A theory to cover force fields of all types should attribute a fundamental cause to interaction of matter at a distance whether the interaction be gravitational, magnetic, nucleonic or electrostatic. Present theories include interchange of virtual photons or mesons, and multidimensional distortion of the space-time continuum. What ever the argument, it will depend basically on the concept of a medium to support the wave motion, flux or distortion. The medium is space and the properties of it have never been seriously investigated, neither practically nor theoretically, that is excep ting the possibility that it has been overlooked. The accepted idea is that space is empty, a place with the absence of matter, devoid of tangibility. This is taught to our children as being a primary contention, and is in fact wrong and negative thinking. We do not understand it so we turn our backs to it.

Physical investigations of "Space" is impossible, for the experimental technique demands use of apparat us which is made of matter which in turn occupies space.

One of the fundamentals of the experimental method is that the materials and principles under investigation cannot be included in the apparatus. This was but one failure of the Michelson-Morley experiments. In its original form, this experiment was set up to test for ether drag due to the passage of the earth through the medium, but has been assumed to have be en an experiment to actually test for the existence of an ether. Failure of the experiment to give a positive result made it possible to interpret the negative result as favouring the nonexistence of the ether as Oliver Lodge imagined it.

The then-developing materialist philosophies took the opportunity to discredit the pseudo-scientific religious cult of spiritualism, in which the idea of an "etheric existence" was an important part of the philosophy. As it happened, the two etheric's need not have had any connection except in the choice of words. The ether theory was dropped and the spiritualist cult subdued. Today, the Michelson-Morely experiment has been modified to show Doppler interference between coherent wave trains. One wave travels against, and the other with the direction of rotation of the whole apparatus. Results are in favour of the theory of relativity, but can also be interpret ed in favour of "ether drag" within the stationary medium about the apparatus.

A vacuum transmits radiation and force fields, so to refer to it as being empty is inaccurate. Real emptiness must include, in its definition of reference, its inability to propagate energy. Such may be better termed "hyperspace". As to whether hyperspace has the dimensions of space and time or not is a topic for more thought. It is easie r to attribute the dimensions to the space fabric in hyperspace, then ether.

The idea of an energy continuum throughout space occurred to Dirac. On the basis of his theory, matter particles emerge from a ground state and become physically observable. Material above the ground state has a higher energy than the ground state and so requires energy to be dislodged. The energy corresponds to the total energy of the par ticle, its mass energy (mc2) and other potential or kinetic energies. The theory, then, supposes that matter is of the substance of the ground state, that is, "empty space". In comparison, the Lodge theory supposes that the ether has a maximum of energy, and matter particles are a lower energy precipitate from the ether. The same idea, but a difference of sign. However, this implies that the appearing of matter is a preferred state, and that the creative process is a naturally occurr ing condition.

Heisenberg, in formulating the "unified field theory", assumed a space fabric of some nature. To quote from the Lindau Conference, 28th June 1962, "The discovery shows that the different elementary particles are not Nature's building bricks, completely independent of each other, but many different forms of a fundamental substance manifest as energy". From then on, the "fundamental substance" is forgot ten. "The multiplicity of these forms corresponds to the multiplicity of the mathematical symmetries of the basic equation".

Sir Oliver Lodge imagined the space fabric as having a micro cellular structure, each cell being a vortex whose size was of the order of the size of the fundamental particles, or even smaller. The medium was friction less and the rotational velocity of the vortices related to the velocity of l ight. The intrinsic energy of the ether was in the motion in the vortices. This attributed an ultimate energy source to space itself. Lodge also imagined that the ether had an enormous inertia and density. The inertia in mass was due to the ether in it, and solidarity of matter was virtual. A similar idea occurred to Karl Schappeller of Castle Aurolzmunster in Inviertel, Austria (died 1947) According to his philosophy, a change in the space fabric (static potential) gave rise to so-c alled primary magnetism which may be interpreted as a type of auto gravitation. This primary magnetism caused a gathering of the surrounding space fabric and from it issued more fundamental energy as an intensification of the primary magnetism. At a certain stage, the system reached an equilibrium gathering space fabric, and from it precipitated energy. When the energy density reached a required level, matter would be produced. The system would take up a spherical form in the "natural" state and became what Schappeller called "glowing magnetism". Glowing magnetism, he claimed, constituted the core of all planets and suns, the gravitation core of which was due to the glowing magnetism at its core. How this theory fits the universal law of gravitation is at first difficult to see.

We must remember that the universal law of gravitation is based on Kepler's Laws, which were derived from astronomica l observations of the planets. The masses of these bodies can only be determined from their gravitational interaction, not from their inertial properties. Hence for cosmic bodies the term m in the derived formula is not necessarily related to the inertial mass of these bodies, but the gravity of them. Gravity cannot be proved to be due to the mass content of these bodies by astronomical observation only. Further, no convincing experiments have been conducted to prove that static iner t matter has any gravitational field. Experiments, like that of Airies, which use the earth as a mass, are questionable on the basis that the gravity may be due to the earth's field alone. Boys' and Cavendish's experiments showed only that masses in relative motion have a force between them, since in both experiments the masses were in torsional vibration suspended by a beam. The force could be attributed to an inductive or relativistic effect between the charged particles constituting the masses.

Hoyle, from his work on quasars, has deduced that vast cosmic masses could undergo gravitational collapse leading to a singularity and that the converse was possible. A singularity could explode into a creation field. This is much the same idea as that of Schappeller, though on the basis of this theory the creation process is much less dramatic. Hoyle's creation field arises from nothing, whereas that of Schappeller's glowing magnetism, arises from the space fabric. Which is the more plausible?

Physical evidence for the existence of glowing magnetism may be available. The source of energy in comets has long been a problem. How a comet can give off so much radiant energy and continually dissipate its matter in the tail, yet despite its apparent lack of substance survives to return after many years, is difficul t to explain in terms of conventional science. The usual explanation is, of course, the energy is reradiated sun's energy. Who has proved it? The existence of "ball lightening" has now been accepted but as yet eluded explanation, except that attempts have been made without the usual mathematical substantiation. The peculiar anti-gravitational effect, the inductive effects and the fantastic energy of ball lightning fits neatly in with Schappeller's theory of glowing magnetism. The glo wing ball of polarised space fabric is precipitated by enormous static fields or high current pulses in thunder storms.

At the centre of glowing magnetism, the space fabric is modified and the energy condensate comes off as magnetic fields and radiation. The consumed fabric is replaced by an influx of the surrounding space. Matter particles in the surrounding space would experience a force towards the centre. This woul d be a gravitational field. Lodge imagined that the ether would be near incompressible with a very high elasticity. A small inhomogeneity would give rise to a relatively big effect. Also the ether flux would be at the velocity of light and bunched in much the same way as magnetic fields bunch at high intensity. Thus the maximum velocity of a matter particle wound be that of the velocity of light and the approach to that velocity, an exponential. Can the theory then explain cosmic gra vitation? If so, there must always be a magnetic effect associated with it.

The name "glowing magnetism" implies that Schappeller considered this to be of prime importance. In fact, he maintained that the magnetic field produced by a glowing core was different from the familiar type of field in that it was a dynamic field, not static. This is consistent with an energy source having indefinite energy producing a cont inually expanding flux. Such a dynamic flux would be capable of inducing a D.C. in conductors. As a secondary effect, the currents would produce a static magnetic field of the usual type. A cord of a cosmic body then would produce dynomagnetism which would be absorbed by matter to produce a magnetic field. This field would have to be a function of the gravity if the theory is any good.

As it happened, a reference to related work can be found. Prof. P.M.S. Bracket quoting from the works of Schuster, Sutherland and H.A. Wilson, showed that the magnetic moment P and angular momentum U of the earth and sun are related by the equation.c is the velocity of light and G the universal gravitation constant. The relationship holds for Bohr magnetron, and support for it appears in DeBroglie's equations for mass waves. It is interesting to note that the formula also includes rotational motion. Particularly, the equation relates angular momentum, magnetic field and gravity. Angular momentum is known to be related to gyroscopic restoring couples.

Although gyroscopic action can be delt with mathematically, no physical explanation exists for it. In view of the fact that a vector is required along the axis of rotation, might this not suggest that rotating matter generates a field along this axis? As yet, it can only be postulated that the field couples the gyro in a fixed orientation in the space fabric. This directio n sensitivity suggests isotropic quality of the space fabric. Lodge imagined that this might be so.

Magnetism at one time was regarded as separate from electricity until the electromagnetic effect was discovered. Then the problem was: "Is electricity a form of magnetism or is magnetism a form of electricity?" Einstein showed, however, that magnetism was a relativistic effect due to the movement of charge, thereby id entifying magnetism as being a form of electricity. From thence sprung the concept of electron spin which fit a good theory to explain permanent magnetism. Much work is being done on spin resonances which further supports the theory. However, the discovery of magnetic monopoles indicates the possible existence of magnetism without charge and that magnetic lines of force need not be continuous. This raises questions as to the exactness of the Theory of Relativity and Electromagnetic theo ry in their present form.

Schappeller regarded magnetism as more fundamental than electric current, and that current was flowing magnetism in the conductor. The field of influence surrounding a wire was an externalisation of the flux within the wire. The field, therefore, must be regarded as flowing parallel to the "current" in the conductor. The mathematical treatment of such a configuration leads to the same p ractical results as the conventional idea of magnetic flux as being perpendicular to the current flow. The actual nature of current and magnetism, being one and the same, may be visualised as a large scale flux interspaced between the Lodge micro vorticies. Such a flux must result from the breakup of the micro vorticies and therefore will appear as a form of energy potential. Conventional magnetic field may be regarded a form of potential energy. If we accept that magnetism is more f undamental, then a consistent explanation must be found for static potential, induced E.M.F. and electrochemical potential. A conductor forced through a magnetic field interacts with the macro flux of the ether ahead of it and absorbs the flux in a direction depending on the direction of the macro flux. This constitutes the current behind it, the energy being derived from that which forces the conductor. If the conductor is open circuit, an E.M.F. is set up. This is like electrostatic p otential, in that it is static magnetism, the polarity depending on an excess of ether at the point at higher potential compared with that at lower potential. Since the ether tends towards uniformity, then an ether flow will occur under suitable conditions to relieve the strain. This constitutes flowing magnetism which is current. The flow in the conductor affects the surrounding ether, giving up some energy to it, creating macro vortices, which is a magnetic field.

An electrochemical E.M.F. is an expression of the energies available from an exothermic reaction but in a potential form. When current flows, the reaction takes place and the potential chemical energy is dissipated. Schappeller regarded chemical bonds as a static form of magnetism in the same way that static electricity could be regarded as immobile magnetism. Matter particles being an ether precipate cause permanent density irregul arities in the ether. Chemical bonding or particle bonding lowers the stressed condition of the ether releasing the retained ether, or static magnetism, as some form of ether disturbance. This could be ether waves (radiation), macro vortices (magnetic field) or flowing magnetism (current), which are all forms of energy.

Looking back over the theory, it is seen that in glowing magnetism the space fabric is destroyed as micro vortices and the resultant residual flux appears as large scale flow patterns in magnetic fields or macro vortices. If this primary magnetism reaches high values, the flux interferes with the surrounding space fabric to produce matter particles, so being partially reabsorbed. Radiation can only be produced by matter particles, so that once matter has formed, energy may leave the created field as radiation from the particles which are stimulated by the magnetism.

The primary magnetic field of the Schappeller glowing core is different in a very fundamental way from the usual type of field. In a perfect conductor, if the E.M.F. is maintained, the current increases and hence the magnetic field. That is, as long as energy is supplied to the system the field expands. In a resistance, the energy is dissipated as heat and the field is constant. In the Schappeller primary field, the flux is continually supplied as the energy is created, and therefore the field continually expands. This is dynomagnetism and an ordinary magnetometer is insensitive to the field. A conductor in the field will have an induced current and thereby produce a detectable static field. The instrument to detect a dyno magnetic field must consist of a loop conductor with a magnetometer at its centre.

If, as Schappeller states, the earth has glowing magnetism as its core, then it should produce dyno magnetism. Most of this would be absorbed in the material of the planet and produce the static field. If any of the dyno magnetic field did penetrate the surface, it would be difficult to detect against the background of atmospheric disturbance and static field. In his early experiments, Riech did detect and accumulate energy from the earth which was other than natural radiation. A core of glowing magnetism would b e and would have been in the process of producing matter,. The earth would have been expanding from the centre since it first formed. This was the best explanation for "continental drift, but a reason for the expanding earth could not be found. Geographers would welcome the idea, for the land masses have been shown to fit neatly together on a sphere of about half the size of the earth.

The creation fields or glowin g magnetic cores at the centre of cosmic bodies must somehow originate. Schappeller's argument as to the origin is more difficult to follow, because of terminology, than the rest of the theory. It seems, however, that when a sun becomes large enough to form a crust, the very process of doing so causes a focusing of the various fields which starts up a new flowing core making the centre of the new sun. The old sun has its supply of ether cut down and the glowing core is subdued but no t snuffed out. It becomes a planet of the new sun with an apparent reduced mass due to the drop of gravity and reduced size as it initially cools and contracts. The core of the planet is not yet finished, for it continues until the crust becomes very thick and finally cuts off the ether supply. Then the core does die and the planet loses its gravity. Only molecular forces remain to hold the planet material together and if the internal pressure is high the planet can explode

This clashed with the conventional ideas, but thought out in detail equally explains observation. It does go one better in that it adequately explains some facts not covered by the conventional theory.

Other than providing a fundamental explanation for the organised universe, Schappeller went as far as to design a device using and converting the fundamen tal substance into useful energy. It was designed to produce a glowing magnetic core in a vacuum which then is self-sustaining. Basically it consists of a pair of coils wound on to a hollow ceramic form, shaped spherically and contained in an iron sphere. The coils are of copper tubing packed with a permanent electret material. This constitutes the dyno magnetic generator. To convert the energy into mechanical energy, a rotor is used, also made from copper tube packed with electret. The sphere functions only after the electret material is polarised.