Adams, Roger He was a chemist, known for his work in organic chemistry, which contributed to medicine.

Addison, Thomas He was a British doctor who described "Addison’s Disease," an ailment of the adrenal glands.

Adler, Alfred He developed theories concerning the motivation of human behavior. He worked with Sigmund Freud from 1902 to 1911.

Baer. Karl Ernest Von He was a German biologist, who is considered the founder of embryology.

Banneker, Benjamin - He was a colonial Afro-American farmer who was a self-taught astronomer, surveyor, and mathematician

Barnard, Christiaan Neethling He performed the first human heart transplant in 1967.

Barton, Clara She was a nurse and teacher, known as the "angel of the battlefield" and the founder of the American Red Cross

Beaumont. William He studied the digestion process. An experiment of his was on a patient with gunshot wounds in the stomach.

Beers, Clifford Whittingham He founded the mental hygiene movement in the U.S., which changed the care of the mentally ill.

Bell, Sir Charles He was a British physician who described the function of the facial nerves in 1829. Bell’s palsy is named after him.

Bethune, Norman He was a Canadian surgeon, who became a national hero in China because of his medical service there in 1938 and 1939.

Bettelheim, Bruno He was a psychiatrist who worked with emotionally disturbed children.

Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier He was a French physician who first recognized that the basic structures of the body are tissues, not organs.

Bickerdyke. Mary Ann Ball She was a Civil War nurse and was known as Mother Bickerdyke.

Binet, Alfred He was a French psychologist, who along with Theodore Simon, developed the Binet—Simon test for measuring intelligence and determining mental age.

Black, Joseph He was a Scottish physician and chemist, who first explained the nature of mild alkalis.

Blackwell, Elizabeth The first woman in the U.S. to receive a medical degree. She established a hospital and women’s

medical school (She is also thought of as the first woman doctor in England, where she practiced medicine for many

years.

writing for the blind.

Bright. Richard He was an English physician who found the

connection between diseased kidneys, albumin in the urine, and dropsy, which described the condition that became known as "Bright’s Disease."

Brown, Robert He was Scottish physician and botanist who discovered the nucleus in living cells.

Bruce, Sir David He was a British surgeon who studied tropical diseases, such as undulant fever, sleeping sickness tetanus, and trench fever.

Calderone, Mary Steichen She is an American physician who promoted sex education in schools.

Canady, Alexa He is an African American neurosurgeon.

Carson, Rachel She was a marine biologist who studied DDT and caused pesticides to be banned.

Carver, George Washington He was a black botanist and inventor, known for his work with peanuts.

Cavell, Edith Louisa She was an English nurse who was in charge of a hospital in World War I. She smuggled Allied soldiers out under German occupation and was shot by a firing squad.

Cohn, Ferdinand Julius He was a German botanist and pioneer in bacteriology, who first classified bacteria as plants.

Creutzfeldt, Hans G. He was a German neuropsychiatrist who with Alfons Jacob first described the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease caused by a slow virus.

Crile, George Washington He was a surgeon who studied shock, hemorrhage, blood transfusion, surgical treatment of high blood pressure, and a nerve-block system of anesthesia.

Curie, Marie She was a Polish physicist who discovered, with her husband, the element radium.

Darwin, Charles He was a British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution.

DeBakey. Michael E. With Adrian Kantrowitz, he implanted the first successful mechanical heart device.

DeVries. William He headed the team that implanted the first permanent artificial heart.

Dix, Dorothea Lynde She led the drive to build state hospitals for the mentally ill in the U.S.

Drew, Charles Richard He was an American physician who research blood plasma and set up blood banks.

Dunant, Jean Henri He was a Swiss banker, who founded the International Red Cross.

Ehrlich. Paul Ralph He is a biologist who is leading the movement for population control.

Einthoven, William He was a Dutch physiologist who founded electrocardiography.

Franklin, Rosalind She contributed to early DNA research.

Freud, Sigmund He was an Austrian physician who revolutionized ideas on how the human mind works.

Charles Darwin. He was the first to call the science of human breeding, eugenics.

Gibbon, John H. He used successfully for the first time the mechanical heart and blood purifier.

Goodall, Jane She studied chimpanzees in Kenya.

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a rare and incurable nerve disease, which is not called Lou Gehrig’s disease.

Goldberger, Josehh He was an American physician who studied pellagra, a disease caused by a lack of vitamin B.

Gross, Robert E. He was an American surgeon who performed the first surgery for congenital heart disease in 1938.

Hahnemann, Samuel He was a German physician who founded the homeopathic method of treating disease.

Hamilton, Alice She was an American physician who pioneered in industrial medicine.

studied the social behavior of monkeys that led to new understanding of human behavior.

Harvey, William He was in English physician who discovered how blood circulates in the human body.

Herrick, James B. He was an American cardiologist who made the first diagnosis of coronary thrombosis in 1912.

Hinnocrates He is considered the father of modern medicine.

Hodgkin, Dorothy She examined vitamin B12 and developed X-ray crystallography.

Hodgkin, Thomas He was an English physician who in 1832

described this type of cancer in which the lymph nodes become enlarged.

Hufnagel, Charles He developed the plastic ball valve for a leaky aortic valve.

Huntington, George S. He was an American physician who first described in 1871 "Huntington disease," which is a severe hereditary disorder of the nervous system.

Jakob, Alfons M. He was a German neuropsychiatrist who with Hans Creutzfeldt first described the Creutzfeldt-Jakob

disease caused by a slow virus.

Jarvik, Robert He designed the first artificial heart to be implanted.

Jenner. Edward He was a British physician who discovered vaccinations as a means of preventing smallpox.

Jenner, Sir William A British physician who studied

communicable diseases and emphasized the difference between typhoid fever and typhus.

Jones, Ernest He was a British physician who helped to

introduce the principles of psychoanalysis in the U.S. He was a friend and supporter of Sigmund Freud.

Jude, J.R. He and his associates used external cardiac massage to restart a stopped heart without surgery.

Julian, Percy Lavon He was an research chemist who created a

drug to treat glaucoma and he also developed an inexpensive way of manufacturing the drug, cortisone.

Kantrowitz, Adrian Along with Michael DeBakey, he successfully implanted a mechanical heart device.

Keller, Helen Adams She overcame the physical handicaps of blindness and deafness to help others.

Kenny, Elizabeth She was an Australian nurse, who developed a method of treating poliomyelitis.

Kolff, Willem He led the team of scientists that invented the artificial heart.

Laennec, Rene T.H. He invented the stethoscope.

Lambo, Thomas Adeove A Nigerian psychiatrist, he adapted Western psychiatric concepts to life in Africa.

Lavoisier, Antoine He developed chemistry into an exact science and was executed in 1784.

Lewis, E. John He was an American surgeon who first performed successfully open-heart surgery.

Nightingale, Florence She started a training school for nurses that became the model for nursing education.

Picotte, Susan Laflesche She was a native American doctor.

Roentgen. Wilhelm The German Physicist discovered x-rays in 1995, while studying cathode rays.

Simon, Theodore Along with Alfred Binet, he developed the

Binet-Simon test for measuring intelligence and determining mental age.

Sullivan, Anne She taught Helen Keller to communicate.

Von Leuwenhoek, Anton He is considered the father of the

microscope.

1901 Emil Adolf Voon Behring Through his discovery of the principle of immunity, he developed a safe, effective diphtheria vaccine in 1913.

1902 Ronald Ross In the 1890’s, he proved that the mosquito played a role in the transmission of malaria and developed methods to control and prevent the disease.

1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen He proposed in 1893 that natural and artificial light can be used to treat skin diseases, which led to the beginning of phototherapy.

1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Known for his study of salivation and stimulus, he was the first to establish that the nervous system plays a part in controlling the secretion of digestive fluids, which led to gastroenterology.

1905 Robert Koch He was one of the founding fathers of bacteriology.

1906 Camillo Golgi Creating the first suitable method of staining the nerve cells in the 1870’s, he founded the technique to allow the structure and mechanism of the nervous system to be explored.

1906 Santiago Ramon y Cajal. He refined Golgi’s staining technique to reveal the structure of the central nervous system.

1907 Alnhonse Laveran He discovered that a protozoan was responsible for malaria and that microorganisms caused various tropical diseases.

1908 Elie Metchnikoff He theorized phagocytosis, the process by which microbes were assumed to be destroyed by specific activities of cells in an organism.

1908 Paul Ehrlich Studying immunity, he suggested how bacteria causes disease and how the body responds to this.

1909 Theodor Kocher He was a surgeon who developed procedures for thyroid surgery.

1910 Albrecht Kassle He discovered nucleoproteins at the end of the nineteenth century.

1911 Allvar Gullstrand Revolutionizing ophthalmology, he discovered intracapsular accommodation in the human eye.

1912 Alexis Carrel He was one of the twentieth century’s greatest surgeons, who invented a successful technique for suturing blood vessels.

1913 Charles Richet His work became part of the basis for immunology. He identified in 1907 anaphylaxis, which is a hypersensitivity to foreign substances in the body.

1914 Robert Barany Studying the inner ear, he improved the understanding of its physiology and successful treatment of diseases of the inner ear.

1919 Jules Bordet As a founder of serology, his techniques led to the diagnosis and control of infectious diseases. (He was called the last of the Pasteurians.)

1920 Aucust Krogh He discovered in the early 1900’s why capillaries constrict and expand to regulate the flow of blood throughout the body.

1922 Archibald Vivian Hill He discovered the relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle.

1922 Otto Fritz Meyerhof In the 1910’s, he discovered that cell glycogen is converted to lactic acid (in the absence of oxygen by energy production).

1923 Sir Frederick Banting Sharing the Nobel Prize in 1923 with John J. R. Macleod, he identified insulin to treat diabetes.

1923 John J. R. Macleod He shared the Nobel Prize with Sir Frederick Banting for identifying insulin to treat diabetes.

1924 Willem Einthoven He is considered the father of the electrocardiogram.

1926 Johannes Fibiger The first scientist to induce cancer in laboratory animals, he found carcinogenic chemicals.

1927 Juliuis Wagner Jauregg The first psychiatrist to win the Nobel Prize, he developed the first successful therapy for syphilitic paresis of the insane by infecting patients with malaria.

1928 Charles Nicolle Proving that typhus is transmitted by the louse, he discovered the most effective laboratory methods to produce and save serums for treating typhus.

1929 Christiaan Eljkman He helped to formulate the concept of vitamins. He was the first to recognize that beriberi is a nutritional deficiency (Bl)

1929 Sir Frederick Honkins He proved in 1912 that vitamins are needed in the diet.

1930 Karl Landsteiner He discovered human blood groups (A, B, AB, and 0) and the Rh factor in 1900.

1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg He founded the process whereby living cells use oxygen combustion to convert matter into energy.

1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington He studied reflexes and how they combine to run, walk, etc.

1932 Edgar Douglas Adrian He explained the nature of impulses, neurons, and sensation (the basis of nervous system structure)

1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan The first geneticist to receive the Nobel Prize, he discovered and developed the principles of gene chromosome theory of transmission of hereditary traits.

1934 George Hoyt Whipple He discovered that pernicious anemia can be treated with liver or meat.

1934 George Richards Minot With William Murphy, he conducted the first human clinical trials for treatment of pernicious anema with liver.

1934 William Parry Murphy He conducted with George Minot the first human clinical trials for treatment of pernicious anema with liver.

1935 Hans Spemann Working in developmental mechanics, he showed that notochord (the region of an early embryo) effects tissues surrounding it. When he transplanted the notochord to novel locations, it formed a new brain and spinal cord.

1936 Sir Henry Halolette Dale He shared the Nobel Prize with Otto Loewi for discovering in the 1920’s and 1930’s the mechanism by which chemical substances transmit nerve impulses.

1936 Otto Loewi Sharing the Nobel Prize with Sir Henry Dale, he discovered the mechanism by which chemical substances transmit nerve impulses.

1937 Albert Szent—Gyorgyi He isolated vitamin C.

1938 Corneille Jean Francois Heymans In the 1920’s, he studied the breathing rate and discovered that specialized zones of the aorta and the carotid artery detect changes in the blood and adjust the breathing rate.

1939 Gerbard Domagk He discovered the antibacterial properties of prontosil and other sulfanilamide compounds that changed the treatment of bacterial infections during World War II.

1943 Henrik Dam He recognized that vitamin K is required to clot blood.

1943 Edward Adelbert Doisy Isolating vitamins Ki and K2, he determined their chemical structures to develop a method of synthesis.

1944 Josenh Erlanger He invented the oscillograph and discovered that nerve action consists of waves which travel at speeds proportional to the diameters of their individual fibers.

1944 Herbert Snencer Gasser With Joseph Erlanger, he showed that the speed of nerve impulses varies with the diameter of the nerve fiber.

1945 Baron Florey Working with Ernst Chain, he developed the method to purify penicillin for public use.

1945 Sir Alexander Fleming He discovered penicillin.

1945 Ernst Boris Chain Along with Baron Florey, he researched the chemical characteristics of penicillin in order to purify it.

1946 Hermann Joseph Muller He researched mutations by x-rays, especially in fruit flies.

1947 Carl F. And Gertv T. Con They researched glucose and glycogen and their relationship to each other. They also found the Con ester.

1947 Bernardo Alberto Houssay He discovered that the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland makes a hormone to block insulin.

1948 Paul Herman Muller He researched DDT.

1949 Walter Rudolf Hess An ophthalmologist, he mapped the hypothalamus.

1949 Antonio Egas Moniz He invented prefrontal leucotomy surgery to help rehabilitate people with psychiatric conditions.

1950 Edward Calvin Kendall As a biochemist, he isolated cortisone to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

1950 Tads Reichstein He studied cortisone, along with Edward Kendall and Philip Hench, and added the understanding of how cortisone acts.

1950 Philip Showalter Hench He directed the first study of cortisone and ACTH to patients with rheumatic diseases.

1951 Max Theiler Experimenting with yellow fever in mice, he developed a yellow fever vaccine.

1952 Selman Abraham Waksman In researching methods to screen microorganisms from soil, he developed streptomycin to treat tuberculosis.

1953 Sir Hans Adolf Krebs He discovered the cyclic biochemical process (Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle) that allows the body to produce energy and rebuild itself.

1953 Fritz Albaert Linmann He discovered coenzyme A, needed in reactions for cell energy.

1954 John Franklin Enders, Thomas Weller, & Frederick Robbins They developed techniques for poliomyelitis virus to grow in cultures, thus allowing the study of virus in the laboratory.

1955 Axell Hugo Theodor Theorell He researched enzymes and how they function in their reactions.

1956 Andre Frederic Cournand He invented with Dickinson Richards, Jr. the cardiac catheterization technique in order to study the physiology and pathology of the circulatory system.

1956 Werner Forswsmann By experimenting on himself, he demonstrated the safety of cardiac catheterization and contrast radiography.

1956 Dickinson W. Richards, Jr. With Andre Courand, he invented the cardiac catheterization technique in order to study the physiology and pathology of the circulatory system.

1957 Daniel Bovet He studied molecular competitive phenomena (anti—histamine activity)

1958 George Wells Beadle He helped to define with Edward Tatum the one gene, one enzyme hypothesis.

1958 Edward Lawrie Tatum He helped to define with George Beadle the one gene, one enzyme hypothesis.

1958 Joshua Lederberg He contributed to bacterial genetics.

1959 Severo Ochoa He isolated a pure enzyme from acetic acid bacteria.

1959 Arthur Kornberg He discovered DNA polymerase which led to the biological synthesis of DNA.

1960 Sir Macfarlane Burnet By discovering the nature of viruses and antibodies, he helped to revolutionize modern immunology.

1960 Peter Brian Medawar By experimenting with animals, he made them accept certain foreign substances within their bodies, the "immunological tolerance".

1961 Geora Von Bekesy Studying sound in the human ear, he discovered treatments for deafness.

1962 Francis Crick He discovered with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins one of the most important biological discoveries of the twentieth century: the three-dimensional structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

1962 James D. Watson With Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, his model structure of DNA inspired the "central dogma" idea that DNA replicates itself and RNA.

1962 Maurice H. F. Wilkins With Francis Crick and James Watson, he studied x-ray diffraction of the DNA molecule to reveal its structure.

1963 Sir John Carew Eccles Studying the electrical changes of nerve cells communicating with one another, he concluded that sodium and potassium ions carry the impulse across the synapse.

1963 Alan Lloyd Hodgkin He showed with Andrew Huxley the "action potential" voltage of a nerve arises from different concentration of potassium and sodium ions inside and outside the nerve.

1963 Andrew Huxley He studied with Alan Hodgkin the electrical attributes of axons during nerve transmission. He also helped to develop the ultramicrotome.

1964 Konrad Bloch He explained with Feodor Lynen the process by which cells produce cholesterol and fatty acids.

1964 Feodor Lynen He explained the function of vitamin biotin and with Konrad Block, he helped to describe the process by which cells produce cholesterol.

1965 Francois Jacob Contributing with Andrew Lwoff and Jacques Monod, he discovered genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.

1965 Andre Lwoff He showed with Jacques Monod and Francois Jacob that a virus can become part of a cell’s genetic material and can be passed to following generations of cells.

1965 Jacvues Lucien Monod With Francois Jacob and Andre Lwoff, he discovered the process of how genes regulate biochemical processes.

1966 Peyton Rous He discovered that viruses can cause cancer.

1966 Charles Brenton Huggins He researched sex hormones for cancer treatment to retard prostate gland and breast cancer.

1967 Ragnar Grant Using electrophysiological methods, he showed with Haldon Hartline and George Wald the three color receptor elements in the retina.

1967 Haldan Keffer Hartline With Ragnar Granit and George Wald, he studied the characteristics of the signals transmitted by optic nerve cells.

1967 George Wald With Ragnar Grant and Haldan Hartline, he discovered the role of rhodopsin and iodopsin, the chemicals responding to light in the retina and the effect light has on vitamin A.

1968 Robert W. Hollev He determined with Har Khorana and Marshal Nirenberg the sequence of nucleotides in the alanine transfer RNA.

1968 Har Gobind Khorana He developed methods with Robert Holley and Marshall Nirenberg to investigate the structure of nucleic acids.

1968 Marshall W. Nirenberg Sharing the Nobel Prize with Robert Holley and Har Khorana, he developed techniques to decipher the genetic code.

1969 Max Delbruck With Salvadore Luria and Alfred Hershey, he studied how cells are infected with viruses.

1969 Alfred Day Hershey With Salvadore Luria and Max Delbruck, he explained the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.

1969 Salvador Edward Luria He explained the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses with Max Delbruck and Alfred Hershey.

1970 Bernard Katz Studying the area between nerve endings and muscle fibers, he explained some chemical reactions that cause muscular contraction and relaxation.

1970 Ulf S. Von Euler He identified norepinephrine as the chemical transmitter substance from adrenergic nerves.

1970 Juliuis Axelrod He studied metabolism and norepinephrine after its release from nerve terminals.

1971 Earl Wilbur Swutherland. Jr. He discovered cyclic AMP and its role of mediating the hormone regulation of various body functions.

1972 Gerald M. Edelman He invented the tools and strategies that led to the finding of the structure of antibodies.

1972 Rodney Robert Portner He studied the structure of antibodies.

1973 Karl Von Frish He demonstrated that honeybees communicate with other bees by dancing.

1973 Konrad Lorenz He deduced principles of animal behavior.

1973 Nikolaas Tinbergen Systematically, he studied animal behavior under natural conditions and through comprehensive experimentation in the laboratory.

1974 Albert Claude He was one of the founders of modern cell biology.

1974 Christian De Duve He was one of the founders of modern cell biology.

1974 George Emil Palade He was one of the founders of modern cell biology.

1975 David Baltimore Discovering an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, he uncovered the fact that it allows genetic information to flow from RNA to DNA.

1975 Renato Dulbaecco He discovered that the genetic material of tumor viruses is in infected cells.

1975 Howard M. Temin Explaining the reproduction of RNA tumor viruses, his discovery led to the enzyme, reverse transcriptase.

1976 Baruch S. Blumberg He invented a diagnostic test for finding the antigen of hepatitis B.

1976 D. Carleton Gajdusek He found a group of infectious agents that cause degenerative diseases of the central nervous system.

1977 Roger Guillemin He investigated with Andrew Schally the structure of brain peptides that regulate pituitary hormones.

1977 Andrew Victor Schally Determining with Roger Guillemin the structure of several hypothalamic hormones, he identified the role of the hypothalamus in regulating hormones.

1977 Rosalyn S. Yalow He researched the technique, radioimmunoassay, for measuring small concentrations of substances, including hormones in human fluids.

1978 Werner Arber He found the DNA modification and restriction enzymes that bacteria use to defend themselves from viruses.

1978 Daniel Nathans He studied the restriction enzymes, which can cut the DNA helix, to the study of genetics.

1978 Hamilton 0. Smith He was the first scientist to purify and characterize an enzyme that could recognize and cut specific sites on DNA.

1979 Allan M. Cormack Applying mathematical functions, he determined the amount of x-rays needed for a tomography scan.

1979 Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield He invented a method, computed tomography, for using x-rays to see matter inside the body, such as brain tissue.

1980 Baruj Baenacerraf Studying the immune response, he explained why some people are more susceptible to certain diseases.

1980 Jean Dausset He investigated the histocompatibility complex for transplants.

1980 George D. Snell Identifying the genetic components of the immune system that accept or reject transplants, he developed genetically identical mice for this research.

1981 Roger W. Sperry He demonstrated the functions of the two hemispheres of the brain.

1981 David H. Hubel He showed with Torsten Wiesel how visual images are coded in the brain.

1981 Torsten N. Wiesel With David Hubel, he studied visual processing in the brain.

1982 Sune K.D. Bergstrom He discovered the structure of several chemicals in the group of compounds, prostaglandins.

1982 Bengt I. Samuelsson Continuing to study prostaglandins, he found endoperoxides, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, which helped to explain the body’s defensive mechanisms.

1982 John R. Vane He detected prostaglandin X, which affects the ability of blood platelets to form clots, which also explained aspirin activity, and allowed the prevention of heart attacks to be studied.

1983 Barbara McClintock She studied mobile genetic elements in maize that explained how genes form and change during evolution.

1984 Niels K. Jerne By explaining the construction, development, and regulation of the immune system, he laid the groundwork for other scientists.

1984 Georges J. F. Kohler Along with Cesasr Milstein, he invented techniques to produce monoclonal antibodies.

1984 Cesar Milstein With Cesar Milstein, he invented techniques to produce monoclonal antibodies.

1985 Michael S. Brown & Joseph L Goldstein Collaboratively, they found the genetically controlled mechanisms of the binding of cholesterol to cell membranes and into cells and its actions in suppressing the synthesis of cholesterol in the cell.

1986 Stanley Cohen Studying the epidermal growth factor effect on embryonic development, he helped to explain cancer cell growth.

1986 Rita Levi—Montalcini She helped to identify nerve growth factor.

1987 Susumu Tonegawa This demonstration showed how only a few genes can rearrange to produce millions of different antibodies in a person.

1988 James Whyte Black He discovered the principles and processes for the design of new therapeutic drugs to regulate vital physiological function.

1988 Gertrude Belle Elion She helped to show a rational approach for the discovery of new drugs, such as antimetabolites, immunosuppressants, and antibacterial and antiviral drugs.

1988 Georce Herbert Hitchings Pioneering important principles for drug therapy, his treatments helped such diseases as leukemia, gout, malaria, microbial infection, and organ transplant rejection.

1989 Harold E. Varmus Studying molecular mechanisms, he clarified how retro viruses transform normal cells into cancerous cells.

1989 J. Michael Bishop He helped to show that cancer genes of retro viruses originally came from normal animal cells.

1990 Joseph E. Murray & E. Donnall Thomas They transplanted the first successful human organ, a kidney.