaya voinaya interventsiya i grazhdanskaya voina v Serednej Azii i Kazakhstane (Foreign Military Intervention and the Civil War in Central Asia and Kazakhstan) (see Collection of Documents, vol. 2, Alma-Ata, 1964, p. 647.²⁷

²⁸ Rajabov, Z. Sh. Nikotoryi stranitsi kulturnoi zhizni Sovetskogo Tadzhikistana (Some Facets of the Cultural Life of Soviet Tajikistan), Dushanbe, 1964, pp. 10-11.²⁸