Privatdozent is a scholar of approved standing who is
allowed to give courses at a German university, but who has not as
yet been “called” to a professorship. Nearly every professor has
begun as a Privatdozent.
A Privatdozent
receives fees but no salary, and naturally
expects in time to be called to a professorship.
32a
[Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65-8 B.C.), the famous Roman poet.
His main works were Epodes, Satires, Odes and
Epistles, the latter three published in multiple volumes over time.
The later Epistles contain much literary criticism.
He fought with the republicans against Octavius and Antony after Julius
Caesar's assassination, and was stripped of his property after the war.
He gradually became convinced of the beneficence of Augustus's rule,
and, after the death of Virgil, became accepted as Rome's greatest living poet,
living on a farm in the Sabine countryside.
Horace is one of the few writers, ancient or modern, who have written a great
deal about themselves without laying themselves open to the charge of weakness
or egotism. His chief claim to literary originality is that of being the first
of those whose works have reached us who establishes a personal relation with
his reader, speaks to him as a familiar friend, gives him good advice, tells
him the story of his life, and shares with him his private tastes and
pleasures — and all this without any loss of self-respect, any want of
modesty or breach of good manners, and in a style so lively and natural that
each new generation of readers might fancy that he was addressing them
personally and speaking to them on subjects of every day modern interest.
In his self-portraiture, far from wishing to make himself out better or
greater than he was, he seems to write under the influence of an ironical
restraint which checks him in the utterance of his highest moral teaching
and of his poetical enthusiasm.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
32aa
[DE inserts here “... depth of scientific or ...”]
32b
[DE omits “and inspiration.”]
32c
[DE omits “take up in later life” rather than
“begin or resume.”]
32d
[DE appends here “..., aye, even made these studies as easy as a
game.”]
Notes to Chapter IV
1
an organization
originally intended to be broader and less snobbish than the dueling
corps. At first it was made up — at least in part — of students who had
taken part in the German wars of liberation. Since 1815 the spirit of the
organization has been distinctly patriotic. Its purpose was to break
down society lines and to destroy rivalry in the student body, to improve
student life and increase patriotism. The call for the first meeting was
signed by the philosopher Fichte, “Turnvater” Jahn,
and some students.
The motto of the organization was
Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland
[(honor, freedom, fatherland)]; the colors
were gold, red, and black, supposed — though erroneously — to be the
colors of the Holy Roman Empire. As it became plainer that the Germans
were to be disappointed in their hopes for a united nation, discontent
grew, especially among the students. In 1818 it was decided to
introduce the Burschenschaft into all the higher institutions of learning
in Germany. In 1819 Kotzebue, the Russian dramatist and aristocrat,
was assassinated at Jena by a demented student. Though the Burschenschaft
had nothing to do with this deed, the governments united in suppressing
the society. But it would not be suppressed — it took a secret
political character. Later it broke into two factions, the Arminen and
Germanen. In 1833 the various governments investigated it, and hundreds
of students were sent to prison or confined in fortresses, disfranchised,
or executed. In 1840 Prussia granted amnesty to all in its
jurisdiction. The Burschenschaft took but little part in the Revolution
of 1848. Over fifteen hundred members met at Eisenach, but confined
their activities mainly to sending resolutions to the Parliament at
Frankfurt.
2
the Burschenschaften were, like the dueling corps,
named after ancient localities of Germany or adjoining countries, e.g.
Saxonia, Helvetia, Germania, Teutonia, Bubenruthia, etc.
2a
[DE omits the last explanatory remark “one ... impulse.”]
2b
[DE inserts here “..., joined this Burschenschaft ...”
and says “with all sorts of exaggerations” rather than
“probably with an exaggerated account of my literary
capabilities.”]
3
a place frequented by students where
beer and other refreshments can be obtained.
3a
[DE inserts here “... only at ease with family and intimate friends,
...”]
3b
[DE notes that Overbeck studied archaeology and that he was
a native of Hamburg.]
3c
[Instead of this sentence, DE says “When other students talked to me I
blushed all over and could hardly get out a word. I seemed to myself an awkward
country boy, who did not know how to conduct himself in educated company, and I
was thoroughly ashamed. And what was worse, I was aware of the general
disappointment which the good Petrasch could hardly conceal.”]
3d
[DE concludes this paragraph with: “... and I felt
immature around them. In later life
it was often my lot to cope with a similar frame of my mind.”]
3e
[DE gives the last phrase as “..., but I was admitted to the society as a
so-called Mitbummler and was permitted to attend their convivial
meetings at the Kneipe almost as if I was a full member” and
adds after this sentence:
“Since the Franconia differentiated itself from the other student
societies by its finer tone and did not make massive drinking of beer a duty,
my moderate habits did not make me uncomfortable.”]
3f
[DE gives this phrase more elaborately as: “For a long time I sat among
these lively, talkative and sometimes decidedly intellectual fellows as a quiet,
almost mute, spectator.”]
3g
[DE says “especial” rather than “general.”]
4
a scene in Goethe's
Faust is laid in Auerbach's Keller in Leipzig. Goethe had been a student
in Leipzig and had frequented this restaurant.
[DE inserts after this sentence: “The rhyming came easily to me, and the
verses flowed comfortably and not unmusically.”]
4a
[DE gives the last phrase as: “seldom had a work of this sort been better
written.”]
4b
[DE inserts here “... and for no amount of money would I have yielded to
his entreaties that I read my work at the next Kneipabend, ...”]
4c
[DE says rather “Nobody seemed to suspect me.”]
4d
[DE inserts here “... again and again ...”
and says “embracing” rather than
“congratulation and handshaking.”]
4e
[DE inserts here “... and useful ...”
and appends to this sentence “... which will be spoken
of later.”]
4f
[DE appends here “... and gave me no rest.”]
4g
[DE appends here “..., but without essential difficulty.”]
4h
[DE inserts here “... anxious ...”]
4i
[DE says “a bit” rather than “again.”]
5
the chief episode in the
Sixth Book of the Iliad is the Parting of Hector and Andromache. [DE gives the last phrase of this sentence more elaborately as:
“So I was able to put the text to one side and translate into German the
selection assigned to me without looking at one letter of it. This attracted
no little attention.”]
5a
[DE says “other areas” rather than “history” and
“higher mathematics and science” rather than
“other branches.”
Trefousse's and Schicketanz's works
both cite, somewhat ironically, the first page of Schurz's
Zeugnis der Reife (diploma dated August 28, 1847) which has the statement
“In der griechischen sind seine Kenntnisse etwas lückenhaft
geblieben.”
(“Some gaps remain in his knowledge of Greek.”)
However, it should be kept in mind that most likely the
Greek examination consisted of more than just a translation
exercise, and the balance of the Greek part of the exam
was most likely where the gaps lay. Moreover, Schurz may have
known the Greek passage by heart but still had a few places
where his translation had problems. Thus, though the remarks
in the diploma are noteworthy, they do not seem inconsistent
with Schurz's recollection of his examination.]
5b
[DE omits “German.”]
6
(1829-1911), novelist, dramatist, and
poet. He was a student at Bonn, 1847-1848.
[He studied law, and subsequently literature and philosophy, at the
universities of Berlin, Bonn and Greifswald. On leaving the
university he became a master in a gymnasium at Leipzig, but upon
his father's death in 1854 devoted himself entirely to writing.
His novels combine two elements of especial power: the masculine
assertion of liberty which renders him the favorite of the
intelligent and progressive citizen, and the ruthless war he wages
against the self-indulgence of the age. Spielhagen's dramatic
productions cannot compare with his novels.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.
DE says “doubtless” rather than
“in a sense.”]
6a
[DE gives this sentence as “So much more strongly did it embody an
intellectually distinguished tone and an earnest scientific striving, and I
believe none of the student societies of that time could point to as many
young men who later made a name for themselves as able people in various
walks of life.”]
6aa
[Johannes Overbeck (1826-1895), German archaeologist, was born in Antwerp, and
raised in an environment which encouraged his interest in the visual arts.
After graduating from Bonn, he spent most of his career as a professor at
the University of Leipzig (1853-1895). He also helped direct the
Archaeological Institute in Berlin (1874-1895). Throughout his life though,
his outlook remained that of Bonn. His work was devoted to the art history
of ancient Greece and the related mythology. He rarely visited archaeological
sites, preferring to write about them second hand. This tended to give his
writings a dry flavor, which even his comprehensive marshalling and
organization of materials could not really overcome. His devotion was mainly
to the lecture pulpit, and there he made his most noteworthy contributions.
His lectures were very well attended, the primary ones with frequently over
100 listeners. He sought to improve the life of students in other ways as
well by establishing a reading room and infirmary. As one compensation for
his lack of first-hand experience, he developed Leipzig's collection of
plaster casts.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 55, pp. 852-854.]
6ab
[Julius Schmidt (1825-1884), German astronomer and geophysicist. As a student
at a gymnasium in Hamburg, he impressed with his sense of form and drawing
abilities and demonstrated a strong interest in science. Rümker taught him the
fundamentals of astronomical observation (1842-1845). He then worked in a
private observatory. In 1846, he became an assistant astronomer at Bonn, where
he also completed his education. After being an astronomer in Olmütz for some
years, in 1858 he became director of a new observatory at Athens where the
clear skies were very suited to astronomical observation. He is best known for
his studies of the moon and mapped many new features and prepared a highly
detailed map. He also studied vulcanism and seismic phenomena on Earth,
sometimes at the risk of his life. He was a pioneer in using the anaeroid
barometer for measuring altitude. He published a work on the physical
geography of Greece. He received an honorary doctorate from Bonn in 1868.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 31, pp. 768-770.]
6b
[DE inserts here “... a few years ago ...” and says
“from Eutin, who, without having enjoyed the usual gymnasium
training, worked his way to the highest ranks of astronomers, and, ...”
rather than “an astronomer.”]
6ba
[Karl Otto Weber (1827-1867), German surgeon and pathological anatomist. He
attended a gymnasium in Bremen where his father was director. He entered the
University of Bonn in 1846, received his medical and surgical degree in 1851,
passed the state exam in Berlin in 1852, and went on a study trip, most of the
time of which was spent in Paris. In the winter of 1852-53 he became
assistant in a Bonn surgical clinic where, due to the supervising doctor's
growing weakness of sight, he was granted much freedom of initiative. By 1853,
he had become a Privatdocent at Bonn, and devoted himself to research on
pathological anatomy.
When his supervisor retired in 1855 and another doctor took his place on the
Bonn faculty, Weber was urged to dedicate himself to pathological anatomy,
which was not yet covered by the faculty. By 1857 he became extraordinary
professor, and by 1862 ordinary professor. In 1865, he became professor of
surgery at the University of Heidelberg, but fell victim to diptheria in 1867.
He had great facility in putting on paper the knowledge he gained from
experiment, microscope and practice. His ample drawing skills permitted him not
only to draw his own illustrations but to also transfer them to the
lithographic stone. As a surgeon he showed great care and precision in
the most difficult operations, and he was a skilled teacher as well.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 41, pp. 343-345.]
6c
[DE says “accomplishments” rather than “merit.”]
6ca
[Ludwig Meyer (1827-1900), German psychiatrist. He began his medical studies in
Bonn in 1848, and was deeply involved in the upheavals of those years. As a
consequence, he was expelled from Bonn and spent five months in prison under
interrogation before being acquitted. Being a friend of both Schurz and Kinkel,
he came close to being arrested again in 1850 when Schurz freed Kinkel from
Spandau.
He passed his medical exams in 1851, and after holding various other positions,
in 1866 he became the first professor of psychiatry at Göttingen, also
directing a clinic there. Much influenced by tours of Great Britain, he was
a German pioneer in the humane handling of psychiatric patients and maintained
that a psychiatric hospital should look like other, non-psychiatric, hospitals.
He removed patient restraints, often with his own hands, and took the bars off
the windows. Despite opposition, he introduced patients in his lectures.
He also studied paralysis.
— Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 17, pp. 364-365.]
6cb
[Adolf Heinrich Strodtmann (1829-1879), German poet, translator and literary
historian, had a peripatetic youth, learning the classics in four gymnasiums.
Although this was not conducive to learning the classics, it had the benefit
of showing him things from several points of view and taught him the Danish
language well. After participating, on the side of the Germans, in the 1848
uprising in Schleswig-Holstein, where he was severely wounded and spent some
time in Copenhagen harbor on the prison ship Dronning Maria, Strodtmann
became a student at the university at Bonn where he especially became devoted
to Gottfried Kinkel. The beginning of his writing career was mostly devoted
to composing poetry, but as he became older and less revolutionary he devoted
more time to translation and literary history. He wrote books about Kinkel
and Heine and published the correspondence of the poet Bürger. He translated
three works from the French, but mostly concentrated on Danish and English
which he knew better.
In 1852, he sailed for America, and with help from his father, the
not-very-practical ex-student entered the book trade in Philadelphia, buying,
selling and lending as well as publishing a literary magazine called
Die Locomotive. The business was not successful and closed in 1854,
after which he traveled around the country pursuing literary interests
eventually settling in New York. Weary of his various efforts to make a
living, he returned to Germany in 1856, becoming a citizen of Hamburg. He
covered the 1870 war with France for several newspapers, and in 1871, he moved
to a suburb of Berlin where he lived for the rest of his life.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 36, pp. 605-611.]
6d
[DE doesn't give a list of languages. It also notes
that Strodtmann wrote several works on literary history
and that he will often be mentioned often later
in the Reminiscences.]
6e
[DE says “odd” rather than “somewhat distant.”]
6f
[DE says “morose stay-at-home mopers” rather than
“priggish.”]
7
[In DE, this sentence is preceded by another:
“After passing my graduation examinations,
I became a full member of the Burschenschaft
Franconia, and, after conquering my shyness, felt at home there.”]
7a
[DE says “sought” rather than
“had to seek.”]
7b
[DE inserts here “... or too grossly ...”]
7c
[DE inserts here “... mischievous ...”
and omits “then as now.”]
8
student Korps in German universities
(especially the more provincial ones) give much attention to dueling.
The student duel is peculiar to Germany. The weapons are swords
nearly a yard long with sharp edges. In the duel thrusting is not
allowed. The sword hand is raised above the head, the sword is guided
mainly by the wrist, and is driven in attack at the opponent's face.
Duelists wear goggles, and padding enough to rouse a football player's
envy.
9
student organizations which sprang from the old
Landsmannschaften.
In 1810 in Heidelberg the name Korps came into
use and soon displaced the older name at all the universities. The oldest
Korps, Onoldia, at Erlangen dates from 1798,
though it was not called a
Korps till some years later.
Most of them came into existence in the
period 1800-1820. At first the various governments prohibited them as
well as the Burschenschaften,
but tolerated them after 1840. After 1848
they were officially approved. Their purpose is the cherishing of the
body of traditional usages of the various universities regarding drinking
and dueling, maintaining the student body, training members to be
minutely jealous of their honor, and the avoidance of all religious or
political questions. Each university student body — or at least the part
of it consisting of corps members — has a social code, as it were, which
the corps uphold punctiliously. In 1905 there were 87 corps with 1260
active members. There are now [in 1913] Korps
in mining, technical, forestry,
engineering, and veterinary schools. Their names,
e.g. Borussia (Prussia) ,
Gothia, Tigurinia, Thuringia, would seem to indicate that the organizations
were originally Landsmannschaften.
Landsmannschaften formerly had
the character of gilds; they were loosely organized bodies of students from
the same region or nation naturally enough drawn together by their longings
for companionship. A good example is the
Mosellanerlandsmannschaft
of the University of Jena. It contained members from the Rhineland,
Palatinate, Suabia, and Alsace. The purpose of the organizations in
general was: (1) to encourage friendship; (2) to compel the
adjustment
of difficulties arising among members; (3) to protect a
“brother member”
against slander or other attack from outsiders; (4) to share in
social enjoyments; (5) to perform friendly services for one another;
(6) to yield to the will of the majority; (7) to obey the president
as long as he directs for the best interests of the organization. By 1786
this code had grown to 86 paragraphs, and the organization was much
closer.
9a
[DE makes no exception, not even a tentative one
as is done here for the French.]
9b
[DE expresses this phrase more elaborately as
“While an exceptional insult or a disgrace inflicted upon a
relative or girl friend may perhaps still be accepted as an excuse
for single combat with swords or pistols, ...”]
9c
[DE says “such” rather than
“scars won in”]
9d
[DE says “thinks” rather than
“is truly foolish to think”]
9e
[DE says “prevents unseemly quarrels and stigmatizes vulgar
fisticuffs” rather than
“prevents personal quarrels from degenerating into vulgar brawls and
fisticuffs” and omits
“and that the sword is a more dignified weapon than the fist.”]
9f
[DE appends here “... — and indeed unseemly quarrels are much fewer,
since there can hardly be something more unseemly than the capricious,
thoroughly groundless, quarrels used by Korps adherents to provoke a
challenge.”]
9g
[DE adds here “Is it honorable to provoke a duel with a maliciously
spoken insult?”]
9h
[DE omits “entirely.”]
10
to be recalled later in connection
with campaigns and expeditions in which Schurz had ample opportunity
to observe “pugnacious” corps students in action in real
warfare.
10a
[In this paragraph in DE, Schurz speaks of the Franconians in the first person
plural rather than
the third person, and DE adds here: “The occasional temptations to use
my skill to punish a shameless fellow were close by, but I am glad to say that
I successfully withstood them. Only once did such a temptation directly
cross my path. One evening in the marketplace, a drunken corps student
ran into me, apparently with the intention of provoking a challenge.
I had to take a moment to get hold of myself, but recovered my senses
enough to look him calmly in the face and say: 'Oh, let's give up this
childishness!' That seemed to dumbfound him as without another word he
staggered away.” — deleted in AT.]
10b
[DE inserts here “... characteristic ...”]
10c
[DE says “ribbons” rather than
“the tricolored ribbon across our breasts”
and after this sentence adds:
“We enjoyed our gatherings at the Kneipe with
moderation and sang.”]
10d
[DE says “had” rather than
“celebrated” and “fitting” rather than
“becoming” and something like a club business
meeting must be meant in this sentence. The German word is
Kommerse.]
10e
[DE inserts here “... played shuffleboard and ...”]
10f
[DE says “worthy” rather than “benign.”]
11
a city on the right bank of the Rhine.
11a
[The German word Loreley derives from the Old High German word
Lur, which is connected with the modern German word lauern
— “to lurk,” “be on the watch for” — and
equivalent to elf and lai — “a rock.” The
Lorelei is a rock in the Rhine near St Goar, which gives a remarkable echo,
which may partly account for the legend. The tale appears in many forms, but
is best known through Heinrich Heine's poem beginning Ich weiss nicht was
soll es bedeuten. In the commonest form of the story, the Lorelei is a
maiden who threw herself into the Rhine in despair over a faithless lover,
and became a siren whose voice lured fishermen to destruction. The
13th-century minnesinger Der Marner said that the Nibelungen treasure was
hidden beneath the rock. The tale is obviously closely connected with the myth
of Holda, queen of the elves. On the Main, she sits combing her locks on the
Hullenstein, and the man who sees her loses sight or reason, while he who
listens is condemned to wander with her for ever. The legend, which Clemens
Brentano claimed as his own invention when he wrote his poem “Zu
Bacharach am Rheine” in his novel Godwi (1802), bears all the
marks of popular mythology. Heine's poem has been set to music by some
twenty-five musicians, the settings by Friedrich Silcher (from an old
folk-song) and by Liszt being the most famous.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
11aa
[DE inserts here “... young ...”]
11b
[DE says “idealistic enthusiasm” rather than “emotions.”]
12
[DE says “tears which I shed as extravagantly”
rather than “feelings which I showed as exuberantly.” The words of the song are] from a poem entitled Wanderlied by
Justinus Kerner, 1786-1862 [, poet and medical writer, and mean:
| “ |
Cheerfully we still drink
The sparkling wine,
Goodbye my dear ones,
Now we must part.”]
|
12a
[Before this sentence, DE adds: “I remember more
than one leave taking where the last line of this song would
not come out due to the sobs.”]
13
[Johann Gottfried Kinkel (1815-1882), German poet, art historian, writer and
orator, in 1843 married Johanna Mockel (1810-1858), who had been divorced in
1840 after five months of unhappy marriage to the “coarse Cologne
bookseller and business-Catholic Matthieux.” In 1849, Kinkel was
sentenced to life imprisonment. After his escape in 1850, he found refuge in
London where he taught German and public speaking for women. He also wrote
and gave lectures on German literature, art, and history of culture. In 1863,
he was appointed examiner at the University of London and other schools in
England. Johanna taught music. In 1858, Johanna died after a fall out of a
window which was due to a long-standing heart ailment. In 1860, Kinkel
married Minna Emilia Ida Werner, a Königsberger who was living in London. In
1866, he left London for Zürich where he became professor for archaeology and
the history of art in the polytechnic university. Here he lived for the rest
of his life. Apparently Kinkel was not benefitted by any of the amnesties
Germany offered to exiles, although he visited and lectured in Germany
(Wiesbaden) late in his life.
Kinkel's narrative poem Otto der Schütz (Otto the Marksman, 1843)
was extraordinarily successful. It was based on a courtly legend which Achim
von Arnim had already used in Auerhahn, and on which Johanna had based a
Singspiel she composed in 1841. His later narrative poems Der
Grobschmied von Antwerpen (The Antwerp Blacksmith, 1851) and
Tanagra (an artist's idyll drawn from ancient Greece and composed late
in Kinkel's life) had much less success, though the latter is superior in
literary merit, and the former is no worse. Some half dozen of his shorter
poems were published in readers for use in German gymnasiums.
Johanna was herself an author of considerable merit. She wrote on musical
subjects, and an autobiographical novel of hers, Hans Ibeles in London,
was published posthumously in 1860. She also had a substantial output of
musical compositions. Many of these compositions were written for the
Maikäferbund (May Beetle Group — the Maikäfer being the beetle
Melolontha vulgaris which emerges from the ground in May; in German,
there is also the idiomatic phrase grinsen wie ein Maikäfer which means
“grin like a Cheshire cat,” and the slang verb maikäfern
which means “to ponder, ruminate, rack one's brains”), a group of
poets — or people who thought they were poets — which she directed
and Gottfried also helped lead. This group was founded in 1840 and lasted
until the 1848 revolution. It had an annual festival. She also wrote music
for her children which was published.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 55, pp. 515-528. Edward
Manley's notes and Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition) also
provided guidance. Information on Maikäfer comes from
Cassell's German-English Dictionary and kaeferatlas.de.]
DE omits “at Bonn” and says
“great significance” rather than
“fateful consequence.”]
13a
[DE's version of this sentence seems garbled:
“Kinkel delivered my lectures on literature and art
history of which I attended one.”]
13b
[DE gives his birth date as August 11, 1815.]
13b
[DE omits “where he attracted large congregations by the eloquence
of his sermons” and adds here:
“He traveled there every Sunday from Bonn to deliver
his sermons which were distinguished by a rare rhetorical
ardor.”]
13c
[Karl Joseph Simrock (1802-1876) German poet and man of letters.
Simrock established his reputation by his excellent modern rendering
of the Nibelungenlied (1827), and of the poems of Walther
von der Vogelweide (1833).
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
13ca
[Wolfgang Müller von Königswinter (1816-1873), German poet and physician. His
real name was Wilhelm Müller, but that was also the name of an earlier poet;
in addition, he followed the poet's practice of appending the name of his
birthplace to his original name. He met Simrock and Kinkel in Bonn where he
went in 1835 to study medicine at the wish of his father, also a physician.
He continued his studies in Berlin in 1838 and graduated in 1840 after which
he served his required time in the army as a surgeon. On his discharge in
1842, he went to Paris where he met Heine, Herwegh and Dingelstedt and
continued his medical studies. His stay there was brief, since the death of
his father pushed him to establish a practice in Düsseldorf. He married in
1847, and his family life was a great comfort and inspiration to him in later
years. In 1848, he was a delegate to the preliminary parliament at Frankfort.
When that was over, he went back to writing sagas about the Rhein. In 1853, he
gave up his medical practice and moved to Cologne where he devoted himself to
writing. In addition to poetry, he wrote novels and works for the stage. He
briefly went back to practicing medicine during the 1870 war and wrote some
patriotic poems on this occasion. His verses were not imposing in their depth
of passion, originality or flights of imagination, but won the reader through
their free and fresh aura, their musical voice, their tender mellowness and
their poetical sensuality. They were characterized by beauty and health.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 22, pp. 698-701.]
13d
[DE omits “in literature.”]
13e
[DE notes the bookseller's name was Matthieux.]
13f
[DE inserts here “... in 1846 ...”]
13g
[DE adds here “A dark pair of eyes, undimmed by the glasses
which near-sightedness obligated him to wear, shined out from under a
broad forehead shaded by a black head of hair. Mouth and chin were
framed by a full black beard.”]
13h
[DE inserts here “... in spite of my still unconquered shyness ...”
and after this sentence adds
“It was really not difficult to become familiar with
Kinkel.”]
13i
[DE omits “with moderation, to be sure.”]
13j
[DE inserts here “... intimately ...”]
13k
[DE adds here: “Much life experience has taught me
this.” The next paragraph is introduced with the sentence:
“Nothing could have been more charming than Kinkel's family life.”]
13m
[DE puts this sentence as “Her medium large figure was wide and
plain, with hands and feet, while not especially large, still
not decoratively formed, and a dark complexion and coarse features
without feminine charms.” There Schurz refers to her as Frau
Johanna rather than as Frau Kinkel.]
13n
[DE inserts here “... at all ...”]
13o
[DE says “wide” rather than “flat” and
omits “and black slippers, with.”]
13p
[DE puts this sentence as “But from her steel blue eyes shone a dark glow which boded
the uncommon. Really the impression of lack of beauty disappeared when she
began to speak.”]
13q
[DE says “always” rather than “instantly.”]
13r
[DE inserts here “... deep ...”]
13s
[Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827), German composer.
Not content to express his individuality only in an abrupt
epigrammatic style, from the outset breadth was also his aim.
His work can be divided into three styles.
The first three pianoforte sonatas, op. 2, show the different
elements in Beethoven's early style as clearly as possible. The
second sonata is flawless in execution, and entirely beyond the
range of Haydn and Mozart in harmonic and dramatic thought,
except in the finale. The D minor sonata of 1803,
op. 31, No. 2,
marks the beginning of Beethoven's second period. In their perfect
fusion of untranslatable dramatic emotion with every beauty of
musical design and tone, the works in the second style have never
been equaled, nor is it probable that any other art can show
a wider range of thought embodied in a more perfect form.
Beethoven's third style arose imperceptibly from
his second. His late works are characterized by the enormous
development of polyphonic elements. In proportion, the prominence
of rhythmic figures decreased.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
13t
[Frederic François Chopin (1810-1849), Polish composer and pianist.
The intensity of his expression finds its equal in literature only
in the songs of Heinrich Heine, to whom Chopin has been justly
compared. A sensation of such high-strung passion cannot be
prolonged. Hence we see that the shorter forms of music —
the étude, the nocturne, national dances — are chosen by
Chopin in preference. With very few exceptions his works belong to
that class of minor compositions of which he was an unrivaled master.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
13u
[DE says “the children with which their marriage was blessed”
rather than “their four children.”]
14
“The possession of the seamless garment of Christ
(John XIX. 23),
for which the soldiers cast lots at the Crucifixion, is claimed by the
Cathedral of Trier (Trèves) and by the parish church of Argenteuil.”
The coat was “exposed” in theory every seven years, but actual
“expositions” have not been so frequent.
The exposition alluded to in
the text was 18 August - 6 October, 1844, and many eager pilgrims
attended it. On this occasion many miracles were reported from Trier.
15
a movement arising from the exposition
of the Holy Coat at Trier. A suspended priest named [Johannes] Ronge
[Schurz's brother-in-law] wrote an
open letter to Bishop Arnoldi regarding the situation at Trier, and the
result was the “German Catholic” movement. Many persons denied
that miracles occurred at Trier during the exposition of the coat enough
to make a considerable protest against what they were pleased to call the
deception. Ronge saw an opportunity to put these protests in the form
of a public letter addressed to Bishop Arnoldi. The principles of the
new movement included innovations for the most part, such as the dropping
of Latin from the service, the discontinuance of sacerdotal celibacy,
disbelief in the headship of the Pope, etc. The new organization made
headway for a while, but has now ceased to exist.
[In DE “so-called” modifies “holy coat”
rather than “German Catholic.”]
15a
[DE says “political thoughts and feelings”
rather than “origin and development of the feelings with regard to
political conditions.” and omits
“he, and, in a more modest way.”]
16
The Holy Roman Empire [was] founded in 800 A.D. by the
coronation of Charlemagne at Rome. By far the greater number of its
emperors were Germans, so that it naturally came to be regarded by the
Germans as their own institution. See James Bryce's
Holy Roman Empire.
17
alluding to the legend of
Friedrich I., called Barbarossa, who is supposed to be still living under a
spell of enchantment under the Kyffhäuser Mountain in the Harz southwest
of Berlin. According to the legend, to which allusion is made in the
text, a time will come when the emperor will be freed from the enchantment
which keeps him prisoner under the mountain, will come forth,
and will reëstablish the German (Holy Roman) Empire in all its glory.
The following poem (Echtermeyer's text) by Rückert gives the legend
and the popular feeling about the “German” Empire:
Barbarossa.
|
(† 1190 n. Chr.)
|
| |
| 1. |
Der alte Barbarosse,
Der Kaiser Friederich,
Im unterird'schen Schlosse
Hält er verzaubert sich.
|
|
17. |
Sein Bart ist nicht von Flachse,
Er ist von Feuersglut,
Ist durch den Tisch gewachsen,
Worauf sein Kinn ausruht.
|
| |
| 5. |
Er ist niemals gestorben,
Er lebt darin noch jetzt;
Er hat im Schloß verborgen
Zum Schlaf sich hingesetzt.
|
|
21. |
Er nickt als wie im Traume,
Sein Aug' halb offen zwinkt,
Und je nach langem Raume
Er einem Knaben winkt.
|
| |
| 9. |
Er hat hinabgenommen
Des Reiches Herrlichkeit
Und wird einst widerkommen
Mit ihr zu seiner Zeit.
|
|
25. |
Er spricht im Schlaf zum Knaben:
„Geh hin vors Schloß, o Zwerg,
Und sieh, ob noch die Raben
Herfliegen um den Berg.
|
| |
| 13. |
Der Stuhl ist elfenbeinern,
Darauf der Kaiser sitzt,
Der Tisch ist marmelsteinern,
Worauf sein Haupt er stützt.
|
|
29. |
Und wenn die alten Raben
Noch fliegen immerdar,
So muß ich auch noch schlafen
Verzaubert hundert Jahr.”
|
| |
|
Friedr. Rückert. (Zwischen 1814 und 1817.)
|
[Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition) has the following entry
for “Kyffhäuser”:
A double line of hills in Thuringia, Germany.
The northern part looks steeply down upon the valley of the
Goldene Aue, and is crowned by two ruined castles, Rothenburg
(1440 ft.) on the west, and Kyffhausen (1542 ft.) on the east.
The latter, built probably in the 10th century, was frequently
the residence of the Hohenstaufen emperors, and was finally
destroyed in the 16th century. The existing ruins are those of the
Oberburg with its tower, and of the Unterburg with its chapel.
The hill is surmounted by an imposing monument to the emperor
William I., the equestrian statue of the emperor being 31 ft.
high and the height of the whole 210 ft. This was erected
in 1896. According to an old and popular legend, the emperor
Frederick Barbarossa sits asleep beside a marble table in the
interior of the mountain, surrounded by his knights, awaiting
the destined day when he shall awaken and lead the united
peoples of Germany against her enemies, and so inaugurate
an era of unexampled glory. But G. Vogt has advanced cogent
reasons (see Hist. Zeitschrift, xxvi. 131-187) for believing
that the real hero of the legend is the other great Hohenstaufen
emperor, Frederick II., not Frederick I. Around
him gradually crystallized the hopes of the German peoples,
and to him they looked for help in the hour of their sorest need.
But this is not the only legend of a slumbering future deliverer
which lives on in Germany. Similar hopes cling to the memory
of Charlemagne, sleeping in a hill near Paderborn; to that of the
Saxon hero Widukind, in a hill in Westphalia; to Siegfried, in the
hill of Geroldseck; and to Henry I., in a hill near Goslar.
DE doesn't contain the part of this sentence after the
colon.]
18
the Thirty Years' War,
fought over the greater part of Germany. In this war the Germans
divided against each other on a basis of politics and religion, each side
having support from other nations. It took place 1618-1648.
“It was a huge, blasting ruin, from which Germany had not fully
recovered in the middle of the nineteenth century. Season by season, for
a generation of human life, armies of ruthless freebooters harried the
land with fire and sword. The peasant, who found that he toiled only to
feed robbers and to draw them to outrage and torture his family, ceased
to labor, and became himself robber or campfollower. Half the population
and two-thirds the movable property of Germany were swept away.
In many large districts the facts were worse than this average. The
Duchy of Wurtemberg had fifty thousand people left out of five hundred
thousand. Populous cities had become hamlets, and for miles upon miles
former hamlets were the lairs of wolfpacks. Not until 1850 did some
sections of Germany again contain as many homesteads and cattle as in
1618.
“Even more destructive was the result upon industry and character.
Whole trades, with their long-inherited skill, had passed from the memory
of men. Land tilled for centuries became wilderness, and men
became savages. The generation that survived the war had come to
manhood without schools or churches or law or orderly industry. The
low position of the German peasantry, morally and mentally, well into
the nineteenth century, was a direct result of the Thirty Years' War.”
— West's Modern History.
19
a good example of this in later times was the sale of
German regiments (called Hessians) by German princes to George III. of
England for service against the Americans in the Revolution, 1776-1781.
[See the chapter “German
Mercenaries” from The German Element in the War of American
Independence by George W. Greene (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The
Riverside Press, 1876).]
20
1806-1813, when the kings or princes of Wurtemberg,
Bavaria, Baden, Nassau, Darmstadt, with fourteen other princes
formed the Rhine Confederation, and repudiated the jurisdiction of the
Empire. The Confederation was a creature of Napoleon, as these princes
were at his mercy. It was naturally under his “protection.”
[DE mentions here that Bavaria, Saxony and Wurtemberg were
the leaders of the Rheinbund group. In AE, this listing is
postponed to the next paragraph.]
21
the Holy Roman Empire, by this time become, in the words of Voltaire,
“neither holy, nor Roman, nor Empire.”
In 1806 Franz II. of Austria,
who was the emperor, abdicated to prevent Napoleon's usurping the
imperial throne. By this act the Holy Roman Empire came to an end.
22
the destruction of Napoleon's army in the invasion
of Russia (1812) gave Prussia the opportunity. The whole Prussian people
rose to rid themselves of foreign domination. The rest of Germany
was not unanimous in joining the revolt, though the princes of the Rhine
Confederation joined it. By the peace of Paris (May, 1814) the boundaries
between France and Germany were made as they were in 1792. This
period when the people of Germany threw off the yoke of the oppressor
has been the subject of much eloquence and enthusiasm.
23
issued by Friedrich Wilhelm III., king of Prussia, from Kalisch,
a town otherwise obscure
enough. He had met the emperor of Russia here, and the two had
renewed their friendship and had concluded a treaty for the restoration
of the independence of Europe. Immediately afterward (17 March, 1813)
the king of Prussia issued his address
An mein Volk. Its substance was
as follows:
“My faithful people, and indeed all Germans, need no account of the
causes of the war which now begins. They are open before the eyes of
Europe. Men of Brandenburg, Prussia, Silesia, Pomerania, and Lithuania!
You know what you have suffered for these seven years. You
know what your sad doom will be if this war does not end in success.
Remember your past: remember the Great Elector and the Great Frederick!
Even small nations have fought with great powers in such a
cause as this. Remember the heroic Swiss and Netherlanders. This is
the last and decisive struggle which we undergo for our existence, our
independence, our prosperity. There is no escape for us but an honorable
peace or a glorious death. Even this you would meet calmly, for
honor's sake, since the Prussian and the German cannot survive his
honor. But we have a right to be confident. God and our firm purpose
will give victory to our righteous cause, and a secure and glorious peace
will bring back to us the time of our prosperity.”
[DE omits “after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.”]
24
these “promises” became the moving cause of
the political discontent and the revolutions that followed in Germany.
Of the latter, Schurz's book deals only with the Revolution of 1848.
24a
[DE omits this sentence.]
24b
[DE omits “of Leipzig and Waterloo.”]
24c
[DE says “had also ambitions outside of Germany, or rather was
inspired by selfish interests outside of Germany”
rather than “had also un-German interests and designs.”]
24d
[DE says “he hated free aspiration and feared the people”
rather than “he hated and feared every free aspiration among the
people.”]
24e
[DE says “public administration of justice”
rather than “trial by jury.”]
25
(1770-1840) became king
of Prussia in 1797. He was a weak king, a lovable personality, and a
man of perfect uprightness. His queen was the much beloved Louise.
[(1776-1810), who bore the sufferings inflicted on her and her family
during the war between Prussia and France with dignity and unflinching
courage. During the war, Napoleon attempted to destroy the queen's
reputation, but the only effect of his charges in Prussia was to make
her more deeply beloved.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
They were the parents of Emperor Wilhelm I., known as
Wilhelm der
Große [William the Great] (died 1888).
25a
[DE inserts here “... paternalistic ...”]
25b
[DE says “of a wish for fulfillment”
rather than “reminder” and
“sufficient ground to defer the fulfillment of that wish”
rather than “as such to be repelled.”]
25c
[DE omits “patriotic men whom they called.”]
25d
[DE adds here: “The German was tempted to despise
his fatherland. He viewed himself with irony.”]
26
(1795-1861), son of
Friedrich Wilhelm III., came to the throne in 1840. He began well by
undoing much of his predecessor's tyranny. But he was not in harmony
with the spirit of the times and retarded the advancement of his people.
Personally he was noble-minded and conscientious. In 1857 his mind
began to fail, and his brother Wilhelm became regent.
[DE omits “Frederick William III.'s son and successor.”]
27
[DE adds: “It was right at that time that
the threat to the Rhineland border by French foreign minister
Thiers once again mightily aroused German nationalism,
and a chorus of a million shouted back a warning with the
song ‘You will never have the free German Rhine!’ much as
thirty years later ‘Watch on the Rhine’
threatened the French.”
Watch on the Rhine (Wacht am Rhein) was written in 1840, the
same year Nikolaus Becker wrote Der deutsche Rhein, by businessman Max
Schneckenburger (1819-1849), but it languished in obscurity until in 1870,
having been set to music by Karl Wilhelm (1815-1873) in 1854, it became the
hymn for the German side in the Franco-Prussian war. Schneckenburger went to
work in Switzerland in 1841 where he established a cast-iron foundry.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.
Watch on the Rhine is somewhat known in the
USA due to its appearance in the movie Casablanca where
an attempted rendition is eventually drowned out by the Marseillaise
(see note 2 for Chapter 5).]
Thiers (pronounced tee-air) [, Louis Adolphe]: (1797-1877) French
statesman and historian, prime minister and secretary of state for a few
months in 1840. “You will,” etc.: by Nikolaus Becker (1809-1845).
The poem is as follows:
Der deutsche Rhein.
| 1. |
Sie sollen ihn nicht haben,
Den freien deutschen Rhein,
Ob sie wie gier'ge Raben
Sich heiser danach schrein,
|
|
17. |
Sie sollen ihn nicht haben,
Den freien deutschen Rhein,
Solang dort kühne Knaben
Um schlanke Dirnen frei'n;
|
| |
| 5. |
Solang er ruhig wallend
Sein grünes Kleid noch trägt,
Solang ein Ruder schallend
In seine Woge schlägt!
|
|
21. |
Solang die Flosse hebet
Ein Fisch auf seinem Grund,
Solang ein Lied noch lebet
In seiner Sänger Mund!
|
| |
| 9. |
Sie sollen ihn nicht haben,
Den freien deutschen Rhein,
Solang sich Herzen laben
An seinem Feuerwein;
|
|
25. |
Sie sollen ihn nicht haben,
Den freien deutschen Rhein,
Bis seine Flut begraben
Des letzten Manns Gebein!
|
| |
| 13. |
Solang in seinem Strome
Noch fest die Felsen stehn,
Solang sich hohe Dome
In seinem Spiegel sehn!
|
| |
|
Nikolaus Becker. (1840.)
|
27a
[DE inserts here “..., while he discussed all sorts of projects with the
people, ...”]
27b
[DE omits “but unreal”]
27c
[DE appends here: “..., for better representation
of the middle and farming classes, and for freedom of the press. The
'class committees', instituted in 1842 to take the place of centralized popular
representation, but with only very restricted powers, made the old
unfulfilled promises of a truly representative system of government
more perceptible and the spirit of the people clearer.”]
27d
[DE adds here: “It did not help that the royal
government angrily rejected the petitions; that it increased censorship;
that, in order to suppress the religious liberalization
movements alluded to previously, it put schools under strict controls,
and substituted conservative teachers and corresponding textbooks for
more liberal ones; that it curtailed freedom of curriculum in the
universities, and even tried to bring judges under its yoke with
disciplinary laws.”]
27e
[DE omits “and petition.”]
27f
[DE inserts here “... more vividly ...”]
28
(1787-1874), French statesman and historian. His statecraft was directed
against the continental powers. He was quite generally opposed
to the policies of Thiers.
29
(1784-1865), English
statesman nicknamed Lord Firebrand. He became Minister of Foreign
Affairs in 1830, and for twenty years exerted his powerful influence.
During the Revolution of 1848 he sympathized, or was supposed to sympathize,
with the revolutionary party abroad. He supported the claims
of the Greeks in their war for independence. When Kossuth, the Hungarian
leader, landed in England, Palmerston proposed to receive him,
and was prevented only by a peremptory vote of the Cabinet. As a
result the British government, or at least Palmerston as its representative,
was regarded with suspicion and resentment by every power in
Europe except the French Republic. Over the Foreign Office he exercised
and asserted an arbitrary dominion which the feeble efforts of the
premier could not control. In his seventy-first year he became prime
minister, which position he retained, with one short interval, till his
death.
30
(1799-1869), English statesman. He was an
ardent supporter of the Reform Bill, 1832. He introduced and carried
the first national education act for Ireland, and introduced a bill for the
freeing of slaves in the British West Indies. Three times he was called
on to form an administration. He was a protectionist. By the admission
of all parties he was the most perfect orator of his day.
| “ |
The brilliant chief, irregularly great,
Frank, haughty, rash — the Rupert of debate.”
|
| — Bulwer Lytton. |
31
[Friedrich Franz Karl Hecker]
(1811-1881), member of the legislature in Baden and later
leader of the Revolution (1848) there. He emigrated to America, and
lived on a farm near Belleville, Ill. In 1860 he was an elector on the
Republican ticket. In that campaign he was much in demand as a
speaker. He served in the Civil War [of a regiment he raised for the Federal
side — Encyclopædia Britannica].
32
[Karl Wenzeslaus Rodecker von Rotteck] (1775-1840), professor
at the University of Freiburg. He was “persecuted” in 1832
in one of
the Demagogenverfolgungen.
For a while he represented his university
in the Landtag. He was editor of two political periodicals.
33
[DE says “Welcker” instead of “Welker.”]
[Karl Theodor Welcker] (1790-1869), [law] professor and publicist. He was a member of the Baden
legislature, and a colleague of Rotteck's in the editing of
The Independent.
He was a member of the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848.
34
[Ludolf Camphausen (1803-1890):
“In 1848 ... Ludolf Camphausen stepped suddenly from his banker's desk
at Cologne to the presidential chair of the Ministry of State at Berlin,
being called by King Frederick William IV. to succeed Count Arnim-Boitzenburg
as prime minister, on the 29th of March. Ludolf
availed himself largely of his younger brother's (Otto) splendid business
talents, and the two might, indeed, have succeeded at the time in tiding over
this most critical epoch in the constitutional history of the land, had they
not had to encounter the deep insincerity of the monarch on the one side,
and the (very excusable) profound distrust of the Radical and Progressist
majority of the Assembly on the other side.
“Both Ludolf and Otto Camphausen were moderate Liberals —
too honestly Liberal
to suit the views of the king and of the reactionary feudalist clique
around him, and too honestly Conservative for the impatience of the men
of progress. Less than three short months sufficed to convince Ludolf
Camphausen of this fact, and already on the 20th of June he tendered
his resignation to the king.
“One month after, at the end of July, 1848,
Ludolf Camphausen was sent as Prussian representative to the new German
central power at Frankfort-on-the-main. Here he remained till April, 1849,
when he finally resigned, and went back to his banking business at Cologne,
a wiser and sadder man, thoroughly disenchanted of the alluring illusions of
power and office.”
— G. L. M. Strauss, Men Who Have Made the New German Empire,
Vol. II, London: Tinsley Brothers, 1875, pp. 289-290.]
35
[Georg Freiherr von Vincke] (1811-1875), Prussian statesman. In 1843-1845 he was a member of the
Westphalian legislature. He was a member of the
Vereinigter Landtag,
and attracted attention by his opposition
to revolution, and by favoring the hereditary empire. At intervals from
1849 to 1867 he was a member of the Prussian lower house.
36
[Hermann von Beckerath (1801-1870):
“one of the most remarkable public characters of
Germany, was born at Krefeld (in Prussia), December 1801. He sprang from
a commercial family, and made a considerable fortune as a banker. But
he gave himself also to pursuits of a more intellectual character, and
especially to the studies of jurisprudence and politics.
The accession of Frederick-William IV. to the throne roused B. to a sense
of the political condition of his country, and he devoted himself to work out
its constitutional freedom. In 1843, he was elected representative of his
native town in the provincial diet, and continued for several years to take
a prominent part in Prussian politics. He was a deputy in the National
Assembly, which sprang up in the eventful year 1848, and held its sittings
at Frankfort. His eloquence exercised considerable influence on this assembly.
He was appointed minister of finance, and shortly after called to Berlin to
construct a cabinet; but in this he failed. His strictly constitutional
advice was not apparently agreeable to the court, and he returned to Frankfort.
An advocate for German unity, it was he who made use of the
expression: `This waiting for Austria is death to the union of Germany.'
But zealous as he was for constitutional freedom and German unity, he refused
his assent to any measure of a revolutionary tendency. When the retrograde
movement set in, he resigned such posts as he held under government, but
continued, as a member of the second Prussian chamber, a vigorous opposition
to the Manteuffel ministry, which had deserted the cause of German unity,
and returned to the old traditional politics of the court.”
— Chambers's Encyclopædia, Vol. I,
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1870, pp. 787-788.]
37
[David Justus Ludwig Hansemann] (1790-1864), Prussian statesman and publicist. On one occasion
the crown rejected his election to the legislature because he had
proposed a constitutional government in 1830. In 1846 he had favored
government ownership of railroads.
38
(Assemblée nationale),
the name which the States General of France assumed 7 June, 1789,
and which they changed on the 23d to Assemblée
constituante (Constitutional Convention).
That this latter name is well
deserved may be seen from the fact that this body passed the Declaration
of the Rights of Man and voted the Constitution of 1791. It abolished
feudal privileges, proclaimed national sovereignty, separated the legislative,
executive, and judicial powers, made all citizens eligible to public
office, established their equality before the law, instituted religious
freedom, reformed the civil service and the system of taxation. It gave place
to the Assemblée legislative,
30 September, 1791.
38a
[DE adds: “At Kinkel's gatherings these things became
the object of lively discussion.”]
39
see note 1. See also Henderson's
A Short History of Germany, II.,
328-335.
[DE omits “As I have already mentioned.”]
39a
[DE omits “1813 to 1815.”]
39b
[DE gives the last phrase as “although sometimes this zeal degenerated
into a foolish overdone Germanomania.”]
40
Demagogenverfolgungen:
in 1819, after the attempt to assassinate the president of the
Nassau parliament, and after the assassination of Kotzebue (see
note 1),
active proceedings were undertaken in concert by the various
governments of the German states against the so-called “demagogues.”
For a period of about ten years suspects were pursued with particular
vigor, though “persecutions” were continued for a longer time. The
Burschenschaften and patriotic societies even the Turners became
objects of suspicion, complaint, and persecution by official and
non-official informers. Students, respected scholars, and university
professors were called to account on charges that were without ground.
Discontent with government policy was centred in universities, parliaments,
and newspapers. In 1833 the officials of twenty-three states
heard over eighteen hundred such cases.
41
erroneously supposed to have been the colors of the Holy Roman Empire.
41a
[Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523) German monk, knight and satirist. Like Erasmus
or Pirckheimer, he was one of those men who form the bridge between Humanists
and Reformers. He lived with both, sympathized with both, though he died
before the Reformation had time fully to develop. His life may be divided into
four parts: — his youth and cloister-life (1488-1504); his wanderings in pursuit of knowledge (1504-1515); his strife with Ulrich of Württemberg
(1515-1519); and his connexion with the Reformation (1510-1523). Each of these
periods had its own special antagonism, which colored Hutten's career: in the
first, his horror of dull monastic routine; in the second, the ill-treatment
he met with at Greifswald; in the third, the crime of Duke Ulrich; in the
fourth, his disgust with Rome and with Erasmus.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
Notes to Chapter V
0
[DE notes here parenthetically “if I remember correctly
it was a Sunday morning.”
This chapter and chapter VI appear together as the fifth chapter of DE.]
1
[Louis Philippe (1773-1850), King of France 1830-1848. He was sixteen at the
outbreak of the
Revolution, into which, like his father, he threw himself with ardour. In 1790
he joined the Jacobin Club. When the republic was proclaimed, like his father,
he took the name Égalité, and posed as its zealous adherent.
An accomplice
of Dumouriez in the plot to march on Paris and overthrow the republic, he left
France in 1793. The execution of his father in that year made him duke of
Orleans. News of Napoleon's abdication recalled him to France in 1813. He was
cordially received by Louis XVIII.; he was named colonel-general of hussars,
and such of the vast Orleans estates as had not been sold were restored to him
by royal ordinance. The immediate effect was to make him enormously rich, his
wealth being increased by his natural aptitude for business. He courted
popularity by having his children educated en bourgeois at the public
schools.
His opportunity came with the revolution of 1830. Thiers issued a proclamation
pointing out that a Republic would embroil France with all Europe, while the
duke of Orleans, who was "a prince devoted to the principles of the
Revolution" and had "carried the tricolor under fire" would be a "citizen
king" such as the country desired. He was publicly embraced by Lafayette as a
symbol that the republicans acknowledged the impossibility of realizing their
own ideals and were prepared to accept a monarchy based on the popular will.
Charles X. was deposed, and Louis Philippe became king. To conciliate the
revolutionary passion for equality he was content to veil his kingship for a
while under a middle-class disguise. Little by little, always supported by a
majority in a house of representatives elected by a corrupt and narrow
franchise, his policy became more reactionary and purely dynastic. By allying
himself with the reactionary monarchies against the Liberals of Switzerland,
he finally alienated the French Liberal opinion on which his authority was
based.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
Encouraged by Guizot, he opposed electoral reforms which were advocated
by Thiers. An insurrection broke out in Paris, 22-23 February, 1848. The
National Guard abandoned the king, and on the 24th he abdicated and fled. The
republic was immediately proclaimed.
1a
[DE adds: “..., all seemingly driven by the same instinct,
...”]
1b
[DE adds here: “..., and we went to this one or to that one.”]
1c
[DE omits “and went away.”]
1d
[DE inserts here “... further ...”]
1e
[DE omits “excited as they were.”]
1f
[DE also puts quotes around “national German Empire.”]
1g
[DE adds here: “..., freedom of movement, ...”]
1h
[DE adds here: “Initially, people preferred to
carry on about the German monarchy and its haze of Kyffhäuser romanticism.”]
1i
[DE omits “serious.”]
1j
[DE omits “political.”]
1k
[DE omits “to the best of our ability.”]
2
the French national hymn.
[The Marseillaise was composed at Strassburg by Claude Joseph Rouget de
Lisle (1760-1836), a captain in the army. He wrote both words and music in a
fit of patriotic excitement after a public dinner. The piece was at first
called Chant de guerre de l'armée du Rhin, and only received its name
of Marseillaise from its adoption by the Provençal volunteers whom
Barbaroux introduced into Paris, and who were prominent in the storming of
the Tuileries. The author was a moderate republican, and was cashiered and
thrown into prison; but the counter-revolution set him at liberty. In 1825,
he published Chants français, in which he set to music fifty songs by
various authors.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
2a
[DE says “cathedral courtyard and old market place”
rather than “public places.”]
2a
[August Willich (1810-1878) was of a Prussian family, born in the province of
Posen, Prussia, in 1810. His father was a captain of hussars, and the son,
though he departed from the traditions of the family in politics, did not in
the choice of his profession. He joined the revolutionists in Baden in 1848,
and was there with Hecker and Sigel. During the Civil War he first joined a
German regiment in Cincinnati, later was made captain of the Thirty-second
Indiana Regiment (also called the First German). He distinguished himself
under General Buell in Kentucky; also in the battle of Shiloh, where he was
instrumental in the rescue of Grant's army. For his decisive bayonet attack
he was made a brigadier-general. He served under Rosecrans, and in one of the
aggressive movements was taken prisoner, but was exchanged after four months.
He took prominent part in the battles of Liberty Gap and Chickamauga, and
after the taking of Missionary Ridge was sent to Texas. It is interesting to
know that Willich in 1870 offered his services to the King of Prussia, though
he was once a “forty-eighter.” His offer was appreciated, but
declined with thanks. When sixty years of age he matriculated as a student of
philosophy in the University of Berlin. — Albert Bernhardt Faust, The
German Element in the United States, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1909,
v. 1, pp. 555-556, note 1. Date of death from
en.wikipedia.org.]
2c
[Fritz Anneke (1818-1872).]
3
Oberpräsident: in Prussia the highest official of each
of the provincial governments. The English call him Lord-Lieutenant.
[DE omits “prorogued.”]
3a
[DE says “already in the beginning of March”
rather than “almost at once”
and “all that” rather than “what.”]
4
see note 1.
5
[Daughter of a British army officer, she was born in Ireland in 1818, and named
Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanna Gilbert. Her father died in India when she was
seven. Her mother remarried and Gilbert was sent to Europe to be educated and
then joined her mother in Bath. In 1837, she married a British officer in the
India service and accompanied him there. She returned to England in 1842, and
her husband divorced her. She studied dance, and in 1843 had an unsuccessful
début in London as "Lola Montez, Spanish dancer." After subsequent successes
in Germany, Poland and Russia, she came to Munich in 1846. There she acquired
absolute sway over Ludwig I, King of Bavaria. The Revolution of 1848 overthrew
his government and made it necessary for her to flee. In 1851, she appeared in
theaters in New York. She then left for Australia, but returned to America in
1857 to act, and lecture on gallantry. After devoting some time to visiting
outcast women in New York City, she died there in 1861.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
5a
[Ludwig I (1786-1868), king of Bavaria, opposed absolutism and took great
interest in the work of organizing the Bavarian constitution in 1818. He
succeeded to the crown in 1825. Bavaria's power of self-defence especially
was weakened by his economies and by his lack of interest in the military
aspect of things. A patron of the arts, mainly interested in sculpture, he
visited Italy and also encouraged excavation and collection of art in Greece.
With the revolution of 1830, he began to be drawn into the current of reaction
and allowed the reactionary system of surveillance of the German Confederation
to be introduced into Bavaria. He aided the liberation of Greece from Turkish
rule with money and diplomacy, and his son Otto became king of Greece in 1832.
Especially after 1837, when Karl Abel became head of the ministry, the strict
Catholic party influenced affairs more and more decisively in Bavaria. However,
in 1846, this was countered by the liberal and anti-Jesuit influence of
Ludwig's new mistress, Lola Montez, and the king dismissed Abel in favor of
the more liberal Zu Rhein. Opposition of the people, especially students, and
the revolutionary movement of 1848 forced him to banish Montez. That year he
also abdicated in favor of his son Maximilian, henceforth devoting himself to
art patronage. The role which the Bavarian capital now plays as the leading
art centre of Germany would have been an impossibility without Ludwig's
splendid munificence.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
6
(1807-1848), agitator and author. [He was born in Cologne, the son of a failed
theologian who made a poor living as a cooper. He was ten years old before he could go
to school. He failed as a goldsmith's apprentice, but completed an
apprenticeship as a gardener. After his journeyman's time, he returned to
Cologne to work in a lamp factory. His employer put him to work at the counter
since he was good at calculations. In 1829, he followed his employer to Berlin
where he also continued his education. His work was interrupted by obligatory
military service, and on his release, his poor circumstances obliged him to
return to Cologne where he worked serving in a theater. By this time, he had
published some writing, mostly poems. When the theater closed in the summer,
he worked for a sheriff as a scribe.
The political upheavals of 1830 attracted his interest, and ideals of freedom
found their way into his poetry. He followed the theater troupe to Leipzig
where in 1840 he had worked his way up to being a cashier in the city
theater. He published plays and novels, and began speaking in public on
behalf of liberal ideas. He was a very compelling speaker. His initial
attempt at a newsletter was suppressed by the censor, but another one
continued for four years with occasional lapses due to the censor. He
became a German Catholic when Ronge came to Leipzig, and wrote on that
movement's behalf. In 1844, he gave up his theater job to found a book
store. In 1845, when the presence of John of Saxony stirred the masses and
the military fired on them, Blum calmed them and urged conformity to the law.
This resulted in his being elected a representative in Leipzig's government.
He embraced the upheavals of 1848.] He was vice-president of the preliminary
Parliament at Frankfurt [which he dominated with his energy, imposing figure
and pithy speechs. As a member of the succeeding parliament and leader of
the left, he worked to contain the most radical elements. Blum's
trustworthiness was questioned when the extreme leftist Ruge claimed Blum
had moved toward his side.] He went to Vienna to help the revolutionists, and
was commander of a select company. He was arrested and shot for having
led an expedition against the Imperial armies. [His execution aroused much
indignation, and 40,000 thalers were raised to care for the family he left
behind.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 2, pp. 739-741.]
[DE omits “quickly.”]
7
Clemens, Prince of Metternich-Winneburg (1773-1859),
Austrian statesman. From 1801-1809 he was the
Austrian ambassador at several courts. From 1809-1848 he held various
ministerial and cabinet positions in the Austrian government, and was
the moving spirit in Austria's home and foreign policy. He aimed constantly
to advance his country without regard for other nations. As
mentioned in the text, he was driven from power in 1848. He fled to
England, but returned two years later, and spent the rest of his life in
retirement in Vienna.
[DE omits “in the streets.”]
8
different from Frankfurt am Main, from which it was colonized.
8a
[Perhaps the last phrase could be better translated as
“and witnessed decisive events.”]
8b
[DE says “and collecting numerous signatures on them to send to
Berlin” rather than “to circulate them for signature and to send
them to Berlin.”]
8c
[DE says “plenty of students and a large number of craftsmen and other
workers” rather than “a great number of students and people of all
grades.”]
8d
[DE omits “which so long had been prohibited as the revolutionary
flag.”]
8e
[DE adds here: “This report was later confirmed insofar
as the struggle in Berlin had actually taken place, but oddly
the report had reached us before the struggle in Berlin had begun.”]
8f
[DE adds here: “It was felt that a struggle between the
people and troops had to bring major consequences.”]
8g
[DE inserts here “full” and omits “awful.”]
9
[DE adds the qualification: “, Unter den Zelten,” ...] a part of the Tiergarten on
the banks of the Spree. Parties, social gatherings, and picnics were held
here. Naturally agitators could find audiences here without difficulty.
[DE says “liberal-leaning” rather than “political” and
“fiery” rather than “popular.”
9a
[DE omits the previous sentence and “14th of March,” and says
“the petitioners” rather than “public opinion.”]
9b
[DE appends here “... and many people, among them several women, were
wounded.”]
9c
[DE appends here “... and further liberal reforms.”]
9d
[DE says “happy” rather than
“authoritative” and omits
“that the popular demands had been granted.”]
9e
[DE says “lines” rather than “heavy bodies.”]
9f
[DE inserts here “... from all walks of life ...”
and says “doctors, lawyers” rather than
“professional men” and
“whatever was at hand” rather than
“all sorts of weapons” and adds pistols and sabers to
the explicit list of weapons.]
9g
[DE omits “at short distances.”]
9h
[DE appends here “... while young boys were close by zealously casting
bullets and loading firearms.”]
9i
[DE says “significance” rather than “character.”]
9j
[DE gives this sentence as “With every incoming report his
agonized agitation rose.”]
9k
[DE begins this sentence with “Finally, ...”]
9m
[DE says “He said” rather than “He began by saying”]
9n
[DE says “he closed with the lines” rather than “he implored
them” and DE follows up with a more extended quotation from the
King's message: “Listen to the fatherly voice of your king,
residents of my faithful and beautiful Berlin, and forget what has
happened, as I will forget it, and will forget it in my heart, for the
sake of the great future which, under the blessing of God's peace, will
dawn for Prussia and, through Prussia, for Germany. Your loving queen,
and truly faithful mother and friend, who lies prostrate in grievous
suffering, joins her heartfelt tearful supplications with mine.
Frederick William.”]
9o
[DE misquotes the king's speech here by appending to the correct
quotation which appears here (requoted from the excerpt above) the words
“or the gullible victims of such.”
But certainly this implication could easily be extracted from the speech.
There must be a misprint and this phrase should have
appeared outside of the quotes in DE, and AE would
benefit by having this phrase appended here as well, outside
the quotes.]
9oa
[Johann Karl Wolf Dietrich von Möllendorf (1791-1860), Prussian infantry
general, spent most of his military career in the Guard corps. In the War of
Liberation, he distinguished himself in the taking of Paris in 1814. In 1848,
he commanded a brigade in Berlin which was assigned to the protection of the
King's castle. During the hostilities on March 18, he captured the portion of
the city lying between there and the Alexanderplatz in a bloody fight. When a
truce was declared on March 19, and he was on his way to the Alexander barracks
to make it known, he was treacherously siezed and made a prisoner by a rabble,
but soon regained his freedom through the intervention of some honest people.
Later his brigade was sent to Schleswig-Holstein. He retired in 1857.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 22, pp. 119-120.]
9p
[DE omits “by the citizens.”]
9q
[DE inserts here “... of men, women and children.”]
9r
[DE omits this phrase.”]
9s
[DE inserts here “... fighter-citizens ...,”
notes the men did the carrying and says “their distorted
features and gaping wounds uncovered, but wreathed with laurel branches
and immortelles” rather than “their gaping wounds uncovered, their
heads wreathed with laurel branches and immortelles.”]
9t
[DE omits “pallid” and inserts here
“... with ripped clothes and ...”]
9u
[DE says the call was muffled rather than loud.]
9v
[DE says “upper” rather than “open.”]
9w
[DE does not specify who made the cry.]
10
first line of a hymn by
Paul Gerhardt (1607-1676). He was a clergyman who is best known as
a writer of hymns. In his time there was a bitter disagreement between
Lutherans and an element called the Reformierten.
Kurfürst Friedrich
Wilhelm proposed a union of the two, and Gerhardt opposed it. An
edict of 1664 prohibited aspersions and charges of heresy between the
adherents of these different theological opinions. Gerhardt refused to
obey, and was removed from his position in the Nikolaikirche in Berlin.
Next to Luther he is Germany's most famous sacred poet. Though inferior
to the Reformer in the force and ruggedness of his verse, he is his
superior in polish and in the expression of the deeper spiritual emotions.
A number of his hymns enjoy a greater popularity than the one mentioned
in the text.
10a
[DE inserts here “slowly” and says “corpse bearers and their
escort” rather than “procession.”]
10b
[DE omits “nor ‘Down with Royalty!’”]
10c
[DE adds here: “The cannons had hardly ceased their roar
when shops opened up for business again.” Also, the last sentence
of the next paragraph of AE doesn't appear in the
DE at that point and most likely is an alternative translation
of this added sentence moved to the end of the next paragraph.]
11
(1797-1888), brother of Friedrich
Wilhelm IV. and second son of Friedrich Wilhelm III. and his queen,
Louise. He was Regent, 1858-1861, King of Prussia, 1861-1888, and the
first emperor of United Germany, 1871-1888, as Wilhelm I., called der
Große. The people now speak of him as der alte Kaiser.
11a
[DE adds here “had to flee the wrath of the people right
after the Berlin street fight. Rightly or wrongly he ...”
and omits “and the popular wrath turned upon him.”]
11b
[DE omits “By order of the king.”]
11c
[DE omits “on the street.”]
11d
[DE omits “military” and inserts here
“... whatsoever ...”]
11e
[DE begins this sentence with “It is said ...,”
says “painted” rather than “put”
and inserts here “no further precaution was
necessary — ...” DE omits the next sentence.]
11f
[DE says “armory” rather than “government armories.”]
11g
[Not phrased as a quote in DE. The next quote in AE is phrased
as a quote in DE but using the third person inside the quote.]
11h
[DE inserts here “... following ...” which
seems contradictory and a mistake? DE states the flag
was raised “on top of the dome of the royal palace.”]
11i
[DE inserts here “... declared he ...”]
11ia
[DE says “would be” rather than “had been.”]
11j
[DE adds: “Only one lone mistrustful voice rose up
from an unknown man in the crowd and shouted out, 'Don't believe him
brothers! He lies! He has always lied!' Some members of the citizens
militia protected the unfortunate from the anger of those surrounding
him and took him quickly to the nearest guard house where, regarded
as a lunatic, he was soon released.”
This selection is explicitly excluded in AT.
Since the last assembly referenced was a school
gathering, and he does not seem to be a student, certainly more
context should be given with this incident if it is to be
included, for example where and when it occurred.]
12
now the park-like grounds to the
City Hospital in Berlin.
12a
[DE says “20 000” rather than “two hundred
thousand,” as does http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~glennrp/marchrev/marchrev.html. There is nothing
about the lone dissenter in this latter source, and
it says only one voice shouted for the king to take
of his hat.]
12b
[DE omits “political.”]
12c
[DE omits “reasonable” and inserts here
“in looking back.”]
12d
[DE omits this sentence.]
12e
[DE says “working” rather than “theory”
and omits “current.”]
12f
[DE says “all” rather than “practical.”]
12g
[DE inserts here “... real ...”]
12h
[DE omits “or known.”]
12i
[DE omits “in strength.”]
12j
[DE omits “now.”]
12k
[DE expresses this sentence as
“Would it not have been more astounding if the people had been
indeed conscious of specific attainable goals and found
with assured vision the right means to fulfill them
and had the judgment to value what
was worth keeping in the current system?”
In AT, Schurz explicitly
substitutes the given sentence for DE's version.]
12m
[DE omits “popular” and says “diverted”
rather than “seduced” and “frightened.”]
12n
[DE omits “overlooking the tergiversations of the princes.”]
12o
[AT gives this sentence as
“In my circle, I knew many young men who were without fortune, depending
upon their studies to secure for themselves and their families a decent living,
devoted to their scientific callings not only from self-interest but also from
inclination, but who at that time at any moment were ready to abandon and risk
all for the liberty of the people and the greatness of the fatherland. I knew
burghers and peasants in plenty of whom the same could be said.”
DE gives this sentence as “In my circle I knew many upright men —
learned men, students, townspeople, farmers, workers — with or without
fortune — some less dependent on their daily work to secure for themselves
and their families a decent living, some more — devoted to their
work not only out of self-interest, but out of inclination —
but who at that time at any moment were ready to risk all —
position, possessions, prospects, life —
for the liberty of the people and the greatness of the fatherland.”]
12p
[DE omits “all, even.”]
13
the usual name for the great assembly hall of
a university or school.
13a
[DE appends here, “... and that because of the
first speech I ever made in my life.”]
14
Ritschl, Friedrich Wilhelm (1806-1876),
was called to the University of Bonn in 1839 as
professor of classical (Greek and Latin) literature and eloquence. He
was remarkable for his organizing ability and for his seminars. In 1865
he was called to the University of Leipzig, where the same brilliant
successes attended his work. He published voluminous investigations on
the comedies of Plautus.
15
the four faculties
of a German university are law, medicine, theology, and philosophy. In
this latter belong the subjects which Americans associate with a college
course philosophy, languages, mathematics, science, etc. One who has
complied with the requirements of the Philosophical Faculty may receive
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D.
15a
[DE gives this sentence as “I heard a speaker say something very repugnant
to my point of view, and, following a sudden impulse, I requested the floor and
the next moment found myself speaking to the assembly.”]
15b
[DE adds here, “that my whole body trembled;”]
15c
[DE omits “principal.”]
15d
[DE inserts here “... very ...” and omits “with liberal-minded
men.”]
15e
[Moritz August von Bethmann-Hollweg (1795-1877) jurist and Prussian statesman.
In his youth, he was tutored by Karl Ritter, a founder of the science of
geography, and by Grotefend, who decyphered the Persian cuneiform. He
studied the science of law at Göttingen and with Savigny at Berlin. He
graduated from Göttingen in 1819. In 1820, he became a professor at Berlin.
He specialized in the history of civil legal procedure and made many
pioneering contributions demonstrating a deep grasp of his subject and an
independence from received doctrine, and showing the value of the historical
viewpoint. He stayed away from politics and was repelled by the proceedings
of the “persecution of the demagogues.” He did interest himself
in religion, and had an ongoing concern to reconcile his religious convictions
with the rest of his life.
In 1829, he became a professor at Bonn, and the beneficial influences of this
small community permitted him to make this reconciliation and understand the
moral foundations of the law. Savigny noted his worked showed an independent
and uninhibited political outlook, an example of freedom and belonging to
onesself as opposed to just mouthing party slogans.
The death in 1840 of Frederick William III, who had much appreciated his work,
brought great changes to his life. Bethmann-Hollweg was raised to the
nobility, and in 1842 was appointed the government authority at Bonn and
as university trustee. Now his primary concern became the welfare of the
university. This represented a departure from his life of academic research,
and gave him more access to the government in Berlin, and he turned his
attention more to religious and political developments. In 1846, he led a
church conference, and participated in further conferences which struggled
over liturgical and constitutional issues. In 1848, as a result of the
dissolution of the ministry, he gave up his university offices.
The frightfulness of the 1848 revolution, and the moral damage it revealed in
many areas, decided Bethmann-Hollweg for devoting himself to the moral and
political well-being of the country. He took leadership roles in his church,
and entered the upper house of the newly-formed Prussian legislature, taking
a seat on the far right. He was much opposed to the democratizing tendencies
of the time, though still repelled by the reactionary elements. In 1853, he
entered the lower house. Notwithstanding its small size, his faction was
significant through its political integrity and intellectual prominence, but
in a new election in 1855 Bethmann-Hollweg lost his seat, and he took his leave
from political life for a time.
With the advent of the regency in 1858, he became the minister of religion in
the new administration. Opposition from the right and left prevented him
from accomplishing much. He stayed in the office until the advent of
Bismarck in 1862, and then departed for private life. He took up his
studies again with undiminished vigor, though on new foundations, and
published much worthwhile work in the years that remained to him.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 12, pp. 762-773.
DE omits “at that time.”]
15f
[DE inserts here “... servileness and ...”]
15g
[DE omits “therefore” and “prudently.”]
15h
[DE omits “was couched in very peremptory language and.”]
15i
[DE inserts here “... without delay ...”]
15j
[DE inserts here “... strong ...”]
15k
[DE inserts here “... on the Koblenzer Straße ...”]
15ka
[Friedrich Calker (1790-1870), German philosopher, was educated in Jena. For
a short time, he was a lecturer in Berlin. In 1818, he was called to a
extraordinary professorship in the newly founded University of Bonn, becoming
an ordinary professor in 1826. He substantially echoed the ideas of his
teacher Fries. — Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 3,
pp. 706-707.]
15m
[DE adds here, “... who pressed in around his door
and unfortunately trampled his small Dutch flower garden ...”]
15n
[DE adds here, “... fresh ...”]
15o
[DE gives this sentence as “It was easy to see on the face of the brave
man, to whom no one wished harm, that he found the soaring spirit of German
youth rather spooky. We thanked him for obliging us, took our leave politely
and marched back to the market-square.”]
15p
[DE omits “whether truly or not” and
“unpopular.”]
15pa
[Since in the next chapter Märzerrungenschaften is translated as
“March concessions”, here it would seem more consistent to say
“concessions resulting from” rather than
“results of.”]
15q
[DE characterizes the democrats as “those who aimed at securing the fruits
of the revolution only in the construction of new conditions ‘on the
broadest democratic basis.’”]
16
[DE adds the phrase
“and the formal ,Sie’ was supplanted by the intimate
,Du’.”]
16a
[DE inserts here “... who possessed an extraordinary capacity for work and
was very industrious, ...”]
16aa
[Johann Wilhelm Löbell (1786-1863), German historian, was born in Berlin.
After his studies — he entered the scholarly life against the wishes of
his mother who wanted him to go into business —, and the war for
independence — he was not on the frontlines but worked in an office
supporting the militia —, he moved to Breslau where he soon found work
as a teacher of history in a war college. There he published a historical
paper and one on building connections between the sciences and humanities
in gymnasium studies. In 1823, he went to work in Berlin at a military
academy as a history teacher. There he also became involved with the
issuance of new editions of Becker's World History. His tasteful
presentation and intelligent discrimination enabled him to successfully
negotiate the dangerous waters — destined to swallow so many later
editors — between a half popular and half scholarly treatment. He
oversaw the issuance of three new editions. Then he was called to a
professorship at Bonn in 1829 where he spent the rest of his life. He
was a gifted teacher and knew how to spot young talent and fortify its
foundations. He also took an interest in literary history, writing a
well-received paper on Gregor of Tours and studies of the development
of German poetry. He tried writing a world history but lost interest.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 19, pp. 35-38.
]
16b
[Before this sentence, DE adds “Indeed, my work as an agitator
was not inconsiderable.”]
16c
[DE omits “however.”]
16d
[DE says “appeals found immediate favor”
rather than “efforts struck a responsive chord.”]
16e
[DE says “took up their studies again”
rather than “returned to the universities” and
“further convinced me of this”
rather than “consoled me for the restraint I had put upon my warlike
ardor.”]
16f
[DE omits “Schleswig-Holstein volunteers.”]
16g
[DE omits “and will appear ... occasions.”]
16h
[DE says “completed his studies at”
rather than “left.”]
16i
[DE says “In the encounter at Bau”
rather than “One morning.”]
16j
[DE inserts here “... remarkably ...”]
16k
[DE appends here “... heartily.”]
16m
[DE inserts here “... — I believe it was the left one —
...”]
16n
[DE inserts here “... and his sight was so poor ...”]
16o
[DE inserts here “... fresh ...”]
16p
[DE says “life”
rather than “men, things, and events.”]
16q
[DE says “views at that time”
rather than “instincts.”]
Notes to Chapter VI
0
[DE says “celebratory mood” rather than
“horizon,” inserts here “... immediately ...”
and says “made everything appear in such a rosy light”
rather than “looked so glorious.”]
0a
[DE says “took root” rather than
“had gained ground.”]
0aa
[DE omits “gradually” and says “won strength”
rather than “was intensified.”]
0aaa
[The national parliament at Frankfort began with an informal meeting in March
1848 of 51 men at Heidelburg where several hundred delegates were nominated
for a preliminary parliament which should see to the calling of a really
national assembly. The preliminary parliament convened in Frankfort toward
the end of March, after the upheavals in Berlin. This body was not
representative of all Germany: Austria furnished but two members, tiny Baden
72, and Hesse-Darmstadt 84. But more serious than this was
the sharp antagonism that developed between the monarchical and the
republican parties. The preliminary parliament kept to its programme,
declared for a national assembly to be formed by direct popular election, and
appointed a committee to take the matter in hand. It made the important
pronouncement that the decision regarding a constitution for Germany was to
be the affair simply and solely of this national assembly.
This assembly, the Frankfort parliament, convened on May 18. The members this
time had been chosen from all Germany, theoretically one from every 55,000 of
the population. They considered themselves empowered to make great and
permanent changes. Unfortunately, no draft of a constitution had been
prepared, and the assembly lost five valuable weeks before it could take the
matter in hand at all. But the greatest error of the Frankfort assembly was
to begin its debates on the constitution with a discussion of the fundamental
rights of the German man, a list of which had been drawn up in a hundred
paragraphs. Days passed into weeks and weeks into months, while the
parliament was still busy with underlying principles, and with disputed
points of political economy; and while enemies within and without were rising
against it. By March 1849, it had drafted a constitution and sent a
delegation to Berlin to offer the imperial crown to Frederick William IV.
They were treated rudely, and Frederick William refused the offer.
In May 1849, 65 members resigned — including most of the illustrious
members — declaring their unwillingness to foster civil war. Bereft of
its sanest members, the parliament ran riot with its revolutionary ideas.
The place of meeting was moved from Frankfort to Stuttgart. It came to be
called the rump parliament. It now elected a “regency for the
empire”; and this “regency” proclaimed to the German people
that, in the struggle against absolutism, they were to accept no commands
save from itself and its plenipotentiaries. It called for a general arming,
and for a credit of five million thalers. But the “rump” had
overestimated its strength. The Würtemberg government first ordered it to
vacate the assembly hall of the estates, then to hold the sessions of the
“regency” beyond the state boundaries; and, finally, to move away
altogether under pain of “suitable measures.” It was given its
quietus by being forced to disperse by soldiers with drawn swords.
— Ernest T. Henderson, A Short History of Germany, New York: The
Macmillan Co., 1902, Volume II, Chapter VIII.]
0ab
[DE omits “represented the sovereignty of the German people in the large
sense” and explicitly includes politics as well as the fields
of law and philosophy as sources for illustrious men in the new
parliament.]
0ac
[DE says “concessions exacted by” rather than
“legitimate results of.”]
0ad
[DE begins this sentence with “In contrast, ...”]
0ae
[DE inserts here “... especially ...”]
0af
[DE says “inclination to progress” rather than
“general education.” “Progress”
here probably refers to new technologies in industry.]
0ag
[DE says “he had assumed during the storm and stress of the days in
March” rather than
“the revolution had made him assume.”]
0ah
[DE says “as the people of no other city of the world would have”
rather than “in the hours of stress.”]
0ai
[DE omits “perfectly.”]
0aj
[DE omits the characterization of Potsdam.]
0ak
[DE says “flatter the royal person and to increase its own importance
through his exaltation”
rather than “exalt and flatter the royal person.”]
0am
[DE says “now made it their business to goad the king's pride”
rather than “artfully goaded the king's pride.”]
0an
[DE says “prestige”
rather than “self-appreciation” and inserts here
“... not inconsiderable ...”]
0ao
[DE says “influences” rather than “forces” and
“completest” rather than “largest.”]
0aoa
[Apparently these were excesses connected with the meetings of the Prussian
constituent assembly in Berlin. Henderson (A Short History of Germany,
Vol. II, Chapter VIII) reports that “Members who voted contrary to the
radical element were repeatedly ill-treated by the mob that surrounded the
place of meeting. Once the crowd penetrated into the hall of meeting itself;
once they stormed the arsenal and carried off the more valuable guns.”
Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, “Germany:
History”) mentions “violence of politicians out of
doors.”]
0ap
[DE inserts here “... or America ...,”
omits “of repression” and says
“any reasonable person” rather than “anybody.”]
0aq
[DE inserts here “... assiduously ...,”
omits “with considerable effect” and says
“absolutely” rather than “after all.”]
0ar
[DE inserts here “... effect of the ...”
and says
“the reaction” rather than
“these developments.”]
0b
[DE discusses the men belonging to the
democratic club in more detail: “Among the townspeople in the club,
a merchant by the name of Anselm Unger was especially prominent.
He was a man of adequate, though not extraordinary, ability, and
of good character and some wealth. There was also a bartender by the
name of Friedrich Kamm who had earlier been a brush maker, also
a man of unblemished reputation, but who, at least according to the
way he talked, belonged to that class of grim revolutionaries
as were found among the terrorists in the French revolution
who had insatiable bloodlust and were not satisfied 'until the last aristocrat
was strangled with the intestines of the last priest', etc.
Among the students, the most zealous were Strodtmann, who I have already
mentioned, a medical student named Ludwig Meyer, brave and enthusiastic, and a
Westphalian by the name of Brüning, who was a gifted speaker, but who
disappeared from our ranks after a few months.”]
0ba
[DE omits “soon.”]
0bb
[DE inserts here “... and social ...”]
0bc
[DE inserts here “the necessary” rather than
“unflinching.”]
0bd
[DE says “terrorism” rather than
“excesses” and omits
“during the Reign of Terror.”]
0be
[DE inserts here “... we thought we could follow
and which ...”]
0bf
[DE inserts here “... ‘Citizen Unger,’
‘Citizen Kamm,’ ‘Citizen Schurz’
...”]
0bg
[DE inserts here “... with warmth and ...”
and says “and” rather than “because.”]
0bh
[DE says “assigned” rather than “invited.”]
0bi
[Heinrich Karl Marx (1818-1883) German socialist, studied law and then history
and philosophy at Bonn and Berlin, and took a Ph.D. in 1841. In Berlin, he
was closely associated with the young Hegelians. His radical ideas made a
university career out of the question, and he went to work on a radical
newspaper, but it was suppressed by the censors in 1843. In this year, he
also married Jenny von Westphalen.
He traveled to Paris to further study socialism. There he was closely
associated with Arnold Ruge. In contrast to most of the socialists of the
day, Marx laid stress upon the political struggle as the lever of social
emancipation. In Paris, Marx met Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). Engels, the
son of a wealthy cotton-spinner, had also frequented the society of the
Hegelians when he was in Berlin to do his military service. In 1842, he had
gone to England, his father's firm having a factory near Manchester, and had
gotten to know the Owenite and Chartist movements, as well as German
communists. Now, in 1844, on a short stay in Paris, he visited Marx, and
the two found themselves in perfect agreement. From that visit dates the
close friendship and uninterrupted collaboration which lasted during their
lives, so that even some of Marx's subsequent works, which he published under
his own name, are more or less also the work of Engels.
At the request of the Prussian government, France ushered Marx and his friends
out of the country, and he and Engels and others went to Brussels where they
came into still closer contact with the socialist working-class movement. At
the end of 1847, they wrote their famous pamphlet, Manifest der
Kommunisten. Scarcely was the manifesto printed when, in February 1848,
revolution broke out in France. After a short stay in France, Marx and Engels
went to Cologne. When in November 1848 the king of Prussia dissolved the
National Assembly, Marx and his friends advocated the non-payment of taxes
and the organization of armed resistance. Then the state of siege was
declared in Cologne, the paper he had founded, Neue rheinische Zeitung,
was suspended, and Marx was put on trial for high treason. He was unanimously
acquitted by a middle-class jury, but in May 1849 he was expelled from
Prussian territory. He went to Paris, but was soon given the option of
either leaving France or settling at a small provincial place. He preferred
the former, and went to England. He settled in London, and remained there for
the rest of his life. He lived at this time in great financial straits,
occupied a few small rooms in Dean Street, Soho, and all his children then
born died very young. At length he was invited to write letters for the
New York Tribune for a guinea apiece. In 1867, he published the first
volume of his critique of political economy, Das Kapital.
In 1864, the International Working Men's Association had been founded in
London, and Marx was in fact, though not in name, the head of its general
council. The first years went smoothly enough. Marx was then at his best.
He displayed political sagacity and toleration. He was more a teacher than
an agitator, and his expositions of such subjects as education, trade unions,
the working day, and coöperation were highly instructive. He did not hurry on
extreme resolutions, but put his proposals in such a form that they could be
adopted by even the more backward sections, and yet contained no concessions
to reactionary tendencies. But this condition of things was not permitted to
go on. The anarchist agitation of Bakunin, the Franco-German War, and the
Paris Commune created a state of things before which the International
succumbed. In 1872, the general council was removed from London to New York.
But this was only a makeshift, and in 1876 the rest of the old International
was formally dissolved at a conference held in Philadelphia.
The dissolution of the International gave Marx an opportunity of returning to
his scientific work. He did not, however, succeed in publishing further
volumes of Das Kapital. Repeated illness interrupted his researches, and
in 1883 he passed quietly away.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0bj
[DE says “was” rather than “could not have been much more
than” (Marx was born on May 5, 1818),
“and” rather than “but”
and “a” rather than “the advanced.”]
0bk
[DE says “powerfully built” rather than “somewhat.”]
0bm
[DE inserts here “... in his field ...”]
0bn
[DE says “intolerably arrogant” rather than “intolerable.”]
0bo
[DE inserts here “... essentially ...” and says
“a somewhat respectful” rather than
“even a condescending.”]
0bp
[DE inserts here “..., I might characterize it as a tone which
spit, ...”]
0c
[DE adds here: “... and carries on his reasoning from that ground.
The man who starts from the philosophy 'Whoever does not
think as I do is an ass or a cad, or both' will find it hard to
gain adherents.” Schurz explicitly deletes this
last sentence in AT. The last phrase of the
sentence before looks like it inadvertently was deleted
with it. In the sentence before, DE says
“experience” rather than “lesson.”]
0ca
[DE omits “for which I had to write articles.”]
0cb
[DE adds two more troubling items here: “my own feeling of powerlessness
and how I as a subservient member could avert the threatening
trouble with something effective.” Schurz excludes
these explicitly in AT.]
0cc
[DE says “to prepare the people by prudent and energetic action for”
rather than
“for the people to be prepared for prudent and energetic action
in.”]
0d
[DE adds here: “Also, we sometimes deliberately
combined convivial gatherings with political demonstrations. So there
were sufficient patriotic gatherings at the Kneipe, and sometimes
also torchlight excursions to the Kessenich Gorge, an especially
favored destination in Bonn, where, sitting around campfires,
we amused ourselves until dawn with patriotic songs, speeches and other
expressions of youthful enthusiasm.”]
0da
[DE inserts here “... this sort in ...” and omits
“chosen.”]
0e
[DE says “parental” rather than “paternal”
and “a day by foot or a few hours by steamer”
rather than “a few hours.”]
0ea
[DE gives the last two sentences as “For the first time on that bright
September morning I had the full enjoyment of a trip up the Rhine for the entire
stretch from Bonn to Mainz, and I made an effort to drive away the disquieting
thoughts which were stirred up by confused rumors of turmoil and a
street-battle in Frankfurt.”]
0eb
[DE inserts here “... that evening ...”]
0ec
[DE says “how back in the spring of 1848”
rather than “that.”]
0f
[DE adds here: “... and occupied Jutland.”]
0fa
[DE omits “painful” and inserts here “... to the world
...” and says “known in the history of that time as the
infamous” rather than “the so-called.”]
0g
[Although it is somewhat hard to discern here, DE
makes it clear that the fifth member was to be appointed jointly
by Denmark and Prussia.]
0ga
[DE says “eleven” rather than “ten” and
“now” rather than “apparently.”]
0gb
[DE inserts here “... very ...” and gives the name of the meadow as
“the Pfingstweide.”]
0gba
[Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald (1792-1848) was born in East Prussia where
the family possessed the estates of Plauth and Tromnau. He entered the army
in 1813 and by 1848 had become a major general. Three precincts had elected
him to the Frankfurt parliament where he joined the conservatives, but he did
not participate in the party leadership or the debates. On September 17,
1848, a gathering on the Pfingstweide in Frankfurt led by Zitz had, on
account of the parliament's decision regarding the truce of Malmö, declared
the members thereof traitors to the fatherland, freedom and honor. The result
was the uprising on the next day where a mob went looking for Reichsminister
Hekscher and Prince Felix Lichnowsky, if such a thing as a plan can be
attributed to a drunken, agitated mob. Auerswald had ridden out with
Lichnowsky, and by the Friedberger Gate, the mob discovered them. They tried
to flee. At the Bethmann villa, Auerswald was mortally felled by a pistol
shot. Lichnowsky was beaten up and died the next day.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 1, pp. 650-651.
Franz Zitz will appear again later in Schurz's narrative.]
0gbb
[Felix Lichnowsky (1814-1848) was a son of the historian Eduard Lichnowsky
who had
written a history of the Habsburg family. He entered the Prussian army in
1834, but left it in 1838 to enter the service of the Spanish pretender Don
Carlos, where he received the rank of brigadier general. He fought a duel
with the Spanish General Montenegro and was severely wounded, but recovered.
In 1847, he was elected by Ratibor to Prussia's United Diet, and was elected
to the national parliament in 1848 where he took his seat on the right. Here
he put to use his substantial oratorical skills, though frequently using them
to dazzle rather than enlighten, and his demeaning characterizations of the
left earned him a poor reputation in those quarters. When the uprising broke
out on September 18 in consequence of the parliament's decision regarding the
truce of Malmö (in the debate for which Lichnowsky had spoken in very
conciliatory terms), disdaining all warnings, he rode out with General von
Auerswald to meet the troops arriving from Württemberg. A mob recognized them
on the Bornheimer Highway and gave chase to the defenseless men. They fled,
but accidentally went down a dead-end path at the end of which they dismounted
and hid in a gardener's hut. The mob found them in the hut, shot von
Auerswald to death and, like a band of cannibals, beat up Lichnowsky who died
the next day in Baron Bethmann's villa.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 18, pp. 533-534.]
0gbc
[The hotel name means “at the sign of the swan.”]
0gc
[DE inserts here “... yet ...”]
0gd
[DE inserts here “... back then ...”
and says “played out so sadly” rather than
“was already foretold.”]
0ge
[DE omits “there sat” and inserts here “... more or less
...”]
0gf
[DE inserts here “... increasingly ...”
and omits “thus.”]
0gg
[Joseph Maria von Radowitz (1797-1853), Prussian general and statesman. In
the Frankfort parliament he was leader of the extreme Right; and after its
break-up he was zealous in promoting the Unionist policy of Prussia, which
he defended both in the Prussian diet and in the Erfurt parliament. He was
practically responsible for the foreign policy of Prussia from May 1848
onwards, and in September 1850 he was appointed minister of foreign affairs.
He resigned, however, in November, owing to the king's refusal to settle the
difficulties with Austria by an appeal to arms. In August 1852 he was
appointed director of military education; but the rest of his life was
devoted mainly to literary pursuits.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0gh
[Heinrich Wilhelm August, Freiherr von Gagern (1790-1880),
German statesman. When the German national parliament met in May 1848, he
was elected its first president. His influence was at first paramount, both
with the Unionist party and with the more moderate elements of the Left, and
it was he who was mainly instrumental in imposing the principle of a united
empire with a common parliament, and in carrying the election of the
Archduke Johann as regent. With the growing split between the Great Germans
(Großdeutschen) , who wished the new empire to include the Austrian
provinces, and the Little Germans (Kleindeutschen) , who realized that
German unity could only be attained by excluding them, his position was
shaken. In December, when the Austrian members had left the cabinet,
Gagern became head of the imperial ministry, and he introduced a programme
(known as the Gagnersche Programm) according to which Austria was to
be excluded from the new federal state, but bound to it by a treaty of union.
After a severe struggle, this proposal was accepted; but the academic
discussion on the constitution continued for weary months. In May 1849,
realizing the hopelessness of coming to terms with the ultra-democrats,
Gagern and his friends resigned.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.
DE says “storm-laden” rather than “heavy.”]
0gi
[Silenus was a primitive Phrygian deity of woods and springs. As the reputed
inventor of music he was confounded with Marsyas. He also possessed the gift
of prophecy, but, like Proteus, would only impart information on compulsion.
In Greek mythology he is the constant companion of Dionysus, whom he was said
to have instructed in the cultivation of the vine and the keeping of bees. He
fought by his side in the war against the giants and was his companion in his
travels and adventures. In art he generally appears as a little pot-bellied
old man, with a snub nose and a bald head, riding on an ass and supported by
satyrs; or he is depicted lying asleep on his wine-skin, which he sometimes
bestrides.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0gj
[Johann Ludwig Uhland (1787-1862), German poet and politician. Uhland wrote
manly poems in defense of freedom, and in the states assembly of Württemberg
he played a distinguished part as one of the most vigorous and consistent of
the liberal members. In 1829 he was made extraordinary professor of German
literature at the university of Tübingen, but he resigned this appointment
in 1833, when it was found to be incompatible with his political views. In
1848 he became a member of the Frankfort parliament. He was also an ardent
student of the history of literature.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0gk
[DE ends this sentence with a period rather than an exclamation point.]
0gm
[Martin Luther (1483-1546), German religious reformer, was the son of peasants and grew up among them. His father worked in the mines and leased several smelters. After attending schools without fees due to his family's impoverished circumstances, Luther entered the university at Erfurt, the most famous in Germany at that time. By this time his family had become more prosperous. Luther devoted himself to the study of scholastic theology as preparation for studies in law. He was said to be a skilled lute player and debater. By 1505, he was ready for law studies, and may have begun them; but suddenly, apparently consulting no one, he entered the Erfurt convent of the Augustinian Eremites and became a monk.
In 1508 he went to Wittenburg to assist a small university recently opened there. He began to preach there. He went back to Erfurt to complete his theological studies and became a professor of theology in Wittenburg. He found his calling in lecturing on scripture, but found his teachings diverged from the Erfurt theology. This divergence found expression in a 1516 lecture on indulgences. He thought the sales of these pardons from sin were injurious to people's morals, and eventually, in the tradition of academic disputation, posted a list of 95 theses on the church door in Wittenburg, which was commonly used for notices. But these theses were not presented academically, but for all people. They were eagerly read and printed in Latin and German and eventually spread all over Germany with the consequence that the sales of indulgences dropped off precipitously.
In ecclesiastical circles, it was felt Luther needed to be silenced. After an unsuccessful interview with the papal legate to the German diet, he published articles on the results. From these the people of Germany saw in Luther a pious academic, who had done nothing but propose a discussion on the notoriously intricate subject of indulgences, and was peremptorily ordered to recant and to remain silent. Next came the Leipzig disputation in 1519 on papal supremacy with John Mayr of Eck who felt Luther had fallen into the Hussite heresy. Eck's apparent victory moved Luther to the realization that he indeed was fundamentally at variance with the medieval ecclesiastical system which held that man cannot approach God without a priestly mediator. Luther stood for the spiritual priesthood of all believers. The people were sympathetic. On receipt of a papal bull, he burned it in public.
Next secular authorities became involved. In 1520, a new emperor, Charles, was unsympathetic with Luther, but no imperial edict against Luther could be published without the sanction of the diet at Worms, and they requested Luther be granted safe-conduct there to be examined. The emperor desired minimal answers to two questions: Had Luther written some specified books? Was he prepared to abjure or maintain what he had written? Luther obtained permission from the diet to present an extended answer to the second question. Upon completing the presentation of his answer, Luther was threatened by Spaniards in the diet and celebrated as a victor by the Germans. In anticipation of an unfavorable imperial edict, he was spirited off secretly to the Wartburg, a castle belonging to the elector Frederick,. The edict came, and threatened all Luther's sympathisers with extermination, but was mostly toothless.
Luther worked for the reformation to be a peaceful one, risking his life to calm agitated peasants; but in 1525, when the Peasants War went ahead anyway, he cast a stain on his life by issuing a pamphlet which urged that the rebellion be crushed. During this time he married a nun from the nobility, Catherine von Bora, whose escape from a convent he had aided. Luther's writings had convinced most of the convent inmates of the unlawfulness of monastic vows. Also in this year, the Reformation spread beyond Germany, and separated into different movements, only one of which Luther guided, and this guidance was where Luther concentrated his energies for the rest of his life.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0h
[DE says “already” rather than “repeatedly”
and appends here “... a few years after the
war of liberation to remind the people of the promises that had
been made in those tough times and the hopes they engendered.
Also, in the spring of 1848,
a student gathering had already taken place there, however their deliberations
didn't leave behind any definite results.”]
0ha
[DE gives this sentence more elaborately as
“The meetings took place in the meeting hall of a resort named Klemda
where we organized ourselves according to parliamentary rules so that our
speeches might proceed in orderly fashion. There was also
in no way a lack of oratorical accomplishment.”]
0hb
[DE inserts here “... at that time ...”]
0hc
[DE inserts here “... dark ...”]
0hd
[DE inserts here “... cycling ...”]
0i
[DE adds here: “It also seemed that
the Viennese had deliberately selected their most handsome people
for the student congress, at least all these young men were strikingly
beautiful, tall and bearded, and for the most part a bit older than the rest of
us.” — deleted in AT.]
0j
[DE notes at the beginning of this sentence that:
“Although in most of the university towns
the students played a more or less prominent part in the first
outbreaks of the revolution, ...” — deleted
in AT.]
0k
[DE notes this was the Pillersdorf-Latour ministry,
and that Pillersdorf was the one who asked the students' opinion.
Franz Freiherr von Pillersdorff (1786-1862), Austrian statesman. After a legal
education in Vienna, in 1805 Pillersdorf started his public service career in
Galicia, Spain. In 1807, he returned to Vienna as assistant to the court
councilor Freiherr von Baldacci. This put him in the center of the action when
the war with Napoleon broke out. In the disadvantageous peace that followed, a
new ministry was formed, with Metternich at its head. Baldacci moved to the
periphery of power, but Pillersdorff advanced to court secretary and then
became a court councilor. Here Pillersdorff had ample opportunity to aquaint
himself with the great disarray in the operation of the Austrian state, and how
necessary reform was, but uncommonly difficult to implement.
The events of 1812-1815 increased the oppressive political climate still more.
Baldacci became minister of the army and headed the administration of the
occupied zones in France, and Pillerdorf was put at his side. Pillersdorf's
stay in France and travels to England gave him the opportunity to make
comparative studies and think about how the people could start participating
in lawmaking and government in Austria as well. But the time had not come for
such changes in Austria since the emperor Franz kept the reigns of power
tightly to himself.
After the war, Austrian finances urgently required attention. The paper money
issued amounted to 700 million, but at least a portion of this disappeared from
circulation and was replaced by specie. By 1830 there was even the prospect of
a surplus in the treasury. This situation brought to the fore the question of
whether or not government should be representative, for to maintain the
partially achieved financial order, the participation of the public in
financial management was needed, as well as confidence that the ministries
would not overstep their budgets. The future of Austria lay in the solution of
this question, for the financial element comprised much more important affairs.
But those near the throne did not want to see the solution of the financial
question turn into a question of a constitution — yet that was its essence.
The July revolution of 1830 heightened the tension in the various classes of the
population. In 1832, Pillersdorff, who thought that concerns about conflict
with the new government in France should not frustrate attempts to bring more
order to Austria's finances, was taken away from finances and moved to the
chancellery where he became a privy councilor on the inner track of the
government. A new field opened itself to him where no skilled hand had been on
the plow since Joseph II. All kinds of weeds needed to be pulled, and
obstacles removed, in order to create a foundation for public welfare which
until now had not been allowed to develop. As stubbornly as the current order
was maintained, so public discontent with it became greater. Even patriotic men
faced with a sort of longing the storm that rose up from France and unleashed
itself on Austria.
The brittle government collapsed. Prince Metternich resigned, the ministry soon
followed, and Pillersdorff was put at the head of the ministry. If
Pillersdorff had hoped for a moment to be able to calmly and gradually
reorganize the government, everything conspired against his honest intention
— the turmoil in Italy and Hungary, the unrest in Vienna, relations with
Germany. The unexpected departure of the court made it an affair of honor for
the ministry not to resign, and Pillersdorff remained true to his post. He
held fast to the concessions made by the crown, but the resistance he offered
to constantly emerging new demands was too weak. He avoided the summoning of
the government's sources of influence. In the meantime, public affairs came
into such confusion and disarray, and Pillersdorff showed himself so little
suited to manage them and create order, that finally he resigned.
He became a deputy in the Vienna Reichstag. Here he took his place right of
center with the men who earnestly wanted to support the new government. Never
was there a vote in which he did not take the government's side. When the
Reichstag was dissolved in 1849, Pillersdorff's ministerial activity as well as
his behavior during the days of September became the subject of a disciplinary
investigation. These proceedings must have been uncommonly painful for
Pillersdorf whose efforts during his career were directed, as he himself said,
toward “reinforcing the power and prestige of the government and
instilling confidence in it by avoiding motives for dissatisfaction through
suggestions for peaceful reforms.”
Pillersdorff went into deep seclusion. His lot was to stand, “not amongst
those who had been judged, but among those who had been shamed.” But his fellow
citizens sought to heal these wounds: When constitutional government
returned to Austria in 1861, they confidently called him to the house of
representatives. The old man, who had reached the end of his days, took up the
mandate with joyful readiness and uprightly performed the duties of his office
as head of the finance committee.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 26, pp. 135-137.]
0m
[DE inserts here: “... tales of their deeds
and ...” — deleted in AT.]
0ma
[DE says “well aware” rather than
“sadly conscious.”]
0mb
[Josef Radetzky, Count of Radetz (1766-1858), Austrian
soldier. The events of 1848 in Italy, which gave the old field marshal his
place in history among the great commanders, found him, in the beginning,
seriously handicapped in the struggle with Carlo Alberto's army and the
insurgents. By falling back to the Quadrilateral, and there checking one
opponent after another, he was able to spin out time until reinforcements
arrived. Thenceforward, up to the final triumph of Novara, he and his
army carried all before them.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0mc
[Carlo Alberto (1798-1849), king of Sardinia (Piedmont). He
never actually became a Carbonaro, and was surprised and startled when after
the outbreak of the Neapolitan revolution of 1820 some of the leading
conspirators in the Piedmontese army informed him that a military rising was
ready and that they counted on his help. He induced them to delay the outbreak
and informed the king, requesting him, however, not to punish anyone. Two days
later, Turin was in the hands of the insurgents, the people demanding the
Spanish constitution. The king at once abdicated and appointed Carlo Alberto
regent. The latter, pressed by the revolutionists and abandoned by his
ministers, granted the constitution and sent to inform Carlo Felice, who was
now king, of the occurrence. Carlo Felice, who was then at Modena, repudiated
the regent's acts, accepted Austrian military assistance, with which the
rising was easily quelled, and exiled Carlo Alberto to Florence. The young
prince found himself the most unpopular man in Italy, for while the Liberals
looked on him as a traitor, to the king and the Conservatives he was a
dangerous revolutionist.
On the death of Carlo Felice, Carlo Alberto succeeded. He inherited a kingdom
without an army, with an empty treasury, a chaotic administration and medieval
laws. In 1847, he issued a decree granting wide reforms, and when risings
broke out in other parts of Italy early in 1848, he was at last induced to
grant the constitution. When the news of the Milanese revolt against the
Austrians reached Turin, public opinion demanded that the Piedmontese should
succour their struggling brothers; and after some hesitation, the king
declared war. With an army of Piedmontese, and men from other parts of Italy,
the king took the field and defeated the Austrians at Pastrengo. At Custozza,
the Piedmontese were beaten, forced to retreat, and to ask for an armistice.
On re-entering Milan Carlo Alberto was badly received and reviled as a traitor
by the Republicans, and, although he declared himself ready to die defending
the city, the municipality treated with Radetzky for a capitulation.
To him the people of Italy owe a great debt, for if he failed in his object,
he at least materialized the idea of the Risorgimento in a practical shape,
and the charges which the Republicans and demagogues brought against him were
monstrously unjust.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0md
[DE inserts here: “... bloody ...”]
0me
[DE inserts here: “... and other festivities
...” — deleted in AT.]
0mf
[DE says “that the student-congress could have”
rather than “of the student-congress.”]
0mg
[DE says “administrative headquarters”
rather than “executive authority.”]
0mh
[DE says “Among those who wanted to join in this intention, and of those
there were not a few, ...”
rather than “At last ...”]
0mi
[DE says “set about enjoying”
rather than “enjoyed” and
“excursions”
rather than “festivities.”]
0mj
[DE says “to and up”
rather than “up to.”]
0mk
[DE says “a couple kegs of beer and a bite to eat”
rather than “a plenteous spread with beer”
and “back to Eisenach”
rather than “to the town.”]
0mm
[DE omits “of citizens”
and inserts here “... of Weimar ...”]
0mn
[DE says “in the spirit”
rather than “as was the custom.”]
0mo
[DE inserts here “... to our unprepared surprise ...”]
0mp
[DE says “with”
rather than “preceded and surrounded by.”]
0mq
[DE says “me”
rather than “some of us.”]
0mr
[DE omits “with other parts of the country,”
“outside” and “to me for one” and
adds after this sentence:
“I said as much to my friends around me
as I came back to Eisenach.”]
0n
[DE says “after the march had reached Eisenach had gone”
instead of “had gone on” and appends here
“... called die Erholung” (well-being
restored).]
0na
[DE says “considerable”
instead of “remarkable” and inserts here
“... absolutely ...”]
0nb
[DE omits “actual.”]
0nc
[DE inserts here “... apparently ...”]
0nd
[DE says “the next morning” rather than
“now.”]
0ne
[DE says “agitators” rather than
“speechmakers.”]
0nf
[DE inserts here “... and where the authorities had reported what had
happened ...”]
0ng
[DE inserts here “... via railway ...”]
0nh
[DE inserts here “... mutinous ...”]
0ni
[DE inserts here “..., apparently at least, ...”]
0nj
[DE says “these people seduced by the students' crazy prank” rather
than “them” and omits
“in consequence of this escapade.”]
0nk
[DE says “yet another address” rather
than “an address.”]
0nm
[DE omits “unanimously.”]
0nn
[DE appends here “..., discussed and adopted.”]
0no
[DE says “other places” rather than
“of various other public buildings” and omits
“for further publication.”]
0np
[DE says “still more” rather
than “several patriotic.”]
0nq
[DE inserts here “... as close as possible to the smoke stack in order to warm myself, ...”]
0nr
[DE inserts here “..., among other things, ...”]
0ns
[DE gives this sentence as “I easily resolved to face this fate
courageously.”]
0nt
[DE inserts here “... Eisenach ...”]
0nu
[DE omits “Viennese.”]
0nv
[DE says “within the Austrian empire” rather than
“under a 'personal union' with Austria.”]
0o
[In 1872, Pesth and Köbánya, on the left bank of the Danube,
were merged with Buda and old Buda, on the right bank of
the Danube, to form Budapest, the current capital and largest city of
Hungary. — Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition,
“Budapest,” v. 4, p. 734, where Pesth is
spelled Pest, and old Buda is spelled O-Buda.]
0oa
[DE says “tread on its lands” rather than
“enter within those boundaries.”]
0ob
[Stephan Victor (1817-1867) Archduke of Austria, palatine of Hungary
(1847-1848). His father, Joseph, also held the office of Hungarian palatine.
In 1839, Stephan was called to
Vienna to be introduced to the workings of the empire. After two years, he
completed his apprenticeship with the assignment to tour locations in Italy
and the Tyrol and file a written report on his observations with the emperor.
The report by the sensitive observer was remarkable for its candor, and
Kolowrat, the minister who was its immediate recipient, by no means found it
uplifting.
His first assignment was as governor of Bohemia. There were discussions
regarding his marrying a Russian princess, but these fell through when the
Hungarian legislature indicated they would never approve Stephan as palatine
if he was linked in this manner to Russia. Thus Stephan entered on his new
duties unmarried. He worked tirelessly to improve the quality of life in
Bohemia.
When his father died in 1847, Stephan succeeded him as Hungarian palatine,
in spite of the unfounded suspicion in the imperial government that he might
be interested in a crown, as king of an independent Hungarian state. Stephan
swore to his dying father that he would repel the offer of a crown if he
received it. Nevertheless, Stephan resolved not to be a blind tool of the
government, but to work with the Hungarians as much as possible. As unwelcome
as this news might have been to Metternich, Stephan — as a Habsburg
— could not merely be set to one side. The Hungarians received him
jubilantly.
When the political storm from the west broke out over Hungary in early 1848,
Stephan still felt confident that the loyalty of the Hungarians would keep
them in the fold of the empire. But still he felt the imperial reaction was
inappropriate given the new political institutions changed circumstances
seemed to require. Even when reports of the uprising in Vienna arrived, he
could not see the same thing happening in Hungary. He assumed the leadership
of the liberal movement in Hungary when he agreed to Kossuth's request to
lead a delegation to Vienna to present its petition. If the imperial court
was not receptive to the petition, he could only see resignation as a
possibility for himself, since he was in no way willing to govern in
opposition to the court. The court accepted the petition, as well as a
further request that the emperor sanction the appointment of Lajos Batthyány
as prime minister.
With these achievements, Stephan reached the peak of his popularity in
Hungary, and Hungary found itself in the possession of a liberal
constitution. Kossuth pronounced himself satisfied and verbally rejected the
bloodshed of a civil war necessary for further concessions, but still Stephan
kept his resignation speech ready. Indeed, Kossuth later came to him offering
a Hungarian crown. Stephan indignantly rejected it. In September, he found
the crisis beyond his control; he quietly left the country and resigned.
Banned by a imperial court suspicious that he coveted a crown, and immensely
unpopular with a Hungarian populace which felt betrayed, he retired to
private life. After a decade, he reconciled himself with the court, but he
still never obtained another office. In 1867, his earthly remains were laid
to rest in Budapest in the family crypt.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 36, pp. 71-78.]
0oc
[DE omits “an Austrian prince.”]
0p
[DE gives more detail here:
“In preparation for its subjugation, the court
encouraged an uprising of the viceroy of Croatia, Jellachich,
against the Hungarian authorities. In July the emperor found
himself forced to disavow Jellachich and arraign him for high
treason. But in September he gave back to Jellachich, now a faithful
and trusted servant to the crown, his old
position and authority. The Hungarian government
protested this, and the Archduke
resigned his office as palatine. At this point, the imperial government
unveiled its plan to subjugate Hungary and sent Count Lamberg
to Pest as an imperial commissioner. According to an imperial
order, Lamberg was to command the obedience of all the Hungarian
authorities and troops. Since naturally this order didn't have
the sanction of the Hungarian government, it was declared
unconstitutional and invalid by them. In place of the
Archduke, they appointed a governing commission headed by
Count Batthyány.
On Lamberg's arrival in Pest, he was killed
by an outraged mob. At this point, the Austrian emperor proclaimed
the Hungarian government dissolved and declared all laws passed without his
sanction invalid. He also named Jellachich as absolute ruler
with regard to Hungarian affairs. This completed the
rupture.”
Lajos Count Batthyány (1806-1849), Hungarian statesman,
was indifferently educated, but while serving in the hussars
remedied some of the deficiencies. It was his marriage to
the noble-minded and highly-gifted countess Antonia Zichy which
motivated him to work earnestly for the national cause.
He became leader of the opposition in the upper house of
the legislature. In 1848, he became the first constitutional
prime-minister of Hungary. His position became extremely difficult
when Jellachich and the Croats took up arms. He journeyed frequently
to Innsbruck to persuade the court to condemn Jellachich and establish
a strong national government at Pest. Unfortunately, he consented to
the despatch of Magyar troops to quell the Italian uprising before the
Croat difficulty had been adjusted, and thenceforth his authority in
Hungary declined before the rising star of Kossuth. He raised a regiment
among the peasantry and led it against the Croats, but was incapacitated
for military service by a fall from his horse. Eventually he was arrested
at Pest, and sentenced to be hanged for violating the Pragmatic Sanction,
overthrowing the constitution and aiding and abetting the rebellion.
To escape this fate, he stabbed himself with a small concealed dagger,
and bled to death.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.
Josef Jellachich (1801-1859) Croatian statesman and military leader. Though
his separatist measures at first brought him into disfavor at the imperial
court, their true objective was soon recognized, and, with the triumph of the
more violent elements of the Hungarian revolution, he was hailed as the most
conspicuous champion of the unity of the empire, and was able to bring about
that union of the imperial army with the southern Slavs by which the
revolution in Vienna and Budapest was overthrown.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.
Franz Philipp Count von Lamberg (1791-1848), Austrian soldier and statesman, was
born in Moor, Hungary. He entered the third Uhlan regiment in 1810. In 1848, the
circumstance that, as a member of the upper eschelons of the Hungarian nobility,
he had been entrusted with Hungarian relations with Austria brought him the difficult,
but also distinguished, assignment as imperial commissioner charged with bringing
about a peaceful adjustment between the emperor and the people. But before his
arrival in Pest, Kossuth had incited the legislature to forbid his taking office
as palatine of Hungary, and the army was instructed not to obey him. After his
arrival in Pest, and a short and fruitless discussion with General Hrabowsky,
he took a cab to a bastion. On a bridge, a mob which had been advised of his
arrival fell upon the cab, murdered Lamberg, mutilated the body, and triumphantly
carried it, impaled on scythes, to the disabled soldiers' home.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 17, p. 537.]
0pa
[DE says “on the 5th and 9th of” rather than “in”
— an AT change.]
0pb
[Theodor Franz, Count Baillet von Latour (1780-1848), Austrian soldier and
statesman. After a military and engineering training, he entered the corps
of engineers in 1799. He took part in various military campaigns in which
he distinguished himself and was highly decorated. He filled an array of
leadership rolls in the military ranks, and in addition served as the head
of the military commission attached to the diet of the German Confederation
at Frankfurt, contributed to the design of the fortifications at Rastatt, and
finally was director of engineering. In 1848, he was called to head the war
ministry, whose direction he selflessly and tirelessly saw to without regard
to his advanced years. His well-intentioned efforts especially sought to give
the public no cause for unrest. For these strivings, a lawless mob misled by
power-hungry agitators had no understanding. In October, a rabble sought him
out in the war ministry, and in a forever infamous act, murdered him.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 18, pp. 16-17.]
0pc
[DE adds here: “... Jellachich and ...”
Prince Alfred
Windischgrätz (1787-1862), Austrian field-marshal. Having gained a reputation
as a champion of energetic measures against revolution he was called upon to
suppress the insurrection of March 1848 in Vienna, but finding himself
ill-supported by the ministers he speedily threw up his post. Having returned
to Prague he there showed firmness in quelling an armed outbreak of the Czech
separatists (June 1848). Upon the recrudescence of revolt in Vienna he was
summoned at the head of a large army and reduced the city by a formal siege
(October). Appointed to the chief command against the Hungarian rebels he
gained some early successes and reoccupied Budapest (January 1849), but by his
slowness in pursuit he allowed the enemy to rally in superior numbers and to
prevent an effective concentration of the Austrian forces. In April 1849 he
was relieved of his command and henceforth rarely appeared again in public
life.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0pd
[DE adds here: “... with that ...”]
0q
[DE adds here: “... or captives.”]
0qa
[DE inserts here: “... sincere ...”]
0qb
[DE omits “in Frankfort” and inserts here: “... sincerely
and ...”]
1
Pfuel, Ernst von (1779-1866), Prussian general and
statesman. Before the War of Liberation (1813-1815) he became a soldier
of fortune in the Russian and then in the Austrian service. In 1815
he saw service in Blücher's army in the campaign against Napoleon.
From that time he served in the Prussian army, and in 1847 was
appointed governor of Berlin. In 1848 he proved “incompetent” in
the Revolution, and was transferred from the army to the diplomatic service.
His “incompetency” consisted in being favorable to the insurgents.
He was sent on a confidential mission to Paris. In September, 1848, he
was asked to form a new ministry. As prime minister he chose for himself
the Department of War. “In consequence of the tumultuary excesses
of 31 October, he offered his resignation.” This last statement
taken from a well-known German publication, is sharply at variance
with Schurz's account of the removal of Pfuel, and leads the reader to
suspect the charge of “incompetency” above, which is taken from the
same source. As this same highly respected work of reference
conscientiously refrains from making any statement of fact disparaging to
former kings of Prussia, there is perhaps ground for accepting Schurz's
statement as authentic. Pfuel was evidently in sympathy with the
Revolution.
2
[Friedrich Wilhelm, Count Brandenburg (1792-1850), German soldier and
politician. He was the son of King Frederick William II and Countess Sophie
von Dönhoff. He and his sister were made count and countess in 1794, and he
was raised with the sons of Fieldmarshall von Massow. In 1807, he entered
the regiment Gardes du Corps. By 1848, he had distinguished himself in
several battles and was a cavalry general. In November 1848, the king called
him to Berlin to be Prussian prime minister, signaling the king's intention
to quell the ongoing uprising. In 1850, he traveled to Warsaw to meet with
Czar Nicholas. Shortly after his return, he took ill and died, it is said
from the humiliation of the Czar's abandonment of the Erfurt policy.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 3, pp. 238-239.
Brandenburg is]
also the name of a large province of
Prussia, of which Berlin is nearly the geographical center. A city of the
same name lies to the west of Berlin.
3
Manteuffel, [Otto] Theodor, Freiherr von (1805-1882),
Prussian statesman. In 1844 he became counselor to the Prince of
Prussia. In 1848 in the second Landtag he declared against constitutionalism.
In November, 1848, he received the portfolio of the Interior in
the Brandenburg Cabinet. For the next ten years he held various positions
in the government and was high in the favor of King Friedrich
Wilhelm IV. In 1858 the king gave up the throne, and the Prince of
Prussia (afterwards Emperor William the Great) became regent. Then
Manteuffel had no further share in the government, being retired without
delay.
3a
[DE omits “solemnly.”]
3b
[DE says that place was the city of Brandenburg.]
4
[Friedrich Heinrich Ernst Graf von Wrangel (1784-1877), Prussian general
field marshal. In Westphalia, in 1834, when riots occurred owing to
differences between the archbishop of Cologne and the crown, the determination
and resolution with which he treated the clerical party prevented serious
trouble. In the autumn of 1848 he was summoned to Berlin to suppress the
riots there. As governor of Berlin and commander-in-chief of the Mark of
Brandenburg, he proclaimed a state of siege and ejected the Liberal president
and members of the Chamber. Thus on two occasions in the troubled history of
Prussian revival Wrangel's uncompromising sternness achieved its object
without bloodshed.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
4a
[DE says it voted to refuse to pay taxes.]
4aa
[DE omits “all” and appends here
“... as quickly as possible.”]
4b
[DE uses the first person plural rather than the third
person plural to refer to the democrats — an AT
change.]
4ba
[DE says “sufficiently protracted persistence”
rather than “inflexible steadiness”
and appends here: “A difficulty with this plan which immediately
came to mind was that its implementation required an immense
unity in the popular mind and required much fearlessness on the
part of individual citizens. Also, the major taxpayers were not
sympathetic with revolutionary politics. Nevertheless, it was thought
that the pressure of public opinion could set much straight
and so public meetings were organized everywhere and resolutions
adopted.”]
4c
[DE says “necessary” rather than
“unnecessary”.]
4bb
[DE says “made sure such demonstrations were not wanting”
rather than “were zealous in demonstrating their determination to support
the Constituent Assembly.”]
4bc
[DE appends here “..., and this challenge we took up in its most general
interpretation.”]
4bd
[DE says ““‘battle and meal tax’”
rather than “octroi duties.”]
4be
[DE inserts here “... in great numbers ...” and says
“at least at the beginning”
rather than “however.”]
4c
[DE says “necessary” rather than
“unnecessary” and omits “general.”]
4ca
[DE inserts here “... binding ...,”
says “supreme law-making authority” rather than
“Constituent Assembly” and
“divert” rather than “amuse.”]
4d
[DE inserts here “... in march time ...”
and appends a line from the song to the end
of this sentence: “I am a Prussian, you know my
colors!”
The lyrics were written in 1830 by Bernhard Thiersch (1793-1855). The melody
is said to have been composed by August Neithardt (1793-1861) though
Thiersch's biographer in ADB suggests the melody came from another song, and
choir director Neithardt only artfully arranged it. Neithardt's arrangement
for choir and humming prompted Hoffmann von Fallersleben to quip:
“Only one Prussian sings; the others hum along.” The anthem was
quite popular in its day.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.]
4da
[DE says “seemed to fill the entire market-place” rather than
“filled a large part of the square in front of the city hall.”]
4db
[DE begins this sentences with “With that ...,”
omits “sudden” and says “his presence after all”
rather than “the building undisturbed.”]
4dc
[DE says “put our attempt to refuse payment of taxes into action”
rather than “began to refuse the payment of taxes.”]
4e
[DE gives the location of the meeting as
a pub called ''der Römer'' (the name of a type of drinking cup; see "Glass"
in 1911 Britannica, Rummer
in English Wikipedia or
Römer (Glas)
in German Wikipedia)
and inserts here “..., including other trusted people as well,
...”]
4ea
[DE begins this sentence with “Now ...”]
4eb
[DE begins this sentence with “So ...”]
4ec
[DE omits “quietly and” and inserts here “... as possible
...”]
4ed
[DE says “around us” rather than “in Bonn.”]
4f
[DE says “in a certain location and to make munitions” rather than
“and to make cartridges,”
omits “which was done with great zeal” and adds here
“The same night we already had a quantity of people
busy casting bullets and making cartridges.”]
4fa
[DE begins this sentence with “To wit ...”]
4fb
[DE inserts here “... with an incautious escapade ...” and says
“the” rather than “very.”]
4fc
[DE says “with the admonition” rather than “and”
and inserts here “... in as large numbers as possible ...”]
4g
[DE adds that they waited in
“The Roman.” When they met again later after their
short rest they met somewhere else.]
4ga
[DE inserts here “... and further agitation ...”
— deleted in AT.]
4gb
[DE inserts here “..., following the orders from Cologne,
...”]
4gc
[DE says “practical attempt to set afoot the refusal to pay taxes in
Bonn” rather than “whole affair.”]
4gd
[DE omits “and that we had to expect our arrest any
moment.”]
4ge
[DE inserts here “... who had not been compromised
...”]
4gf
[DE inserts here “... knew how to ...”
and omits “by the police.”]
4gg
[DE inserts here “... threat ...”
and omits “good.”]
4gh
[DE says “this once nothing should happen to us”
rather than “for once we should escape harm.”]
4gi
[DE inserts here “... where we had been concealed a short time
...”]
4h
[DE adds: “The time I could spare for
my studies kept getting less and less.”]
4ha
[DE says “the king”
rather than “Frederick William IV.”]
4hb
[DE gives the theater director's name as Löwe.
Wilhelm Löwe (1807-1853) made
a name for himself as a theater director in Bonn, Düsseldorf, Cologne and
Aachen and for a German opera company he led which toured Holland, Belgium,
Alsace and Switzerland. — Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie,
Vol. 19, p. 300.]
4hc
[DE appends here “... who covered dramatic and musical performances with
great expert knowledge and also great benevolence.”]
4i
[DE adds here: “... which was the source
of a bitter humiliation. It happened so:”
— deleted in AT.]
4ia
[DE gives this sentence as “Until this time I had been no way intimate
with a feminine being outside of my immediate family-circle, partly because
I felt no inclination driving me that way, and partly due to my persistent
bashfulness which kept me back from all female acquaintance.”
— heavily edited in AT.]
4ib
[AT inserts here “... a jewess, ...”]
4j
[DE, making it clear the name is not her real one,
says rather: “Let's call her Betty.”
In AT, this replaces the crossed-out
name “Rebecca,” but this was apparently only
an earlier alias.]
4ja
[DE begins this sentence with “To be sure ...”]
4jb
[DE inserts here “... half-ashamed ...”]
4k
[DE adds here: “... and had friendly thoughts of me.
This naturally
gave fresh nourishment to my enthusiasm, and Betty often
appeared in my daydreams.”]
4ka
[DE says “my” rather than “the”
— an AT change.
]
4kb
[Friedrich Ferdinand Adolf Freiherr von Flotow (1812-1883), German composer,
was born in Mecklenburg. His passion for music induced his father to send him
to Paris to study under Reicha. But the outbreak of the revolution in 1830
caused his return home, where he busied himself writing chamber music and
operetta until he was able to return to Paris. His first real success was with
Le Naufrage de la Méduse at the Renaissance Théâtre in 1838. Greater
was the success which attended Martha (1847), which made the
tour of the world. In 1848 Flotow was again driven home by revolution, and in
the course of a few years he produced several operas. From 1856 to 1863 he
was director of the Schwerin opera, but in the latter year he returned to
Paris, where in 1869 he produced L'Ombre. From that time to the date
of his death he lived in Paris or on his estate near Vienna. Of his
concert-music only the Jubelouvertüre is now ever heard. His strength
lay in the facility of his melodies.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
4kc
[DE says “front row of a box” rather than “one.”]
4kd
[DE inserts here “... like the arm of an easy chair ...”
After this sentence AT has an extended passage inserted which
is crossed out:
“At first I felt
a glow of happiness, but then came a torturing
embarrassment. What should I do? Look at her
without speaking to her? That would have been
very indecent. But should I address her? To be
sure I had not been formally introduced to her,
but through our common friend we had a sort of
indirect acquaintance. But no, that would not do.
Such boldness might have offended Rebecca, at any
rate it might have embarrassed her in the presence
of her older companion.”]
4ke
[DE gives this sentence as “Soon the ladies began to move and look around
for something in their chairs and the pockets of their clothing which apparently
they could not find. Their conversation, which I strained to understand,
enlightened me. They had left their opera-glasses at home on the
table.”]
4m
[DE gives more detail to the events of the
last two sentences: “So I pulled
myself together. I started turning around, when I felt a warm
blush spread over my face and my heart went into my throat.
I couldn't say a word. Around men I had already conquered
this childish shyness, but the presence of this woman made
me helpless. And the little secret of my enthusiastic inclination,
as I felt, was written across my forehead. No, I could not look
at her, and my tongue would not budge. I returned to
my normal posture. I sat through all of "Martha" with a burning
agony in my soul, hardly hearing or seeing what was happening
before me, berating myself for my lack of courage to take
advantage of this opportunity. Finally the opera came to an
end.”]
4ma
[DE says “rose to leave” rather than
“left” and “I looked after them once they had turned their
backs toward me” rather than
“with them my long hoped-for opportunity.”]
4n
[DE gives a more elaborate conclusion to this paragraph in
place of the last two sentences: “I rushed from the theater.
Self-reproach stormed upon me with redoubled vigor. It had been my intention
after the opera to go to the Franconia Kneipe and talk with friends, but
I felt ashamed to look at them in the eyes even though they knew nothing of my
disgraceful defeat. So I took a long, lonely walk through the dark night. How I
reproached myself for what I called a childish, miserable, incomprehensible
cowardice. How often I said to myself the words which I should have said to
Betty. I was appalled by my disintegration. I could only see missed opportunity
and a future of regret and self-reproach before me. Finally I settled on the
solemn resolution to, without fail, as soon as I should see her again, speak
with Rebecca and ask her pardon for my impoliteness in the theater. But I was
never to see her again, and soon this love-dream became more shadowy than ever,
for events occurred which tore me altogether out of my
surroundings.”]
4na
[The last phrase could also be translated as
“looked upon the Frankfurt parliament as the embodiment of the sovereignty
of the people with regard to their national consciousness.”]
4nb
[DE omits “if any.”]
4nc
[DE omits “Of course.”]
4o
[DE omits “which might then have almost
been called the orphan of the revolution.”]
4oa
[DE inserts here “... and tendencies ...”]
4ob
[DE omits “that is to say.”]
4oc
[DE inserts here “... previous ...”]
4od
[DE inserts here “... intellect, ...”]
4p
[DE omits “theoretical.”]
4pa
[Johann, Archduke of Austria (1782-1859), Austrian statesman, was born in
Florence, Italy, the ninth son, one of sixteen children, of Grand-duke Peter
Leopold of Tuscany and Maria Ludovica, daughter of the king of Spain. His
mother tongue was Italian, but he early learned French and then German. He
showed a special interest in the natural sciences, and frequently kept his
father company in the latter's private chemistry laboratory. When the emperor
Joseph II died in 1790, Johann's father — Joseph's brother —
succeeded him as Leopold II; and the family moved to Vienna. Within two
years, both Johann's parents died, and his older brother assumed the throne
as Franz I. Franz directed Johann's upbringing which now emphasized military
and language study and an austere lifestyle. Johann still devoted himself to
the study of history and science as his free time allowed. In 1798, he got
to know the historian Johann von Müller, then advising the Austrian court,
and who Johann later said was the primary influence in the development of his
intellect and values. They corresponded (mostly in French) until 1806, that
is even after Müller's protestant beliefs obliged him to move to Berlin in
1804.
By 1800, Johann was commanding troops battling the French and their Bavarian
allies. During one truce, he made a trip through the Tyrol as general
director of Austria's fortification and engineering efforts. He was quite
taken by the land and its people. His tour continued through other regions
of the Alps, and he developed a fortification plan which however was rejected
by the court. His participation as a commander in the wars continued, though
in Napoleon's final defeat he only participated in the siege of scattered
garrisons holed up in fortifications in upper Alsace. After the victory,
Johann undertook a five-month tour of Europe in the company of his brother
Ludwig. His interest was mostly in scientific and industrial establishments.
But in his travels he found nothing so attractive as his favorite
destinations in the Alps.
Back at his castle near Vienna, Johann pursued studies in agriculture, history
and science and patronized the arts and literature. He gave attention to
improving mining technology in the Alpine regions. His restless explorations
of the mountains brought wider attention of the value to science of such
travels. As “Hans the Thernberger of Austria,” for a time he got
involved in a fanciful sort of society which included such noteworthies as
Karl August from Weimar and Prince Wilhelm from Prussia, and even the
emperor Karl of Austria visited once. The society cultivated romantic
notions of knights and such which were popular at the time. However, in 1823
the police authorities under Metternich dissolved the group as not in the
public interest. For many years, Johann had been critical as to how Austria
was managed: in the administration's lethargic course on its accustomed path,
nothing was improved or invented; the emergence of an innovation or anyone
talented was seen as a threat and suppressed, and there was little to
stimulate thought in the schools. In 1819 he got to know the daughter of a
Steiermark postmaster, and in 1828, after overcoming the misgivings of the
court, he married her.
The events of 1848 summoned Johann from his quiet industry in the Steiermark.
During the uprising in Vienna, he facilitated the discharge of Metternich,
and when the Emperor Ferdinand fled Vienna, Johann was appointed to stay
behind as Ferdinand's representative. Johann's popularity, due to his
personality and his known opposition to Metternich, did much to pacify the
situation. But though he seemed indispensible in this role, he was soon
called to another: the Frankfort parliament found in him a solution
satisfactory to all sides for heading the provisional central government
then being formed. This authority over both the great German powers, Austria
and Prussia, was deemed necessary to maintain order — which had already
been disturbed by Hecker in Baden — while the parliament engaged in its
constitutional deliberations. There had been much debate over how the
authority should be composed, but finally, with Johann in mind, the choice
lingered on a single supreme administrator. Johann was well known for his
enthusiasm for a united Germany. To the imperial regent was given the power
to decide, in consultation with the parliament, on peace and war and to make
treaties with foreign powers, but the implementation of the constitution was
specifically excluded from the powers.
In Frankfurt, Johann's position soon became difficult. In spite of his
commission, parliamentary resolutions were ignored or carried out
imperfectly. Some of the requests were outside his jurisdiction; the nature
of others defied the possibility of action. The reputation of the central
power suffered its first significant blow when the troops of the German
Confederation refused the power's summons to demonstrate its allegiance to
Johann. Then Prussia concluded the Schleswig-Holstein hostilities with the
truce at Malmö without consulting Johann. His efforts to mediate, via
commissioners, disorders in Austria and Prussia further demonstrated the
impotence of his situation. Several foreign powers, including France,
refused to recognize him. When the parliament decided for a hereditary
emperor, and to tender the offer to the King of Prussia, Johann declared his
intention to resign. He explained he would have made this move even if the
offer had been made to the Austrian emperor. He later consented to defer his
resignation until the peace and welfare of Germany would not be put in
jeopardy. He and the parliament came to loggerheads over his refusal to act on
their resolutions to take steps to implement the constitution. The parliament
finally moved to Stuttgart and dismissed Johann. For his part, Johann
turned the central power over to an “interim” resolved upon by
Prussia and Austria, and then left Frankfort and went home.
The imperial regency was Johann's last significant public appearance. He
returned to Graz, the Steiermark and his family and devoted himself
continuously to their welfare. He was particularly attentive to
agricultural and forestry concerns and renewed his correspondence with
artists and the learned and promoted scientific endeavors as he was able.
His remains were finally buried in a newly completed family tomb in the
Tyrol. The Steiermark honored his memory with an imposing fountain in Graz.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 14, pp. 281-305.]
4pb
[DE inserts here “... his minister of the fleet had no
ships ...” and omits
“except such as were lent to him by some of the several state
governments,”
“no fiscal machinery, no tax-levies and” and
“except what the several state governments contributed.”]
4q
[DE adds here “..., and the disposition of the national parliament
and the central power over them stretched only as far as what the
individual governments wished to concede, and this
was only as much as the individual governments
believed the tenor of the times to require.”]
4r
[DE starts this paragraph with the
sentence “This was no easy task.”
and says “It was to determine not only what kind of civil rights“
rather than
“It was still engaged in learned and arduous debates about the
fundamental right.”]
5
[Felix Schwarzenberg] (1800-1853),
Austrian statesman called in 1848 to lead the new ministry as Metternich's
successor. He opposed the German Confederation proposed by
the Frankfurt Parliament. His policy was to restore Austrian influence
in Middle Germany with the purpose of compelling Prussia to give up
its pretensions to the leadership of the German-speaking peoples.
6
among whom may be mentioned Bohemians, Hungarians,
Tyrolese, Dalmatians, Croatians, Poles, Roumanians, and Italians.
7
[In 1913, it was] a kingdom, one of the independent states
of South Germany between Bohemia and the Rhine. Its people speak
German. Its leading city is Munich (München).
8
[In 1913, it was] a kingdom just north of Bohemia. Its capital is Dresden.
9
formerly a kingdom; later [in 1913] a province of Prussia, west of Berlin.
9a
[Frederick II (1712-1786), king of Prussia, known as the ”Great,“
had an extraordinarily severe upbringing. At one point, his confidante Katte,
at his father's request, was executed in front of him
for aiding Frederick's attempt to
escape to England. His mother encouraged his interest in French and
literature, and he even managed to study Latin, which his father had
forbidden as not practical. Frederick took the severe lesson of Katte's
execution to heart and eventually won his father's esteem. At his father's
behest, he married Princess Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick-Bevern instead
of his original intended, Amelia, daughter of George II. He became quite
content with his lot as crown prince, and two of his best works were
published during this time — Considérations sur l'état présent du
corps politique de l'Europe and Anti-Macchiavel. The former calls
attention to the growing strength of Austria and France, and insists on the
necessity of some third power, clearly meaning Prussia, to counterbalance
their influence. The second, issued by Voltaire in Hague in 1740, presents
some favourite ideas of the 18th-century philosophers respecting the duties
of sovereigns.
He became king in 1740. He maintained the forms established by his father,
while at the same time he abolished torture, promoted religious toleration
and established exact and impartial justice. He looked upon the army and
sound finances as the pillars of the Prussian state. When Austrian emperor
Charles VI died in 1740, Frederick departed on his first military expedition
to reclaim Silesian lands he thought rightfully belonged to Prussia. After
initial resistance, these claims were conceded to him by Charles' successor,
the empress Maria Theresa. A second expedition to Bohemia confirmed
the claims in 1745.
He contributed much to Prussia's economic development. He despised German as
the language of boors, although at a later period, in a French essay on
German literature, he predicted for it a great future. He habitually wrote
and spoke French. He was passionately fond of playing the flute, and was a
skilled performer. For a time Voltaire resided at his court, though this
relationship ended in discord.
In 1756, the Seven Years' War began in which, supported by England, Brunswick
and Hesse-Cassel, he had for a long time to oppose Austria, France, Russia,
Saxony and Sweden. Virtually the whole continent was in arms against a small
state which, a few years before, had been regarded by most men as beneath
serious notice. The war ended with his claim to Silesia once again confirmed,
and Prussia was recognized as one of the great powers of the continent.
The war severely drained Frederick's treasury. Unfortunately, he adopted the
French ideas of excise, and the French methods of imposing and collecting
taxes — a system known as the Regie. This system secured for him a large
revenue, but it led to a vast amount of petty tyranny, which was all the more
intolerable because it was carried out by French officials. It was continued
to the end of Frederick's reign, and nothing did so much to injure his
otherwise immense popularity. After the war, he cultivated the goodwill of
Russia. In 1764 he concluded a treaty of alliance with the empress Catherine
for eight years. Six years afterwards, unfortunately for his fame, he joined
in the first partition of Poland.
During his reign, he undertook to reform the legal system. The end of his
reign found the army and the treasury in very good circumstances, and German
literature entering the age of Goethe and Schiller, unappreciated by
Frederick. Taking his reign as a whole, it must be said that he looked upon
his power rather as a trust than as a source of personal advantage; and the
trust was faithfully discharged according to the best lights of his day. He
is seen to have been in many respects one of the greatest figures in modern
history.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
9b
[See note on the translation of this quote for
the next chapter.]
10
Rhenish Bavaria or the Rhenish Palatinate
or the Pfalz, in 1848 a part of Bavaria, though not adjoining it.
It lies
on the west bank of the Rhine north of Alsace. It is now called the
Palatinate or die Pfalz.
11
[In 1913,] a duchy on the east bank of the Rhine
between Switzerland and Heidelberg.
12
the scene of several
treaties in former times, but of no great importance in later history.
“The large palace is conspicuous for its high tower.”
12a
[DE says “troops” rather than “bayonets.”]
12b
[DE inserts here “... not unlike that which provoked the ill-fated October
uprising in Vienna — ”]
12c
[DE inserts here “... the ‘insurgents,’ ...”]
12d
[DE appends here “... in any circumstances”
— deleted in AT.]
12e
[DE appends here: “... which were successful
for a short time.” Perhaps this is what AE
translates as “apparently formidable.”]
12f
[DE appends here: “..., against their own commanders.”]
12g
[DE adds here “Whether the Landwehr could be brought to do this, whether
they were ready in general to follow the example of
Düsseldorf, Iserlohn and Elberfeld, first had to be shown.”]
12h
[DE says “a few hours by foot”
rather than “a short distance.”]
12i
[DE adds here: “... over to our side ...”]
12j
[DE gives the location of the assembly as “der Römer.”
Here the assembly would remain until they headed
for Siegburg. DE names Anselm Unger as the citizen
elected to preside.]
12k
[DE adds here: “... for the defense of the national constitution and ...”]
12m
[DE adds here: “... among us ...” and appends
to this sentence “... and thus to take over the government's planned
arming of the Landwehr itself.”]
12n
[DE says “nocturnal march to Siegburg”
rather than “expedition.”]
12o
[DE gives the location of the executive committee, or
Direktorium, as a back room in Kamm's establishment.
It also says Schurz spent the larger part of his time with the
Direktorium — changed in AT.]
12p
[DE says “assignments were distributed“ rather than
“instructions were given to every member” and
adds “Kinkel and Unger were to keep together and organize,
as well as possible, the militia members and others who were
to take part in the expedition, so that then they could be
put under Anneke's command and taken across the Rhein. In the meantime,
Kamm, Ludwig Meyer, myself and another student were to see that the
ferry, or ‘flying bridge,’ which was usually
tied up on the other side of the Rhein at the town of Beuel during the night,
would be ready to serve our undertaking at the right time.”]
12q
[DE adds here: “This was the way I spoke to
my friends, without making further attempts to convince them.” — deleted in AT.]
12r
[DE says “what was to happen”
rather than “what had happened.”]
12s
[DE adds here: “... as well ...”]
12t
[DE and AT add here: “... honor and ...”]
13
[In DE, this sentence begins with the phrase:
“At that time we lived on Koblenzer Straße, and ...”]
Koblenzer Straße: starting at an arch under the
university library this street or road runs north paralleling the Rhine,
though at some distance from it. As the name implies, its destination is
the city of Koblenz. Seven Mountains: five or six
miles up the Rhine from Bonn on the east bank. They “extend along
the Rhine for about four and a half miles from north to south, with a
breadth of two and a half miles. Their peaks, cones, and ridges, mostly
covered with forest, form a highly picturesque group from whatever part
of the (Rhine) valley they are seen.”
[In DE, the sentence ends with the phrase:
“... that vista which one would
have to explore the world over to find its equal.”]
13a
[DE ends this paragraph with the sentence:
“I left everything laying as it was, turned my back to the past,
and went to meet my fate.”]
13aa
[DE inserts here “... and consequences ...”]
13ab
[DE inserts here “... as he did to risk all ...”]
13b
[Instead of this sentence, DE says: “In the meantime,
I thought on the fulfillment of my assigned task. I wended my way
yet another time by Betty's house, and looked up to that window which
I had so often seen. It was dark.” “It was dark” would
seem to apply more to Betty's window than to the time when Schurz
headed for the river. In DE, this declaration of
darkness isn't bound with the next sentence as it is in the American
edition.]
13c
[In DE, Schurz doesn't seem altogether sure the person
he met up with was Ludwig Meyer. In this edition, rather than
meeting a “troop of companions” on the other side, they
find Kamm, who had arrived earlier, wearing a travel coat, with a saber
at his side and a shotgun in his hand. Nothing is said about a ferryman.
The trip back to the right side of the Rhine is made about midnight.
“a crowd of armed” is omitted.]
13d
[Instead of this sentence, DE says:
“Kinkel appeared with a musket on his shoulder.”]
13e
[DE gives more detail for this part of the sentence:
“Unger was on horseback, armed with a saber. A teamster by the
name of Bühl, said to be the leader of a notorious element in Bonn,
also appeared on horseback.”]
13ea
[DE omits “Our commander” — added in AT.]
13f
[DE mentions fatigue due to the lateness of the hour
as a factor.]
13g
[DE adds here: “Quietly we went in the dark
toward Siegburg.”]
13h
[A dragoon (Fr. dragon, Ger. Dragoner) was originally a mounted
soldier trained to fight on foot only. This
mounted infantryman of the late 16th and 17th centuries, like
his comrades of the infantry who were styled “pike” and
“shot,” took his name from his weapon, a species of carbine
or short musket called the “dragon.” Dragoons were organized
not in squadrons but in companies, like the foot [soldiers], and their officers
and non-commissioned officers bore infantry titles. The invariable
tendency of the old-fashioned dragoon, who was always at a
disadvantage when engaged against true cavalry, was to improve
his horsemanship and armament to the cavalry standard. Thus
“dragoon” came to mean medium cavalry, and this significance
the word has retained since the early wars of Frederick the Great,
save for a few local and temporary returns to the original meaning.
The phrases “to dragoon” and “dragonnade” bear
witness to the mounted infantry period, this arm being the most
efficient and economical form of cavalry for police work and
guerrilla warfare. The “Dragonnades,” properly so called,
were the operations of the troops (chiefly mounted) engaged in
enforcing Louis XIV.'s decrees against Protestants after the
revocation of the edict of Nantes.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
14
empties into the Rhine immediately below Bonn.
[DE mentions more specifically the goal being to
“reach the Sieg crossing at Siegburg-Müldorf and dispute the
enemy's passage there.”]
14a
[DE inserts here “... furious ...” and says
“me” rather than “us” —
the latter an AT change.]
14aa
[DE starts this sentence with “Without firing a shot ...”]
14ab
[DE says “sacrifice life, limb and property for the cause of liberty and
unity of the German people” rather than
“the cause of German liberty and unity.”]
14ac
[Instead of “others of my nearer friends,” DE
mentions only Kamm.]
14b
[DE gives the name of the tavern as Der Reichenstein.]
14ba
[DE inserts here “... which increased upon the arrival of new reports from
Elberfeld ...”]
14bb
[DE says “others” rather than “their friends.”]
14bc
[DE begins this sentence with “My speeches became ever more vehement
...”]
14c
[DE says that Unger also joined them.]
14d
[DE gives this sentence as “‘There is nothing here,’ I said to
Unger, ‘I'm going to the Palatinate.’ Meyer was ready to accompany
me.”]
14e
[DE omits “home” and “my parents” and
describes Nathan more elaborately as “our brave Franconia friend Nathan at
Sanct Goarshausen who I have already mentioned.”]
15
not mentioned anywhere else by Schurz.
[DE omits “who, while not compromised politically, had followed us from
friendship.” — added in AT.]
15a
[DE adds here “He thought there was not much evidence
against him.”]
16
in the industrial system of the Middle Age a boy who desired to learn a trade
served an apprenticeship (die Lehrjahre),
at the end of which he was supposed
to be a competent workman in his trade. He was now a journeyman
(der Gesell(e)), and worked for days' pay. He was supposed to go
from place to place, working a while in this town and a while in that, to
get experience and observe different methods and processes of work or
manufacture. This period in his career was called die Wanderschaft or
die Wanderjahre, and he was a Wanderbursch or
Wandergesell. Possibly
this custom arose out of respect for the uncontrollable Wanderlust
which many young Germans have felt, and more dignified reasons were invented
to explain it. The student may be interested in the analogy between the
words journey and Wander-, both implying travel,
though their derivations
by no means justify it. Our term journeyman is most safely explained as
one who works at a trade for days' pay.
Notes to Chapter VII
0
[DE gives Zitz the title “Volksführer” (leader of the people)
rather than “Mr.” and spells the name of the town as
Kirchheimbolanden. AT attempts to correct the spelling to Kircheimbolanden, but
the DE spelling seems most likely to be correct.
DE says “from Rhine-Hesse to aid the Palatines”
rather than “in the neighborhood.”]
0a
[Dr. Franz Heinrich Zitz (1803-1877) was a prominent Mainz attorney and
enjoyed much success with women due to his comeliness. He was a restless and
at times dissolute man. As a member of the Frankfurt parliament, he played a
respected roll on the far left, and as the head of the militia in Mainz he was
highly esteemed and trusted by the people of that town. He sported a
remarkably full and unkempt beard during the 1849 uprising, and when it
failed, toward the end of that year, he emigrated to America, settling in New
York as a notary, a partner in the firm Kapp, Zitz and Fröbel (which became
Zitz and Kapp when Fröbel withdrew). When amnesty was offered, he returned to
Europe and died in Munich.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 45, pp. 374-375;
Carl Wittke, Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in
America, Philadelphia: Univ. of Penn. Press, 1952.]
0aa
[DE gives this sentence as “The camp did not make a bad impression.”
— changed in AT.]
0b
[DE appends here “... which is to say they looked
something like toys.”]
1
one of the chief towns of the Palatinate,
situated in a hilly and wooded district. It is a prominent
manufacturing center.
2
[DE inserts here “... zum Schwan, where for now I should, as Kinkel said,
honestly nourish myself and enjoy a good Palatine night's sleep.”]
zum Schwan: the chief hotel of Kaiserslautern
at present is the Swan. The zum originally meant
at the sign of the.
2a
[DE appends here: “..., refreshed and eager for something
to do.”]
2ao
[DE omits “for the festivity.”]
2b
[DE expresses this as follows: “To my Rhineland
notions, the concepts ‘police’ and
‘freedom’ were incompatible.”
It is the Swan's innkeeper who, with some effort, makes Shurz understand
the police are entirely good fellows.]
2ba
[DE omits “of the revolutionary movement” and inserts here
“... alert, ...”]
2c
[In DE, this sentence is:
“Since time immemorial the Palatines have possessed and cultivated
these qualities.” “Pfaelzer” is not an English word.
“Palatine” is what the American College Dictionary
says a resident of the Palatinate is called.]
2ca
[DE inserts here “... easily ...”]
2cb
[DE inserts here “... — people who lacked the essentials
— ...”]
2d
[DE calls it “the great haggling over peoples
at the Vienna Congress.”]
2da
[DE inserts here “... alert, ...”]
2db
[In an immense gathering in the Palatine castle of Hambach, inflammatory
addresses were made, vengeance vowed against tyrants, and the sentiment
uttered that “the best prince by the grace of God is a born traitor
to the human race!”
— Ernest T. Henderson, A Short History of Germany, New York: The
Macmillan Co., 1902, Volume II, Chapter VIII.]
2dc
[DE inserts here “... immediately ...”]
2e
[DE omits “perhaps” and
appends here: “... and some places where a priesthood
disposed toward old Bavaria exercised influence.
Within the Palatinate, with these exceptions,
the authority of the Committee
was commonly accepted.”]
2f
[Instead of “came now to light in an almost grotesque
manner,” DE says “came now blatantly to
light.” The “grotesque” qualification
only comes later in DE. DE says “irremediable”
rather than “terrible.”]
2fa
[In DE the quotation given here exactly matches the corresponding one
given in the previous chapter. In AE the translations
are somewhat different in the two chapters. That
one's omission of “German” in “German states”
seems more accurate, while this one's
“constitution of the German Empire”
(or perhaps “German national constitution”
would be the best?) seems a more accurate translation than
that one's “national constitution.”]
2fb
[DE says “support.”]
2fc
[DE inserts here “..., as noted, ...” and notes
Dr. Eisenstuck was an “old liberal.”]
2fca
[Bernhard Eisenstuck (1806-1871), factory co-owner and president of the
Chenmitz town council, was a prominent agitator for a trade policy, when only
in the sense of a protective tariff. In 1848, he was a member of the
Frankfurt preliminary parliament and then elected from Chemnitz to the
succeeding Frankfurt parliament where he sat on the left. In May, he was sent
as an imperial commissioner to the insurgent Palatinate, but recalled for
overstepping his authority. He was vice president of the leftovers of the
Frankfurt parliament when it emigrated to Stuttgart. Before its forced
dispersal, he resigned and went to Belgium. After a long absence, he returned
home and was a representative in Saxony's parliament where his name and
decisive stance lent prestige to the thinly populated liberal ranks. He died as
director of a thread-spinning factory.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 5, p. 775.]
2fd
[DE inserts here “... adherence to ...”]
2fe
[DE says “then, the imperial regent” rather than
“of course” and omits “who had sent him.”]
2ff
[DE says “wish and the hope” rather than
“desire.”]
2fg
[DE says “urgent directive” rather than
“suggestion.”]
2g
[DE omits “including its Hungarian and Slavic populations.”]
2ga
[DE appends here “..., and had to be prevented using all
means.” — deleted in AT.]
2gb
[DE inserts here “... now ...”]
2h
[DE inserts here “... truly grotesque ...”
— deleted in AT.]
2ha
[DE inserts here “... by far ...”]
2hb
[DE inserts here “... German ...”]
2i
[“had refused” would be more grammatical here than
“refusing.” DE appends “... which had fallen to him” to
this sentence.]
2j
[DE inserts here “... German ...” and says
“see to the recognition and adoption” rather
than “enforce.”]
2ja
[DE says “unheard of” rather than “monstrous”
and inserts here “... especially ...”]
2k
[DE omits “to a certain extent.”]
2m
[DE omits “if the king of Prussia and his brother-kings had” (added in AT)
and says “neutralized” rather than
“neutralized, disintegrated, and rendered powerless.”]
2ma
[DE says “those in power” rather than “kings”
and says “the national sentiment and loyalty of the princes”
rather than “their national sentiment.”]
2n
[DE says “nationally inclined Germans” rather than
“the German people”
and “and all the national freedom,
might and greatness that would come with it” rather than
“and political freedom.”]
2na
[DE appends here “... Eisenstuck.”]
2nb
[DE inserts here “... exactly ...”]
2o
[DE adds here: “Not a few of the leaders were also of
this view, and, since now the ‘regional committee’ even
had the official title of ‘provisional government,’
people rejoiced in the feeling that now ‘happy Palatinate,
God's protectorate’ would be forever apart from Bavarian
administration — as a beautiful little republic and part of the great
German free state it would from now on benevolently govern
itself.”]
2oa
[DE says “more comprehending and farther-seeing”
rather than “cooler.”]
2p
[DE begins this sentence with “Indeed ...,”
omits “left their colors,”
says “representatives or emissaries of the Regional Committee
had administered to them” rather than “taken”
and adds at the end “and, in the place of their officers who
declined to be sworn in, chose their officers from among the
subordinates. But they (the defecting troops) numbered only a few
hundred.”]
2pa
[DE omits “regular soldiers” and “some of.”]
2q
[DE says “Rhine-Hesse” rather than “little,”
“similar” rather than “small,”
says of Blenker “who later made a name
for himself in America” (deleted in AT) and omits
“but which so far were insignificant as a fighting force.”]
2r
[DE uses “young” and “robust”
to describe these potential recruits.]
2s
[DE inserts here “... scythes and ...”]
2t
[DE says “watchful Prussians
having been naively sent up the Rhine through
Prussian territory” rather than
“Prussian customs officers on their way through Prussian
territory.”]
2u
[DE doesn't mention Blenker and appends to this sentence
“... of the provisional government” which allows
it to start out the next sentence with “This”
rather than “The provisional government.”]
2ua
[DE omits “military.”]
2ub
[Ferdinand Daniel Fenner von Fenneberg. He spent 10 years in the United
States, having emigrated there after his escape from Germany. He was on the
editorial staff of the New Yorker Abendzeitung and the Cincinnati
Republikaner. He was committed to an asylum for the insane in 1858 which
left his wife and two children destitute. In 1861, on the eve of the Civil
War, he published Transatlantische Studien in Stuttgart where he
espoused an anti-slavery position. — Carl Wittke, Refugees of
Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America, Philadelphia: Univ.
of Penn. Press, 1952.]
2v
[DE says “existing and still to be organized fighting force”
instead of “such military organization as they had” and adds here:
“He later wrote a book to point
out the deficiencies of the provisional government, and thereby
pointed out most forcefully his own.”]
2va
[DE inserts here “... mainly ...”]
2vaa
Friedrich (von) Beust (1817-1899), German soldier and political activist and
Swiss reform pedagogue, was the son of a military man. Beust was born in the
Odenwald, in whose great forests, as a young man, he observed Nature in her
large and small aspects and collected her creatures. He learned to ride a
horse in the royal stables. In 1834, he became an ensign in the 17th
Prussian regiment. Under the guidance of a captain, he drew maps in his free
time. He entered the division school at Düsseldorf where he was especially
interested in geography which students of Karl Ritter were teaching. He
continued his studies of cartography and also science, especially anatomy.
In 1845, he was ordered to Fortress Minden, where he came to the conclusion
he could not fit into Prussian military discipline, bitterly resigned in
1848, and became a political activist.
Beust took over the operations of the republican Neuen Kölnischen
Zeitung when the previous publisher, Friedrich Annecke, was arrested for
reporting on the Frankfurt Democratic Congress. Despite the efforts of
Annecke's wife, Mathilde Franziska (née Giesler), the newspaper was
suppressed. He got to know Ferdinand Freiligrath who was helping Frau
Annecke put out the Westfälischen Jahrbuch, and who, anticipating the
coming emigration which would be necessary, wrote him some letters of
introduction to people in Paris. He also got to know the social democrat
Karl Marx, who was putting out the Neuer Rheinischer Zeitung with
Freiligrath. He took over the command of the Cologne militia, and when it
interfered with the departure of Prussian troops to Düsseldorf to dissolve a
regiment there, a "state of siege" was declared for Cologne and Beust's
arrest was sought for high treason. At that point he emigrated to Paris.
Later he was elected to the military commission for the Baden-Palatinate
uprising. Beust soon saw that the chaotic leadership, among other things,
would not allow the uprising to accomplish anything useful, and after the
Ubstadt und Waghäusel battle, lost through ineptitude, he fled with a
detachment across the Swiss border at Rheinfelden on June 15.
Beust settled in Zürich where he learned the trade of a pedagogue with
the innovative teacher Meier while studying botany and chemistry at the
university. He obtained an appointment at Karl (nephew of the famous
Friedrich) Fröbel's school. At this point, he stopped using “von”
when he gave his name, but he never formally renounced his claims to
nobility. Seeing a return to Germany was out of the question, he joined A.
Kirchner in the leadership of his establishment. In 1854 he married Anna
Lipka. Then he founded his own school, and for the rest of his life devoted
all his resources to that, and became a Swiss citizen. The school taught 25
children, and was attended by children living in Zürich and those of
well-situated familes in Germany. In 1894, his son, Dr. Fritz von Beust,
took over its direction. Beust was especially interested in the teachings of
Pestalozzi and Fröbel on activities for children, and himself published works
on early childhood education.
When he died, he was one of the last of the "48ers" living in exile.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 47, pp. 754-758.]
2vb
[DE inserts here “... in the field ...”]
2w
[DE says merely “who was reputed to really be named
Schneider” rather than “of whom it was rumored that he was really
not a Pole, but a German by the name of Schneider.”
DE gives the amount of money as 10,000 gulden.]
2wa
[Jósef Zachariasz Bem (1794-1850), Polish soldier.
He was educated at the military
school at Warsaw, where he especially distinguished himself in mathematics.
Joining a Polish artillery regiment in the French service, he took part in the
Russian campaign of 1812, and distinguished himself in the defense of Danzig
enough to win the cross of the Legion of Honour. On returning to Poland, he
was for a time in the Russian service, but lost his post, and his liberty as
well for some time, for his outspokenness. He was about to write a treatise on
the steam-engine, when the Polish War of Independence summoned him back to
Warsaw in 1830. His skill as an artillery officer won the battle of Igany,
and he distinguished himself at the indecisive battle of Ostrolenká. He took
part in the desperate defense of Warsaw, and then escaped to Paris.
A wider field for his activity presented itself in 1848. First he attempted
to hold Vienna against the imperial troops. After the capitulation, he offered
his services to Kossuth, first defending himself, in a long memorial, from the
accusations of treachery to the Polish cause and of aristocratic tendencies
which the more fanatical section of the Polish emigrant Radicals brought
against him. In the defense of Transylvania, he performed miracles with his
little army, notably at the bridge of Piski. On the collapse of the rebellion
he fled to Turkey, adopted Mahommedanism, and under the name of Murad Pasha
served as governor of Aleppo, at which place, at the risk of his life, he
saved the Christian population from being massacred by the Moslems.
As a soldier Bem was remarkable for his excellent handling of artillery and
the rapidity of his marches.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
2x
[DE adds here: “The field of action he saw
himself put into was totally alien to him.”
— deleted in AT.]
2xa
[DE omits “that was to aid him.”]
2xb
[DE omits “neighboring.”]
2y
[In this sentence, DE says
“a more or less combat-ready
army” rather than just “an army”, and
“without too much trouble” rather than
“in a comparatively short time.”]
2ya
[DE says “the powers of the two small lands”
rather than “their strength.”]
2yb
[DE says “the boundaries of Baden and the Palatinate”
rather than “its present boundaries.”]
2z
[DE gives this sentence as “To this end the to provisional
governments should have thrown all the only to a certain extent
march ready people over the borders to draw the troops and
people of neighboring states into the revolutionary movement,
first those of Hessen and Württemberg, and, if successful,
press on further in the same manner.”]
2za
[Franz Sigel (1824-1902), German and American soldier, American journalist,
politician and civil servant, was born in Baden. There, he became an officer
in the grand ducal service, and soon became known for revolutionary opinions.
In 1847, after killing an opponent in a duel, he resigned his commission.
When the Baden insurrection broke out, Sigel was a leader on the revolutionary
side in the brief campaign of 1848, and then took refuge in Switzerland. He
returned to Baden and took part in the
second outbreak under General Louis Mieroslawski. Working
as journalist and schoolmaster, Sigel subsequently lived in Switzerland and
England and emigrated to the United States in 1852. At New York and St Louis,
whither he removed in 1858, he conducted military journals.
When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, Sigel was active in raising and
training Federal volunteer corps, and took a prominent part in the struggle
for Missouri. He served with Nathaniel Lyon and J. C. Frémont as a
brigadier-general of volunteers. In 1862, he took part in the battle of
Pea Ridge, which secured Missouri for the Federals. As a major-general,
he was placed in command of the First Corps of Pope's “Army of Virginia,”
taking part in the second Bull Run campaign. Afterward, he remained in command
of his corps (now called the Eleventh) and the Twelfth. Early in 1863,
bad health obliged him to take leave of absence. In June 1863, he was
in command of large forces in Pennsylvania. In 1864, he was placed
in command of the corps in the Shenandoah Valley, but was defeated and
superseded. Subsequently he was in command of the Harper's Ferry garrison
at the time of Early's raid upon Washington.
After the war, he became editor of a German journal in Baltimore, Maryland.
In 1867, he removed to New York City. He was appointed collector of internal
revenue in 1871, and in the following October he was elected register of
New York City by Republicans and “reform Democrats.” From 1885 to 1889,
having previously become a Democrat, he was pension agent for New York City,
on the appointment of President Cleveland. General Sigel's last years were
devoted to the editorship of the New York Monthly, a German-American
periodical.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition. Carl Schurz discusses
Sigel's service in the American Civil War in
Volume Two, Chapter VII of his
Reminiscences.]
2aa
[DE says “after a short time”
rather than “after an unfortunate engagement.”]
2ab
[DE says “propagandistic”
in addition to “offensive.”]
2aba
[DE says “shoot” rather than “fight against.”]
2ac
[Before this sentence, DE says “I cannot give
myself credit for having seen through the situation so clearly
at that time as I did later. I did have a glimmer, but
I consoled myself with the thought that the leaders, much
older people than myself, must know better what to do; and
ultimately I fell back on my hopeful young fortitude
which told me again and again that such a just cause as ours
could not possibly fail.” — AT notes this passage
was (inadvertently?) omitted from the proofs.]
2aca
[DE omits “four,” says “Rhine-Hesse free corps” rather
than “corps commanded by Zitz” and inserts here
“... similar ...”]
2acb
[DE inserts here “... very ...”]
2acc
[DE inserts here “... even ...”]
2acd
[DE inserts here “... as a commissary of the provisional government
...”]
2ace
[DE describes these two items as “a Calabrian hat with a plume and
a black-red-gold sash.”]
2ad
[DE and AT append here “..., some of them with plumes on their
hats.”]
2ada
[DE says “some of them” rather than “mostly.”]
2ae
[DE says “and keep it under surveillance” rather than
“after having discovered it” and adds here
“And so it happened.”]
2aea
[DE inserts here “... sunny ...”]
2aeb
[AT inserts here “... treasonable ...”
DE says “dire traitor” rather than “culprit”
and omits “in front of the house.”]
2af
[DE inserts here “... as I had heard and read ...”
AT just inserts “... I heard ...”]
2afa
[DE says “It vexed me” rather than “I did not like”
and omits “resented.”]
2ag
[DE adds here: “... get ready to go,
...”]
2ah
[DE inserts here “... to death ...” and appends to the end of this
sentence “... and more nothing.”]
2aha
[DE inserts here “... armed ...”]
2ahb
[DE says “began” rather than “seemed.”]
2ahc
[DE says “our troops” rather than “my men”
and omits “of his ability.”]
2ahd
[DE inserts here “... strongly ...” and says “quietly” rather than “without delay.”]
2ahe
[DE omits “again.”]
2ai
[DE appends to the priest's remarks: “And I —
oh, what a great joke!”]
2aia
[DE says“little ready for a fight” rather than
“ill-equipped and undisciplined” — an AT change.]
2aib
[DE says“it jumped around with me in rather wild leaps until I mastered
it” rather than “I had to keep my seat as well as I could on my
prancing steed.”]
2aj
[DE adds here: “I also got equipped with some
cavalry riding breeches whose heavy leather made them very
difficult to walk in.”]
2ak
[DE begins this sentence with “Although
the well-instructed had been expecting the entrance of the
Prussians and the order to retreat for several days ...” and
ends the sentence with
“... the comfortable confusion which had reigned since the outbreak of the
uprising in Kaiserslautern and brought it to the point where it was really
uncomfortable.”]
2am
[DE inserts here “..., and the disorder grew from hour to hour
...”]
2ama
[DE inserts here “... I have already said ...”]
2amb
[DE omits “and were off” — added in AT.]
2an
[DE says “striking beauty” and “poetic fiery patriotism”
and adds “great kindheartedness” to the list and says
“much intelligence” rather than “vivacity”
and “excellent character traits” rather than
“noble character”
and appends to the end of the sentence “... on horseback.”
Mathilda Franziska Giesler Anneke (1817-1884), writer, women's rights
advocate, and teacher. During the Revolution of 1848, she cut her hair short
and joined her husband Fritz in the Palatine People's Army as an orderly.
— German Life (April/May 2008, p. 58).
Thrown on her own resources in her early years, with the collaboration of
distinguished writers such as Freiligrath and Levin Schücking she had edited
the Westfälische Jahrbuch, and written poems, short stories, and a drama.
An ardent revolutionist of the period of 1848, she had married Fritz Anneke,
who was imprisoned in 1848, but released soon after. During this epoch, she
founded the Neue Kölnische Zeitung, soon suppressed by the government.
She changed the paper to a woman's journal, wherein she argued for equality of
the sexes and the opening of channels for woman's work. This
“Frauenzeitung” was also soon suppressed. After the collapse of
the 1848 revolution, she came to America. In Milwaukee, she founded the
Deutsche Frauenzeitung in 1852, but soon removed to New York, then to
Newark, where her husband edited a political newspaper. In Switzerland for her
health from 1860 to 1865, she was a frequent correspondent of the
Belletristisches Journal of New York and the Illinois
Staatszeitung of Chicago. After her return to
America in 1865, she founded a private school for girls in
Milwaukee. Her literary work continued until her death
in 1884, and included novels, short stories, and poems.
— Albert Bernhardt Faust, The German Element in the United States,
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1909, Vol. II, pp. 458-459.
Trefousse
(p. 117, 123, 312 note 55) characterizes Mathilda Anneke as Schurz's
determined enemy once they had both emigrated to the U.S.]
3
the name of which is taken from a
band of robbers who figure prominently in the plot. It was published in
1781. The title is Die Räuber.
[After this sentence, DE adds:
“Among our warriors was a full array of
painterly effects.”]
4
[DE adds here: “and in possession of an
odd assortment of armament”]
5
[DE adds here: “and so they
not only gave their beards every imaginable freedom, but covered their hats
with feathers (among which red ones were especially favored),
wore cloaks in garish colors, and, if they had them,
stuck lethal looking daggers or hunting knives in their belts.
And so we found ourselves with enough figures out of one of Wallenstein's
encampments to fill a heart with terror ...”]
Wallenstein's soldiers
in the Thirty Years' War were regular soldiers of fortune living on the
countries which they conquered. As a result they did not present the
appearance of soldiers of a regular army, systematically uniformed and
equipped, but lived and dressed nearly as they pleased. Wallenstein was
a general of Ferdinand II., Emperor of Austria, and of the Holy Roman
Empire, 1619-1637. He was of a noble Bohemian family. He lost his
parents early in life, and was reared by the Jesuits. He joined the
Imperial army, and distinguished himself in the campaigns against the
Turks and Venetians, and as a result was first made colonel, then count.
Through marriage with a rich woman advanced in years he became a
wealthy landed proprietor by 1614. The Emperor made him a prince in
1623. In the Thirty Years' War he offered to advance the money to
organize an army which would be of no further expense to the Empire,
as it would live on the conquered countries. Thus he came to be named
commander-in-chief of the Imperial forces. In 1629 the German princes
and the Jesuits forced the Emperor to dismiss him, but in 1631 Swedish
successes compelled Ferdinand to offer him the command again. He
had designs for making an empire for himself, and was proclaimed a
traitor in 1634. His army abandoned him and he fled to Eger, where he
was assassinated. Wallensteins Lager is a play by Schiller — the
first of a trilogy based on events in the Thirty Years' War — intended to
show us the state of mind of the army, which had made Wallenstein its idol. The
other plays are Piccolomini and Wallensteins Tod.
6
a picturesque point, with the ruins of a castle of the same name.
6a
DE omits “dry.”
6b
DE inserts here “... entirely ...”
7
so called to distinguish it from the thirty other Neustadts.
Hardt: a mountain range in the Rhenish Palatinate,
a northerly continuation of the Vosges.
[DE appends here “... and Edesheim.”]
7a
[DE inserts here “... with metal
dippers beside them ...” and adds after this sentence
“The emptied pails were usually replaced immediately by full
ones.”]
8
[Ludwig Blenker (1812-1863), German and American soldier, was born in Worms.
After being trained as a goldsmith by an uncle in Kreuznach, he was sent to
a polytechnical school in Munich. Against his family's wishes, he enlisted
in an Uhlan regiment which accompanied Otto to Greece in 1832. Due to his
gallantry, he soon became an officer. A revolt in Greece obligated him to
leave, with an honorable discharge, in 1837. He studied medicine in Munich
and then, at the wish of his parents, opened a wine trading business in
Worms. He also married. In 1848, he became a colonel in the Worms militia.
A large majority of the citizens also preferred him for mayor of Worms, but
the otherwise liberal Jaup ministry failed to confirm him due to intrigues by
the opposition party. This drove him into the hands of the democratic ultras,
and when the revolution broke out in Baden, he led an insurgent corps in
spite of the poor prospects. He was noted on both sides for his fearlessness.
His wife accompanied him on his campaigns. When the cause was lost, they went
to America via Switzerland. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, he formed a
German regiment and soon became a brigadier general. He was noted for his
coverage of the retreat at Bull Run and for his performance at Cross Keys.
But then a series of deficiencies plagued his command, the main accusation
being carelessness with respect to supplies. These and an illness he
contracted in the field obligated him to resign his command in 1862.
He died soon thereafter leaving behind his wife, son and three daughters
in dire circumstances. — Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie,
Vol. 2, p. 703.] See Schurz's Reminiscences,
Vol. II.,
Chapter V, pp. 233-236
[for an account of his meeting with Blenker in the United States.]
8a
[DE gives this sentence as: “He presented a stately and martial figure
and was an excellent horseman, and his splendidly accoutered appearance at the
head of his staff impressed me mightily.”]
8aa
[DE notes the crossing was made by Knielingen.]
8ab
[DE inserts here “at all” and omits “for liberty.”]
8b
[DE appends “and repugnance.”]
8ba
[DE omits “high and low” and says “during
the last weeks” rather than “since his flight”
and begins the next sentence with
“After all ...”]
8bb
[Eduard von Peucker (1791-1876), Prussian general and statesman, after
completing his gymnasium education in 1809, responding to rumors of an
uprising against the French, entered a Silesian artillery brigade. To his
chagrin, he was obligated to instruct a Prussian corps helping the French in
1811 and participated in the Russian campaign in 1812. But he did finally
distinguish himself in the war of liberation against the French and was
raised to the nobility in 1816. In 1825, he was entrusted with making over
of the Prussian artillery as well as equipping the infantry
with needle guns. In 1848, he was appointed as the minister of war in the
provisional German central government. He answered the parliament's questions
well, but a maneuver where soldiers all over Germany were supposed to turn out
and give a cheer for the imperial regent did not work out, and he resigned.
On June 10, 1849, he was appointed commanding general of the armies which
were to suppress the Baden rebellion, the so-called “Neckar
Corps.” His march on the Murg and from there south through the Black
Forest to Constanz enclosed the rebellion and prevented its spread into
Württemberg. In October 1849, he was appointed military governor of the
Rhineland and Westphalia. In November 1850, he was sent as Prussia's
representative to Hesse to help resolve some constitutional questions there
in coöperation with his Austrian counterpart, Count von Leiningen. Various
political problems, made his work there mostly futile. After 1854, he was
occupied with looking after training for the Prussian army. In 1858, he was
named a general in the infantry.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 25, pp. 556-559.]
8c
[DE omits “commander of a corps formed of
regular Würtemberg and Hessen troops.”]
8ca
[Ludwik Mieroslawski (1814-1878), Polish revolutionary, was born in Nemours,
France, the son of a Polish officer in the army of the grand duchy of Warsaw.
In the 1830 uprising, he joined a Polish regiment as an ensign. He later
became a sub-lieutenant and took part in the struggle against Russia until
the effort failed in 1831, at which time he went to France and devoted
himself to literature. By 1838, he had completed a four-volume history of
the Polish revolution. In 1842, he was elected to the leadership of the
Polish emigrants in Paris. In 1845, he was sent to Posen to participate in a
new uprising in Poland, but was betrayed and arrested and sentenced to death
in Berlin after a trial which lasted a year and a half. The sentence was
commuted to life in prison, and he was freed in the revolution of 1848. He
immediately went to Posen to organize a Polish regiment. He first had to
deal with the Prussian authorities: Since he wanted even the German part
Posen for the future kingdom of Poland, he terrorized the German population;
General Colomb quickly drove the insurgents back to Paaren, and they had to
capitulate in Bardo on the Russian border. Mieroslawski was released from
custody, and returned to Paris. At the start of 1849, he went to Sicily to
direct the troops of an uprising there, but enjoyed as little success in that
endeavor as he did later in Baden where in the beginning of June he was
called to direct the troops of that uprising. When the Baden uprising was
crushed, he returned again to Paris via Switzerland. In 1863, he was named
as dictator by the Polish authorities for an uprising against the Russians,
but in less than a month his troops were decisively defeated and he returned
to Paris where he remained for the rest of his days.
— Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 1888.]
8d
[DE omits “and the reserves which
approached from the south of Baden.”]
8da
[DE says “towards them”
rather than “northward.”]
8e
[DE appends “and fight.”]
8f
[DE says “maid of 25 years” rather than
“young maid” (an AT change) and “spirit”
rather than“expression of face.”]
8fa
[DE says “not unimportant” rather than
“important.”]
8g
[DE says “flashing tips of lances which”
rather than “some cavalrymen who.”]
9
cavalrymen armed with long lances. They
originated in Poland in the sixteenth century. In 1741 Frederick the
Great instituted a regiment of Uhlans, but they did not distinguish themselves,
and were discontinued for a while. At present [1913] there are twenty-six
regiments.
9a
[DE adds here: “which our side returned.”]
9aa
[DE adds here “I saw a battalion of ours which had been led against a
Prussian battery come back in disorder, and, obeying a strong impulse, I
galloped among the men for the purpose of helping to restore order and renewing
the attack, but I was quite content when I saw that the commander of the
battalion took good care of that business himself.” — deleted in
AT.]
9ab
[DE says “be able to conduct myself properly”
rather than “be likely to retain my presence of mind.”]
9b
[DE says “similar” rather
than “more considerable” and notes that the
retreat wasn't as orderly as before.]
9c
[DE inserts here “at Durlach” and says “mutinous
volunteers” rather than “mutineers.”]
10
the Murg
is a river rising in the Black Forest, and flowing northwest past Rastatt
into the Rhine.
10a
[DE says “afternoon” rather than
“evening.”]
11
[DE specifies its name as Fort B.] B:
in signs and notices the Germans quite generally
use Roman (English) letters, which are not only more legible, but
are easier to paint.
11a
[DE inserts here “... shortly ...”]
11aa
[DE omits “from sheer fatigue” — added in AT.]
11ab
[DE inserts here “... castle ...”]
11aa
[DE calls it a “calamitous fate”
rather than “extremely undesirable” and omits
“and this not in obedience to orders, but by mere
accident.”]
12
[Gustav Nikolaus Tiedemann (1808-1849), German soldier. After completing high
school in Mannheim, on a suggestion from an uncle, he attended a military
school. From there, he worked his way up to appointments as regimental
adjutant in two locations in succession. Then he entered veterinary school
and was trained in English at the royal stables in Hannover. Through
conflicts with superiors, he ended up in prison and resigned from the service
in 1833. He then entered the Greek service as an under officer and again
became a regimental adjutant and finally director of the military school in
Piræus. Then a change of administration in 1843 deprived all
foreigners of their posts, and having a Greek wife, he looked to find another
occupation in Greece. This was unsuccessful, and in 1847 he returned to
Germany hoping to find something in the postal or railroad service. This did
not work out either, and his wife started getting homesick, so he returned to
Greece in 1848, shortly after inducing some peasants to lay down their arms in
Heidelberg. Again he failed to find an occupation in Greece, and after a year,
in 1849, he was in Baden thinking of entering the Schleswig-Holstein service.
Instead he became a revolutionary, his younger brother having married a sister
of Hecker. He was appointed a major and belonged to the staffs of Sigel and
Mieroslawski. He took part in a battle near Neckar, but then went to Karlsruhe
as he did not feel well. There he displeased Mieroslawski by seeking the
discharge of incapable adventurers from the service. He was put into custody
and taken to Rastatt. Once the defense against the Prussians had failed
outside the fortress on June 30 — the same day Carl Schurz entered the
fortress — Sigel appointed him as fortress commander. Sigel himself
evacuated with the rest of the unsuccessful revolutionary army. Tiedemann's
duties mostly consisted in suppressing the residents and soldiers who wanted
to surrender the fortress.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 38 (Leipzig, 1894),
S. 278-280.]
After the surrender
he was tried by a Prussian court martial and shot, 11 August,
1849. Prussia visited a similar punishment on his brother. Their father
[Friedrich Tiedemann (1781-1861)]
was an eminent anatomist and physiologist, professor at the University
of Heidelberg. [The portrait
of Tiedemann in Volume One of AE
seems misplaced, since it represents Fritz Tiedemann
rather than Gustav. This portrait
appears again
in Volume Three in a correct context. The text of
Schurz's Reminiscences nowhere
suggests any relationship between these two Tiedemanns
even when he discusses family relationships for both of them:
Schurz mentions Fritz Tiedemann will be his son-in-law in
Volume Three, p. 29,
and discusses Colonel Tiedemann's family relationships in
Volume Two, p. 9, and
Volume Three, pp. 153-154.]
12a
[ DE only notes that Tiedemann became an officer
in the Greek army and doesn't mention Prince Otto.
Otto (1815-1867), the second son of Ludwig I of Bavaria, was king of Greece
from 1833 to 1862. Otto was well intentioned, honest and inspired with
a genuine affection for his adopted country; but it needed more than mere
amiable qualities to reconcile the Greeks to his rule. With the grant of the
constitution Otto's troubles increased. Ultimately he was deposed by the
military and returned to Bavaria. For this unfortunate issue, his father
Ludwig was not without blame: owing to an exaggerated idealism and love of
antiquity, Ludwig totally misunderstood the national character of the Greeks
and the problems involved in the attempts to govern them by bureaucratic
methods. — Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
12b
[DE omits “listened to my report” and also
the entire next sentence.]
12c
[DE notes Nusser's house was located
by the marketplace.]
12d
[DE inserts here “... apparently townspeople of excellent
character ...”]
12e
[DE says “youthful optimism” rather than
“hopeful imagination.”]
12f
[DE inserts here “... only ...”]
12g
[DE omits “Now” — at AT addition.]
12h
[DE omits “of Baden.”]
12i
[DE omits “from other parts of the country.”]
12j
[DE inserts here “... and celebrated ...”]
13
one story how this nickname
was gained is as follows: at a battle in Baden perhaps near Durlach
(see p. 268) some troops from
Iserlohn under the command of Prince
Wilhelm refused to attack or shoot at the insurgents. The Prince placed
behind them some cannon loaded with grapeshot and manned by soldiers
from another division of the army. Then he told the mutinous soldiers
to obey or they would be raked with grape.
13a
[DE appends here: “... — especially
those, who, like myself, were right at the age at which military
service was required. At that point I remembered that,
shortly before the Siegburg affair, I had to make an appearance
before the royal draft board which arbitrarily overlooked my
petition to be a ‘one-year volunteer’ and
assigned me to a cavalry regiment with the prospect of being
called up very soon. For me therefore there would certainly
be no leniency shown. —”]
13aa
[DE says “Finally” rather than “Then”
and appends here “... when he found me conveniently
at hand.”]
13b
[DE inserts here “... from a randomly clad volunteer ...”]
13c
[DE says “The siege brought greater” rather than “We had also other.”]
13d
[DE inserts here “... and the garrison ...”]
14
Corvin, Otto von Wiersbitzki
[Otto Julius Bernhard von Corvin-Wiersbitzki]: a German author,
born 12 October, 1812.
[He attended military school in Potsdam, eventually becoming a lieutenant in
the army. He left the military in 1835 to devote himself to writing. His
novels and dramas did not attract notice, but a book of instruction on
swimming — he was very talented in this area having organized the
swimming pool at his army post and taught the people there how to dive and
swim — was quite popular. He also founded magazines on outdoor life and
horses, the first of their kind in Germany, and they did well. With this
success, he was able to marry. In Leipzig, he put out a sports almanac for
1844 and Taschenbuch für Jäger und Naturfreunde (Handbook for
Hunters and Friends of Nature). His circle of friends crystalized into the
first literary club in Germany, and they waged a small war against the police
and bureaucracy. An enthusiastic protestant, he wrote historical studies of
which Historische Denkmale des christlichen Fanatismus (Historical
Monuments to Christian Fanaticism) is a typical title. This particular
book was released in conjunction with the inauguration of the German Catholic
movement in Leipzig. A political magazine, Die Locomotive, was shut
down by the government censors. His Illustrirte Weltgeschichte für das
Volk (Popular Illustrated History of the World) did very well. In
search of an effective and cheap reproduction technology for the illustrations
in his History, he developed a process eventually called
“Corviniello,” later fine-tuned while he was in prison, which
became widely used.
In 1848, he fought in the barricades in the French uprising. The French
provisional government then offered him generous support for democratic
uprisings in Germany, however his offer to the Frankfurt parliament to form a
national army was sharply rebuffed.]
In 1848-1849, [after participating in the Berlin uprising,] he took part in
the Baden
revolt, first as a colonel of militia [under Mieroslawski] in Mannheim, then
as chief of the
general staff in Rastatt [when he, as did so many others, found himself
trapped there on
June 30]. In September 1849, a court martial condemned him to death, but the
sentence was
commuted to six years' solitary confinement, which he passed at Bruchsal.
[On his release, he went to London where he taught German and worked for
Charles Dickens on All the year round and Household words. In
1857 in Soden, he finished the memoirs of his prison experience. An attempted
return to Germany at Hamburg was frustrated by police chicanery, and he
returned to London, his memoirs finally being published in 1861 in Amsterdam.
That year he traveled to the United States of America to cover the Civil War
(or Secessionskrieg — War of Secession — as it was called
in Germany) for the London Times and Augsburg Allgemeinen
Zeitung, returning to Berlin in 1867 as a special correspondent for the
New York Times. In Berlin, the Corvins lived with Prince Felix Salm and
his wife, who they had met in America. Corvin edited the Salms' memoirs of
Mexico and Emperor Maximilian. He covered the Franco-Prussian War for papers
in America, London and Germany. In 1878, he founded an association of German
writers in Leipzig.]
He died 2 March, 1886.
[— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 47 (Leipzig, 1903),
S. 531-538.]
14a
[DE says “Maler” instead of “Mahler.”]
14aa
[DE inserts here “... as fate would have it ...”]
14aaa
[DE says “across” rather than “toward the north”
and inserts here “... the flourishing valley
bordered by ...” After the description of the south,
it inserts a description of the north: “toward the north
the broad plain down below;” Perhaps another town
(or direction?) is meant besides Baden-Baden since Baden-Baden
is directly south of Rastatt.]
14ab
[DE omits “over.”]
14b
[DE inserts here “... many thousands
of ...”]
14c
[DE omits the second “cruelly” — added in AT.]
14d
[DE appends here “in these strange
circumstances.”]
14e
[DE omits “officer.”]
14f
[DE inserts here “... long since ...”]
14g
[DE inserts here “... weary ...” and notes the
sofas comprised the major portion of the furniture.]
14h
[DE gives the family name, Zähringen.]
14i
[In DE, it is referred to as “my yellow damask sofa”
rather than “the sofa” and Schurz resorts to it
“in the grey light of dawn after making my nightly
rounds.”]
14j
[DE omits “down.”]
14k
[DE adds here: “..., indeed no resistance to
Prussian troops of any kind, ...”]
14m
[DE inserts here “probably.”]
14n
[DE starts this paragraph with
“It was a beautiful summer day.”
and omits “watchful and dreamy” — AT
deletion and addition respectively.]
14na
[DE inserts here “... also ...”]
14nb
[DE says “castle tower” rather than
“tower of observation.”]
14nc
[DE inserts here “... whose favorite I was ...”
— an AT deletion.]
14nd
[DE inserts here “... competent or ...”]
14o
[DE appends here:
“... as if I wanted to the very last moment to look
upon the beautiful world.”]
14oa
[DE says “for” rather than “when”
— an AT change.]
14ob
[DE inserts here “... provide the most necessary services and ...”]
14p
[DE omits “by the Prussians”
and says “and perhaps tomorrow already”
rather than “to be.”]
14pa
[DE begins this sentence with “I took leave of Rebecca
in the picture on the ceiling, and ...” —
deleted in AT, but apparently not by Schurz.]
14q
[DE says “before the”
rather than “between two lines of.”]
14r
[DE adds here “by the marketplace.”]
14s
[DE adds here “or badly repaid their devotion.”]
14sa
[DE says “the town”
rather than “communications” — an AT
change.]
14sb
[The “-er” suffix on “Steinmauerner”
is a Germanism which should be omitted, that is it should
say “Steinmauern gate.” Shortly below it is
stated that Steinmauern is a neighboring village.]
14t
[This phrase in DE could also be translated
as “I intended to try.”]
14u
[DE adds here “He was very
devoted to me.” — deleted in AT.]
14ua
[John Albert Neustätter. He was an artillery officer for the Union during
the Civil War. — Carl Wittke, Refugees of
Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America, Philadelphia: Univ.
of Penn. Press, 1952.]
14v
[DE identifies the cloak as a sleeveless
cycling cape (Radmantel) lined with red flannel
which Schurz had recently had made from cloth he supplied.
In AT the source is changed in the typescript to Rastatt's
stores, and an annotation changes red flannel to scarlet.
Going ashore in Edinburgh after his
and Kinkel's flight from Germany, Schurz, in both DE and AE,
is wearing an overcoat lined with bright blue flannel
made in Switzerland from a "large soldier's cape."
In the Paris chapter, DE also identifies the source
as his Baden officer's coat, and says the transformation was
made in Switzerland. So it appears DE is erroneous on this
issue in the Rastatt chapter. The description Schurz gives
of the cape he got from the Rastatt stores is strikingly similar
to the one he describes the Viennese academic legionnaries wearing
at the Eisenach conference in Chapter 6. In Paris, Strodtmann burns
a big hole in it. There Schurz notes it was the most valuable article
in his wardrobe.]
14w
[DE gives the dimensions of the sewer
as 4 to 4½ feet high by 3 to 3½ feet wide where
they found themselves in an “uncomfortable hunched
position.”]
14x
[DE indicates the manholes were positioned
at regular intervals, and “provided spots of light in
the otherwise dark canal.”]
14xa
[DE omits “happened to.”]
14xb
[DE begins this sentence with
“After it had become a little quieter, ...”
and says “tower” rather than “church.”
This tower clock is referred to here and four other places below.]
14xc
[DE inserts here “... to us entirely ...”]
14xd
[DE says “water voles” rather than “undoubtedly
rats.”]
14xe
[DE omits “although disagreeable.”]
14xf
[DE says "Halt! Who goes there?" and omits “‘good
friend’”]
14xg
[DE appends here “..., always farther away.”]
14xh
[DE inserts here “... in the dark rainy night ...”]
14xi
[DE says “Our council on what was to be done now”
rather than “Our next council of war.”]
14xj
[DE inserts here “... earnest ...”]
14xk
[DE says “not wanting” rather than “keen”
— an AT change.]
14y
[DE omits “as is always the case under such
circumstances.”]
14ya
[DE inserts here “..., along with the
excitement, ...”]
14yaa
[DE gives this last phrase as “... and it seemed like my brain
remained entirely clear withal.”]
14yb
[DE doesn't mention her being a widow.]
14yba
[DE says “hostile” rather than “Prussian.”]
14ybb
[DE omits “another.”]
14yc
[DE adds here: “It was broad
daylight.”]
14yca
[DE inserts here “... feed and ...”]
14yd
[DE inserts here “... the good ...”]
14ye
[DE omits “little.”]
14yf
[DE inserts here “... toward the garden ...”]
14yfa
[DE inserts here “... to over the height of a man ...”]
14yfb
[DE says “brush-covered ditch” rather than
“brush.”]
14yfc
[DE says “as we sat there” rather than
“as well as our sitting there.”]
14yfd
[DE says “the” rather than “my.”]
14yg
[DE inserts here “otherwise.”]
14yh
[DE adds here “and stick it out until the worst might happen.”]
14yi
[DE appends here “... on our blocks of wood.”]
14yia
[DE says “saw” rather than “tool.”]
14yj
[DE inserts here “... which lay next to us ...”]
14yk
[This sentence takes the place of two in DE which could be
translated “The surface that we stretched out on was composed of planks
and covered with an inch thick white dust. In this dust we now laid with
our wet clothes.” In DE the extreme disagreeableness
of the condition is left implicit.]
14yka
[DE says “Now our situation again” rather than “Our
situation.”]
14ym
[DE says “the friend” rather than “the man.”]
14yma
[DE inserts here “... cousin's ...”]
14yn
[DE says “several people snoring” rather than
“heavy snoring.”]
14yo
[DE says “still not our helper” rather than
“not the friend whom we so longingly expected.”]
14yp
[DE says “at most” rather than
“perhaps.”]
14yq
[DE adds “and smallest.”]
14yr
[DE omits “soldiers'.”]
14ys
[DE inserts here “... even only ...”]
14yt
[DE omits “said Neustädter.”]
14yu
[DE says “disappeared” rather than
“slipped.”]
14yv
[DE says “Everything went well.”]
14yw
[DE adds here “firmly.”]
14yx
[DE omits “much.”]
14yy
[DE omits this sentence — added in AT.]
14yz
[A hussar was originally a soldier belonging to a
corps of light horse raised by Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary,
in 1458, to fight against the Turks. The Magyar huszar, from
which the word is derived, was formerly connected with the
Magyar husz, twenty, and was explained by a supposed raising
of the troops by the taking of each twentieth man. According
to the New English Dictionary the word is an adaptation of
the Italian corsaro, corsair, a robber, and is found in 15th-century
documents coupled with praedones. The hussar was the typical
Hungarian cavalry soldier, and, in the absence of good light
cavalry in the regular armies of central and western Europe,
the name and character of the hussars gradually spread into
Prussia, France, &c. Frederick the Great sent Major H. J. von
Zieten to study the work of this type of cavalry in the Austrian
service, and Zieten so far improved on the Austrian model that
he defeated his old teacher, General Baranyai, in an encounter
between the Prussian and Austrian hussars at Rothschloss in
1741. The typical uniform of the Hungarian hussar was followed
with modifications in other European armies. It consisted of
a busby or a high cylindrical cloth cap, jacket with heavy
braiding, and a dolman or pelisse, a loose coat worn hanging
from the left shoulder.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition]
14z
[DE says “a trumpet” rather than
“the trumpeters.”]
14za
[DE omits “But.”]
14zb
[DE says “at first sight” rather than
“when she first looked at him.”]
14zc
[DE omits “tenderly.”]
14zd
[DE says “the pair left, and we wished him Heaven's
blessing.” rather than “the wooing vows died away in the
distance.”]
14zda
[DE says “four days” rather than “days and nights.”]
14ze
[Instead of these last two sentences, DE says “I succeeded in
jumping to the ground and hiding myself before the patrol turned
the corner of the lane. I found Neustädter already in the little house,
and Adam came a few minutes later.”]
14zf
[DE appends here “... to avoid being seen. We succeeded in this,
...”]
14zg
[DE says “steps” rather than “feet.”]
14zh
[DE says “there” rather than “in the darkness
of our refuge.”]
14zi
[DE appends: “... to clear our way.”]
14zj
[DE says “stepped out of the corn” rather than
“joined us a moment later.”]
14zk
[AT and DE say “said” rather than “growled”
and DE says “gulden” rather than “florins.”]
14zka
[DE omits “most cordially.”]
14zkb
[DE omits “unexpectedly.”]
14zm
[DE says “the growth seemed difficult to penetrate” rather than “the surroundings seemed to be rather uninviting.”]
14zma
[DE says “Baden customs guard” rather than “frontier
guard of the grand duchy of Baden” — an AT change, but not
in Schurz's hand.]
14zn
[DE omits “it looked as if” and “as
if.”]
14zna
[DE adds here “... tightly ...”]
14znb
[DE inserts here “... greatly ...”]
14zo
[DE adds here “..., a worthy Alsatian, promptly ...”]
14zp
[DE adds here “... on both sides ...”]
14zpa
[DE says “four days of silence or whispering” rather than
“a silence of four days.”]
14zpb
[DE says “horrible” rather than “like savages” — an AT change.]
14zpb
[DE says “laid” rather than “squatted.”]
14zq
[DE says “unrecognizable” rather than “streaked
with dirt.”]
14zr
[DE omits “heartily” and “at
once.”]
14zs
[DE omits “and shouldered his musket.”]
14zt
[DE says “wanted to” rather than “would.”]
14zta
[DE inserts here “... by a hostile bullet, toppled to the ground ...”]
14ztb
[DE begins this sentence with “Now, it was said, ...”
and says “have him shot” rather than
“which would, no doubt, order him to be shot.”]
14zu
[DE also mentions Techow and Schimmelpfennig
explicitly.]
14zua
[DE says “checked into” rather than
“slept my first night in freedom.”]
14zv
[DE omits “mischance.”]
14zw
[DE has two, rather more awkward, sentences here and
says “to see his son once more if possible”
rather than “to look for his son.”]
14zwa
[DE inserts here “... from whom he hoped ...”]
14zwb
[DE inserts here “... to look for me.”]
14zwc
[DE omits “a ray of.”]
14zx
[DE adds here “... where the refugees
gathered.”]
Notes to Chapter VIII
0
[DE says “in summer”
rather than “afternoon.”]
0a
[DE inserts here “... large ...,” says
“unleashed the full consciousness of our freedom with joyful high
spirits” rather than “been more joyful” and
“under the enemy's power” rather than “in this
dungeon.”]
0aa
[DE inserts here “... with kindly curiosity ...”]
0ab
[DE inserts here: “... the main outline of ...”]
0ac
[DE inserts here: “... with our travel permits ...”]
0b
[DE adds here: “As soon as possible we had to choose from
among several cities in the interior of France, whose names he recited to us,
to one of which we would be conveyed.”]
0c
[DE inserts here “... who had fallen into the hands of
the Prussians, and ...”]
0ca
[DE inserts here “... immediately ...”]
0cb
[DE omits “my efforts to find him out remained
unsuccessful” and “thus it happened, that, as he did not write to
me.”]
0d
[DE says “light” rather than “alpaca.”]
0e
[DE inserts here “..., whose name I have forgotten,
...”]
0f
[DE inserts at the beginning of this sentence: “After
a long discussion, carried on on her part ...”]
0g
[DE expresses this sentence as: “While the omelet
sizzled in the pan and spread its fragrance, the innkeeper walked in.”]
0h
[DE inserts here “... honest ...” and appends to this
sentence “... or other credentials.”]
0i
[DE says “detailed” rather than “surprising.”]
0j
[DE expresses this sentence as: “After dark he
accompanied us part of the way, and then gave us a very clear description
of a trail on which we would avoid all the customs officers and,
after a not much longer walk, reach the Swiss village of Schönebühl.
There we would find on the way a barn, which he described to us, that
would probably be open, and where we would have a good night's rest
on the stored hay.”]
0k
[DE inserts here “... exactly ...” and appends to this
sentence “... on the fragrant stock of hay.”]
0ka
[DE omits “who seemed to be.”]
0m
[DE adds here “It was a sunny day.” — deleted
in AT.]
0ma
[DE says “country people” rather than
“men and women.”]
0n
[DE inserts here “... of serene tranquility ...”]
0na
[In DE Schurz refers to himself in the second person in this quote and says
“no longer have one” rather than “have none.”]
0o
[DE appends here “... which seemed to have been ripped open by a powerful movement of the earth.”]
0p
[DE says “to see the Alps” rather than
“to take a look directly at the high Alps.”]
0q
[DE inserts here “... beyond Moutiers ...”]
1
a mountain the summit of which is 4000
feet above the sea. It is fifteen miles from Basel on the road to Neufchatel.
It is much visited for the view it affords of the snow-capped
mountains in the distance.
1a
[DE begins this sentence with “To me ...”]
1aa
[DE says “small” rather than “wayside.”]
1b
[DE says “a drink and a bite to eat” rather than
“wine and bread and cheese.”]
1c
[DE inserts here “... which he had left a few days before ...”]
1d
[DE says “many” rather than “several.”]
1e
[DE omits “he was sure.”]
1f
[DE inserts here “... in the valley ...”]
1g
[DE inserts here “... on a neighboring hill ...,”
omits “moss-covered” and says “ruins of walls”
rather than “masonry.”]
1h
[DE adds here “The innkeeper's daughter, a
sturdy maid of 25 years who was in charge of housekeeping, was the only
humane soul who seemed to take note of my sickly mood, and was
compassionately solicitous. In a fearsome Basel dialect which I could
only understand with difficulty, she gave words of consolation and
encouragement, prepared for me some of her tastiest morsels,
and gave me her best book to read. It was ‘Stifter's Studies,’
a book which, at first, I thought beyond her understanding. But I soon
learned that this young Swiss woman had benefited from sound schooling,
and, in spite of her Basel dialect, was not unacquainted with German
literature. But ...” Adalbert Stifter (1805-1868) was an Austrian
author whose “fame chiefly rests upon his Studien (1844-1851)
in which he gathered together his early writings. These sketches of scenery
and rural life are among the best and purest examples of German prose.”
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition]
1i
[DE appends here “and in the next instant he stood
before me.” DE omits “my Schleswig-Holstein
friend.”]
1j
[DE says “full of money” rather than
“bursting with gold.”]
1k
[DE inserts here “... — for Strodtmann was
a gourmet — ...” and qualifies “celebrated” with
“appropriately.”]
1m
[DE inserts here “... merry ...”]
1ma
[A variant of an older form, Habichtsburg (hawk's castle). The castle was
built about 1020 not far from the junction of the river Aar with the Rhine.
One of the builders' sons, Werner, was called count of Habsburg, and he
represents the root of the European royal family, the house of Habsburg
(also Hapsburg).
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition]
1mb
[Albert I. (c. 1250-1308), German king, and duke of Austria,
eldest son of King Rudolph I., the founder of the greatness of the
house of Habsburg. Although a hard, stern man, he had a keen sense
of justice when his selfish interests were not involved, and few
of the German kings possessed so practical an intelligence. The serfs,
whose wrongs seldom attracted notice in an age indifferent to the claims
of common humanity, found a friend in this severe monarch, and he protected
even the despised and persecuted Jews. The stories of his cruelty and
oppression in the Swiss cantons first appear in the 16th century, and
are now regarded as legendary.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition]
1mc
[DE omits “his nephew.”]
1md
[John of Swabia (1290-c. 1320), surnamed the Parricide.
Having passed his early days at the Bohemian court, when he came of age he
demanded a portion of the family estates from his uncle, the German king
Albert I. His wishes were not gratified, and with three companions he formed
a plan to murder the king. In May 1308, Albert in crossing the
river Reuss at Windisch became separated from his attendants, and was at once
attacked and killed by the four conspirators. The character of John is used
by Schiller in his play Wilhelm Tell.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition]
1n
[DE appends here “... since it seemed a more appropriate
way to arrive, and the condition of our finances permitted such
luxuries. It was my last student excursion.”]
1na
[DE inserts here, “perched on top of the coach.”]
1o
[DE omits, “as if I had dropped from the clouds.”]
1oa
[DE begins this sentence with, “In Switzerland ...”]
1ob
[DE omits, “in the casemates.”]
2
[In DE, the widow is identified as “Landolt”,
and the sentence is extended with the phrase,
“with the privilege of using a large adjoining room furnished with
a long table and two benches.”
In DE the paragraph begins with, “Immediately accommodations were sought
for me.”]
2a
[DE appends here “... of Enge.”]
2b
[DE omits “although extremely simple.”]
2c
[DE appends here “... faithfully.”
It omits “after a time” and “fully.”]
2d
[DE appends here “... to earn a living with.”]
2e
[In place of the rest of the sentence, DE appends
here “... by no means looked favorably upon this massive influx
of refugees, at least for the time being.”]
2f
[DE appends here “... and who should not.”]
2g
[DE adds here “To avert such frittering away
of our time it was therefore best to discuss the interests of
freedom and the fatherland with the like-minded, and, with regard
to this patriotic work, at most to
grant oneself the relaxation of a masked ball or
game of nine-pins or excursion to a nearby resort.”]
2h
[DE omits “I was still only twenty years old.”]
2ha
[DE inserts here, “and useful.”]
2i
[DE inserts here “... critically ...”]
2j
[DE omits “the historian.”]
2ja
[Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886), German historian. Generally regarded as the
first of modern historians, the recognition he obtained was due not only to
his published work, but also to his success as a teacher. His public lectures,
indeed, were never largely attended, but in his more private classes, where he
dealt with the technical work of a historian, he trained generations of
scholars. His classicism led to his great limitations as an historian. He did
not deal with the history of the people, with economic or social problems. He
dealt by preference with the rulers and leaders of the world.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition]
2k
[DE indicates that the lodging at “the good widow Landolt's”
became uncomfortable due to a lack of heat.]
2m
[DE omits “Prussian” and indicates that the name of the merchant
was Dolder and that the rooms were on the fourth floor.
DE says “lodging” rather than “two cozy rooms”.]
2n
[DE notes he was in his fifties.]
2o
[DE inserts here “... untroubled ...”, and
adds at the end of this paragraph:
“Some twenty years later my friend Emmermann died
as forester for Herr von Planta in Graubünden, in whose
service he had entered, when the new revolution in Germany
had not yet deigned to arrive.” After this
paragraph it inserts an additional paragraph:
“Our landlord, Dolder the merchant, at whose table
we had our meals, was a man of average Swiss education,
which is not too bad even next to the excellent
public education in the canton of Zürich.
He took a lively and intelligent interest in current
events. He was especially proud of the fact that
he had served as a major in the Federal army during
the Sonderbund war, yet his only ‘battle’
was a minor skirmish by Lunnen, but, even though
there were few shots exchanged in this affair, he
loved to recite the tale. He also had a small collection
of military books which he was very willing to put
at my disposal, and when I needed other study material,
he tried eagerly to do what he could. With warm gratitude
I also think of his wife, a woman of middle age, neither
beautiful nor clever, but compassionate to a high degree
and with a noble motherly personality. She not seldom
reminded me vividly of my own mother, so in her presence
I felt almost as if I were at home.”
In 1841, in the Swiss canton of Aargau, where Catholics and Protestants were
evenly balanced, the cantonal legislature voted to suppress the monasteries
in the canton. This was contrary to the Switzerland-wide Federal pact of 1815.
The Federal Diet ultimately upheld the pact, but then compromised saying the
men's convents only were to be suppressed, and declared the question closed. In
response, the Sonderbund (separate league) coalition was formed in 1843 by
the seven Catholic cantons Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Lucerne, Zug, Fribourg
and the Valais. They demanded the reopening of the question and the
restoration of all the monasteries. They went further and officially invited
in Jesuits and gave them high posts. In 1845, the Sonderbund turned itself
into an armed confederation, ready to appeal to war in defense of the rights
of each canton. In 1847, the Federal Diet declared that the Sonderbund was
contrary to the federal pact, and subsequently, when the unyielding cantons
had left the Diet, it ordered that its decree should be enforced militarily.
The war was short (November 10-29), and the loss of life trifling. The
Sonderbund cantons were forced to surrender and condemned to pay the costs of
the war, which had been waged on religious rather than on strict states-rights
grounds. Soon the federal constitution was modified and Christians were
guaranteed the exercise of their religion, but the Jesuits and similar
religious orders were not to be received in any canton.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition
(“Switzerland”)]
2oa
[A heroic epic written in a Middle High German dialect. The story on
which the poem is based belongs to the general stock of Teutonic saga
and was very widespread under various forms. Thus it is touched upon
in Beowulf, and fragments of it form the most important part of the
Icelandic Eddas. It has primitive and medieval components.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition]
2p
[DE omits “as much as possible.”]
2pa
[DE inserts here, “undoubted.”]
2q
[DE omits “utterly.”]
2qa
[DE inserts here “Confederation.”]
2qb
[Hermann Heinrich Becker (1820-1885), German political activist and politician,
received his doctor of laws degree from Berlin after also attending
Heidelberg and Bonn. As early as his gymnasium years, he had acquired the
nickname “red” because of the color of his hair. He worked in
Cologne as a junior barrister where he made the acquaintance of Marx, Engels,
Freiligrath, Bürger, Wolff and Lassalle. But he was not closely involved with
the last “red” issue of the Neuen Rheinischen Zeitung
which this circle put out, and which was to come back to haunt him; quite the
contrary — he was putting out the Westdeutsche Zeitung which was
a focus for struggles with Prussian authorities for those who had not taken
vows with the “red reaction.” His journalistic activities stymied
his legal career. In the legal actions against the press, he showed himself a
talented speaker who could competently defend himself. He did less well in
the 1851 actions against the communists in which he and Bürger were
enveloped. There some evidence, which he denounced as a malicious
fabrication, resulted in him being sent to prison for five years.
After his release, the police forbid his return to Cologne, and he finally
settled in Dortmund as a merchant. His political activities resulted in his
later election to many public offices: as representative to the Prussian Diet
(where he sat with the Progressives, and was an expert in postal and rail
matters), to the Reichstag of the North German Confederation (where he
denounced the new constitution as lacking in substance in comparison to the
old Prussian one, but still in 1870 ratified German unification since he had
been working for that his whole life), and to the Reichstag of the German
Empire. In 1870, he was also elected mayor of Dortmund, an office the king
confirmed him in — on Bismarck's recommendation — despite opposition
to the old democrat. By this time, he had left the Progressives as they had
become too doctrinaire for him. In 1872, after resigning his office in the
Diet, he became Dortmund's representative to the House of Lords. In 1875, he
was elected mayor of Cologne. In 1884, he was called to the privy council.
He also got married that year.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 46 (Leipzig, 1902), S. 315-317.]
2r
[DE doesn't say where he got the nickname “red
Becker”.]
2ra
[DE inserts here, “... meet my extremely modest needs and ...”]
2rb
[Wilhelm Richard Wagner (1813-1883) German dramatic composer, poet and essay
writer. He specialized in opera, and wrote his own librettos.
The Flying Dutchman (Der
fliegende Holländer}, debuted in 1843, was his first opera to embody his
ideals. His participation in political agitations in 1849 made his position
in Dresden untenable, and he fled to Switzerland where he lived until 1859.
During this time many of his essays were written, some infamous for their
anti-Jewish content. He also made occasional visits to Paris. In 1861 he was
permitted to return to Germany. In this year he also left his first wife, and
in 1870 married Liszt's daughter Cosima. She had been married to Hans von
Bülow until she took up with Wagner.
Eventually, in Bayreuth, he founded a theater where his operas could be
performed to his tastes. His most colossal work was a tetralogy called
The Ring of the Nibelungs (Der Ring des Nibelungen), but there
were a variety of others as well. Ludwig II of Bavaria aided his financing
substantially.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition]
2rc
[DE inserts here, “... also ...”]
2s
[DE omits “of friends.”]
2t
[DE says “shabbily” rather than “neglectfully”.]
2u
[DE inserts here “... whose establishment
had not been undertaken in earnest ...” and omits
“minor”.]
2v
[DE says “to such an extent, that I could not
ignore a call for help which came to me” rather than
“all the more as it had taken an unexpected and
particularly shocking turn.”]
2va
[DE inserts here “... the uprising had reached its end with
...”]
2w
[DE appends here “along with other notables
from the Palatinate-Baden uprising.”]
2x
[DE inserts here “... accustomed to the bloody
privileges of victors and ...”]
2y
[DE omits “alternate.”]
2z
[DE says “the individual Kinkel”
rather than “Kinkel” (two places).]
2za
[Karl Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Moritz von Hirschfeld (1791-1859), Prussian
soldier, got his schooling in a military academy. In 1806, he entered into
his father's regiment and participated in the unhappy campaign of that year.
In 1809, he participated with his older brother Eugen in an uprising against
the French occupation forces. This ended in their fleeing to England in
1810. Both joined the Spanish dragoons in their struggles against the
French. His brother was killed in battle in 1811. Lieutenant Moritz
received severe wounds two times in battle, and ended in French captivity.
He escaped in 1813, under very dangerous circumstances. His 15 wounds made
him barely recognizable when he received a medal for his actions.
Hirschfeld returned to the Prussian army in 1815, and in the succeeding
peaceful years climbed the ranks in the military. 1849 found him commander
of the 15th division of the Prussian army under the command of the Prince of
Prussia. He participated in the battles which drove the rebel army out of
the Palatinate and into the arms of the Baden forces under Mieroslawski.
After relieving the Landau fortress, which was in the hands of the officers
who had not gone over, he led two divisions against Mieroslawski, and at
Waghäusel, he obligated that numerically far greater force to retreat. Then
he participated in the battle at the Murg which obligated the rebel army to
disperse and resulted in the collapse of the uprising.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 12 (Leipzig, 1880),
S. 473-474.]
2zb
[DE says “unheard of”
rather than “monstrous.”]
2zc
[An alternative, and perhaps clearer, translation could be obtained
by inserting here “... conforming to all regulations ...”
and omitting “regular.”]
2zd
[DE says “into a sentence of penal servitude”
rather than “such as I have described, into something
infinitely more cruel, something loaded with debasement and
infamy — a sentence of penal servitude.”]
3
a small city east of the Rhine between Heidelberg and Karlsruhe,
an attraction of which is an artistically decorated Schloss. It was here
that Corvin (note 14 for Chapter 7) served his sentence.
3a
[DE omits “in Baden.”]
4
in the extreme northeastern part of Germany. [Or at least Germany
before World War II. Naugard, and much of old Pomerania,
is now part of Poland. The Polish name of Naugard is Nowogard.]
4a
[DE appends here “and further punished.”]
4b
[DE inserts here “... only wrings its hands and ...”]
4ba
[DE inserts here “..., courage and skill ...” —
deleted in AT.]
4c
[DE says “judgment” rather than “knowledge
of the situation.”]
4ca
[DE begins this sentence with “As his friend, ...” —
deleted in AT.]
4d
[DE says “intellectual” rather than “great” and
“fatherland and freedom” rather than “German
people.” — the latter an AT change.]
4e
[DE appends here “and soothed by this resolution, I went to
sleep.”]
4f
[DE says “committed and prudent” rather than
“bold.”]
4g
[DE says “also said to myself” rather than
“cheered myself with the thought” —
an AT change.]
4h
[DE omits “also.”]
4i
[DE says “your” rather than “our” —
an AT change.]
4ia
[DE says “With this” rather than “And thus.”]
4ib
[DE says “Johanna” rather than “Kinkel.”]
4j
[DE inserts here “... domestic and foreign ...”]
4k
[DE adds another sentence here: “Now it was appropriate to my
design to take the greatest possible advantage of my association
with the refugees without letting my friends know the intent of my plans.”]
4m
[DE says “to organize there” rather than
“as an emissary to visit various places in Germany
for the purpose of organizing.”]
4n
[DE omits this sentence.]
4o
[DE says “without farewell” rather than
“entirely unnoticed.”]
Notes to Chapter IX
0
[DE starts this paragraph with: “It was later said that at this
time I traveled through Germany in a disguise which made me unrecognizable.
This was in no way the case. I looked for and found my security in the
fact that I could move amidst the company of other people with all possible
tranquility. Admittedly I didn't show myself any more than was necessary,
and avoided calling the attention of others to myself. In this
way, I traveled from Basel through the grand duchy of Baden ...”]
0a
[DE says “perfectly” rather than “so completely that not one
of my Zürich friends suspected me in the least of ulterior
designs.”]
0b
[DE says “Everywhere there were still ...” rather than
“There were still among them ...”]
0c
[DE says “my being endangered by an accidental meeting
with otherwise-minded acquaintances” rather than
“trouble.”]
1
or Bad Godesberg, four miles up the
Rhine from Bonn. As the latter name implies, it has mineral springs
and is popular as a watering place.
1a
[DE begins this sentence with “As I have already mentioned,
...”]
1aa
[DE omits “a fortunate.”]
1b
[DE omits “about my sudden appearance.”]
1c
[DE says “take no one else into confidence
on the matter, tell no one my name” rather
than “speak to nobody about it.”]
1ca
[DE says “recipe” rather
than “receipt” — an AT change.]
1d
[DE says “recounted” rather than“told me” and adds at
the end of this paragraph: “Those were my letters.”]
1e
[DE says “most trusted” rather than“oldest.”]
1f
[DE says “am always learning to value it more highly” rather
than“hope to enjoy it to the last.”]
1g
[DE inserts here “... a couple of times ...”]
1h
[DE says “spectral outings” rather than
“expeditions.”]
1i
[DE says “night time” rather than “accidental.”]
1j
[DE says “bestower” (with a feminine inflection) rather than
“girl.”]
1m
[DE says “decision” rather than “being that one”
and adds the following sentence after this one: “As much as I would
have liked to, I didn't share my decision with them as I looked upon the deepest
secrecy as a condition for success.”]
1n
[DE inserts here “... comfortable and secure ...”]
1na
[DE says “the editor of a democratic newspaper” rather than
“the democratic editor.”]
1o
[DE inserts here “... law ...”]
1p
[DE says “in student fashion as a perennial scholar or an incipient
alumnus” rather than “in the old way.”]
1q
[DE gives this sentence as “Nobody would have anticipated at that time
that this jolly comrade, who could still find so much satisfaction in bumming
around for a week with his old fraternity, and who had already, at a
comparatively young age, acquired in a high degree the oddities of an
incorrigible old bachelor, would later distinguish himself as a most
excellent public administrator and as a popular major of Cologne, and would die
a member of the Prussian House of Lords.”]
1r
[DE gives this sentence as “With true Cologne good nature,
the secret of my presence was soon communicated by my nearest friends
to so many others, and I was so often induced to visit, in broad
daylight, public places of amusement, that I soon thought it was time
to leave.”]
1s
[DE gives the itinerary as “by way of Aachen to Brussels and
from there to Paris.”]
1t
[DE says “lengthy” rather than “venturesome.”]
1ta
[DE says “The” rather than “Some.”]
1u
[DE inserts here “... understand and ...” and
after this sentence adds, “I had spent
the night sitting, almost entirely without sleep,
in a filled train coach.”]
1v
[DE inserts here: “... had myself shown to a room,
and stretched out on the bed to catch up on the sleep
I had lost in the night. But the thought that I was
now really in Paris kept sleep from coming,” —
deleted in AT.]
1va
[Blouse: a word (taken from the French) used for any loosely
fitting bodice belted at the waist. In France it meant originally
the loose upper garment of linen or cotton, generally blue, worn
by French workmen to preserve their clothing, and, by
transference, the workman himself.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
1vb
[Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1758-1794), French
revolutionist, completed his law studies with distinction and was appointed
as a criminal judge in Arras in 1782. He soon resigned, to avoid pronouncing
a sentence of death, but speedily became a successful advocate. He now turned
to literature and society, and came to be esteemed as one of the best writers
and most popular dandies of Arras. He was elected a member of the academy of
Arras, the meetings of which he attended regularly; and, like all other young
Frenchmen with literary proclivities, he began to compete for the prizes
offered by various provincial academies.
A pamphlet he is thought to have written secured his election to the
states-general in 1789, and already he possessed the one faculty which was to
lead him to supremacy: he was a fanatic — without the courage and wide
tolerance which make a statesman, without the greatest qualities of an
orator, without the belief in himself which marks a great man. Nervous,
timid and suspicious, Robespierre yet believed in the doctrines of Rousseau
with all his heart. To the end that these doctrines would eventually succeed
and regenerate France and mankind, he was ready to work with unwearied
patience.
He joined what was to be the Jacobin Club, and by 1791 his followers dominated
it. He was esteemed by the people of Paris as an incorruptible patriot. In
1793, a major concern was preserving France against the armies of the other
countries of Europe. Robespierre was elected to a new Committee of Public
Safety. He had not solicited, so it seems, nor even desired this election.
The success of this Committee in suppressing an insurrection strengthened
its powers. It is necessary to dwell upon the fact that Robespierre was
always in a minority in the Committee in order to absolve him from the
blame of being the inventor of the Terror.
In 1794, Robespierre retired for a month, apparently to consider his position;
but he came to the conclusion that the cessation of the Reign of Terror would
mean the loss of that supremacy by which he hoped to establish the ideal of
Rousseau. When he returned, Hébert and his friends were arrested and
guillotined followed by Danton, Camille Desmoulins and their friends. A new
law removed even the pretence of justice from the Committee's actions, and at
least 1285 were guillotined over the month and a half which ended with
Robespierre himself being guillotined. He had been arrested and imprisoned
and then freed by supporters and taken to the Hôtel de Ville. There the
national guards arrested him again, and he was shot in the jaw in the
process. The next day he was executed.
His admission to the Committee of Public Safety gave him power, which he hoped
to use for the establishment of his favourite theories, and for the same
purpose he acquiesced in and even heightened the horrors of the Reign of
Terror. Robespierre's private life was always respectable: he was always
emphatically a gentleman and man of culture, scrupulously honest, truthful
and charitable. In his habits and manner of life he was simple and laborious;
he was not a man gifted with flashes of genius, but one who had to think much
before he could come to a decision.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
1vc
[Lucie Simplice Camille Benoist Desmoulins (1760-1794), French journalist and
politician. The sudden dismissal of Necker in 1789 by Louis XVI was the event
which brought Desmoulins to fame. Leaping upon a table outside one of the
cafés in the garden of the Palais Royal, Desmoulins announced to the crowd
the dismissal of their favourite. Losing, in his violent excitement, his
stammer, he inflamed the passions of the mob by his burning words and his
call “To arms!”
He wrote several influential pamphlets and published periodicals during the
Revolution. He started as a protégé of Mirabeau, then of Danton and finally
of Robespierre. He was an early advocate of a republic and voted for the
death of Louis XVI. He fell out with Robespierre, and he was
guillotined in 1794, along with a group that included Danton.
A short time later his wife was guillotined as well.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
1vd
[DE inserts here, “... famous ...”]
1ve
[Louis XVI (1754-1793) became king of France when he was twenty years old. He
began his reign under good auspices, with Turgot, the greatest living French
statesman, in charge of the disorganized finances; but in less than two years
he had yielded to the demand of the vested interests attacked by Turgot's
reforms, and dismissed him. Turgot's successor, Necker, however, continued
the regime of reform until 1781, and it was only with Necker's dismissal in
1789 that the period of reaction began: there were riots in Paris, and the
Bastille was stormed.
In 1790, Louis swore loyalty to the constitution then in preparation. He
attempted to flee France in 1791, but was caught. In 1791, he took his oath
as a constitutional king. He found himself impelled to a war with Austria
which failed. Royalty was abolished in 1792, and he was executed in 1793.
His diary shows how little he understood, or cared for, the business of a
king. Days on which he had not shot anything at the hunt were blank days for
him. The entry on the 14th of July 1789, the day the Bastille fell, was
“nothing”!
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
1w
[DE inserts the following sentence here: “Later
I will come back to treat in more detail my method for
learning foreign languages.”]
1wa
[DE says “individual” rather than “some.”]
1x
[DE inserts here: “... and drawing my acquaintances out with
most penetrating questions ...”]
1y
[DE says “an, until then, unsuspected world”
rather than “a world of charming vistas.”]
1ya
[DE appends “... to get me out of a temporary embarrassment.”]
1z
[DE notes the remittance from Becker was for honoraria Schurz had
earned and that it was three days overdue, to Schurz's amazement.]
1za
[DE inserts here “... of coffee ...” — an AT deletion.]
1zb
[DE says “Quartier Latin” rather than “French”
— an AT change.]
1zc
[DE omits “very.”]
1zd
[DE says “half an hour already” rather than “more than an
hour” and inserts here “... seemed to ...”]
1ze
[DE says “agile” rather than “amiable.”]
1zf
[DE says “the whole staff had noticed” rather than “both had become annoyed at.”]
1zg
[DE begins this sentence with “This was highly uncomfortable for me, ...”]
1ba
[DE says “stone slab” rather than “marble.”]
1bb
[DE says that Schurz caught a quick glance from the two
rather than that they looked at each other — an AT change.]
1bc
[DE says “ridicule and laughter” rather than
just “laughter.”]
1bd
[DE's version of this sentence is more elaborate:
“In the excitement of the moment, I made a reckless decision. I said to
myself that, just like the other guests, some of my friends could show up at
such a late hour. I ordered another cup of coffee, sat down and took up a
newspaper again. But I could no longer read. I suffered from the pains of a
guilty conscience. With anxious expectation, every moment I looked up from the
newspaper to the door.”]
1be
[DE says “anxiously awaited draft on a Paris bank” rather than
“delayed check.”]
1bf
[DE appends here “... and I have now and then asked myself whether I did
the right thing when I ordered the second cup of coffee” —
deleted in AT.]
1bfa
[DE says “my posterity” rather than “those who read this
story” and appends here “... without outlook for payment ...”
and omits “a happy” and “for payment”
— AT changes.]
1bg
[This first part of this sentence (everything before “or on
occasion” — the rest of the sentence is not in DE) is given more
elaborately in DE: “It was just a case of false pride —
that false pride — that false pride which has pushed so many people,
originally with good intentions and honest, onto the downward path of ruin.
Many have become liars, perjurers, forgers, thieves and even murderers whose
criminal paths began because they did not have the moral courage to expose
themselves to a humiliation rather than risk a step of doubtful honesty”
— all AT changes.]
1bh
[DE says “campaign” rather than “affair.”]
1bha
[DE says “12th” rather than “10th.”]
1bi
[DE says “gray convict's jacket” rather than “penitentiary
garb.”]
1bia
[DE says “in this man disfigured by” rather than
“with.”]
1bib
[DE gives the charge as “perpetrating an action designed to upset the
present constitution of the kingdom, to excite the citizens or inhabitants of
the state to arm themselves against the royal authority and thereby bring about
a civil war, to arm the citizens or inhabitants of the state against one another
or incite them to arm themselves against each other.”]
2
[DE is more specific: “Of the defendants, Gottfried
Kinkel, Anselm Unger, Ludwig Meyer and Johann Bühl were in the hands of
the authorities, — the six others, Friedrich Anneke, Joseph Gerhardt,
Friedrich Kamm, Matthias Rings, Franz Joseph Klinker and Karl Schurz,
having fled.”] Karl: spellings in the text conform to the
reformed orthography. Schurz was named Carl before the spelling was reformed.
2a
[DE begins this sentence with “Already at dawn on the day the trial was to
take place, ...” and says “reprieved” rather than
“condemned.”]
2b
[DE says “the convict” rather than “he.”]
2c
[DE inserts here “... impenetrable ...” and notes he was
greeting the crowd during his walk.]
2d
[DE adds here the following sentence: “The proceedings followed the usual route.”]
2e
[DE inserts here “... rather clearly ...”]
2f
[DE omits “in his own defense” and says “took the stand in his
own defense” rather than “asked to be heard.”]
2g
[DE inserts here “... appalling ...”]
3
Kinkel's speech was published in Bonn in 1886. [DE presents the beginning of
his speech as narrative rather than quotation; later parts of the speech are
quoted.]
4
organized to draft a constitution.
5
Great Charter
of (English) Liberties granted by King John to his barons in 1215. It
is the basis of English political and personal liberty. Here the term is
used metaphorically.
5a
[DE omits “the 18th of” and “and freedom.”]
5aa
[DE inserts here “... the last chance for ...”]
5aaa
[Otto Maußer disputes Schurz's assertion. He says Kinkel's works showed a good
understanding of socialist concepts, though he admits it is an open question
to what extent Kinkel embraced socialist solutions. He calls Kinkel one of the
most colorful and interesting examples of the early days of democratic
intelligence in Germany. — Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie,
Vol. 55, p. 527]
5ab
[DE says “as well as them” instead of
“within itself” and “attainment”
rather than “developments.”]
6
a standardization of French law. The Consulate assembled the best jurists
of France in 1800 and set them to work codifying the laws. The results
of their labors were published in 1804 under the title of Code civil des
Français. In 1807, after Napoleon had become emperor, the title was
changed to Code Napoléon. [After 1870, other laws again referred
to it as Code civil.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
6a
[DE appends here “... from above.”]
6b
[DE puts this sentence as “We set out to protect it.”]
7
Iserlohn (see note 13 for Chapter 7)
is an important manufacturing
town of Westphalia. There are factories
around the town, the chief products of which are brass, iron, needles,
and wire.
8
fierce battles occurred here between the Prussians
and the Baden insurgents with their allies, 25 June, 1849. Durlach
is two miles east of Karlsruhe. Near by is the Turmberg, on which is
an ancient Roman watch tower.
9
see note 14 for Chapter 7. [Also, DE says
“the spinning wheel” rather than “penal labor.”]
10
Bürgerkrone: a garland of oak leaves and acorns conferred in
ancient Roman days on one who had saved the life of a Roman citizen in
battle. [DE says “demand” rather than “receive”,
“Rhenish prosecuting attorney” rather than just “prosecuting
attorney” and “in collusion with” rather than “according
to” and appends here “... to wear upon our heads.”]
10a
[DE omits “of citizens.”]
10a
[DE inserts here “... for twelve years ...”]
11
Kinkel had saved from drowning the lady
who afterward became his wife. She was a divorcée and a Roman
Catholic. This marriage caused Kinkel's dismissal from his pastorate in
Cologne.
11a
[DE inserts “But ...” at the beginning of this sentence.]
11b
[DE says “speaker's platform” rather than “platform of the citizens' meeting.”]
11c
[DE says “in this state of mind I dissuaded” rather than “I warned.”]
11d
[DE says “woman who mixes poison” rather than “murderer.”]
11e
[DE inserts here “... however sharp your speech ...”]
11f
[DE says “who is accused in this arena” rather than “whom the
public prosecutor has insinuatingly dared to accuse.”]
11g
[DE inserts here “... composed himself and ...”]
11h
[DE appends here “... to continue the proceedings” and omits the
next sentence.]
11i
[DE appends here “... so she could embrace him.”]
11j
[DE omits “by the court-martial in Baden” —
added in AT.]
11k
[DE inserts here “..., as in Pomerania generally, ...”]
11m
[DE says “they and their captive were” rather than “they
intended.”]
11ma
[DE inserts here “... for an escape ...” —
deleted in AT.]
11n
[DE says “left the vicinity of the door to come to the window”
rather than “stepped to the window.”]
11o
[DE adds a sentence here: “While all this was going on, it had become
completely dark.”]
11p
[DE inserts here “... on ...”]
11q
[DE appends here “... by the blow.”]
11r
[DE appends here “... to struggle with” —
deleted in AT.]
11s
[DE inserts here “..., however, ...”]
11t
[DE says “powerful fist blows” rather than “his
fist.”]
11u
[DE inserts here “... innkeeper and the ...”]
11v
[DE inserts here “... notorious and ...”]
11w
[DE's reward offer is “and whoever caught him would be sure to get a
reward of 100 thalers” — an AT change.]
11x
[DE appends here “... who had slipped out of the house and yard
unnoticed” and also “outside” after “look.”]
11y
[A more literal translation of DE would be “discovered by the postillion,
still in his benumbed condition” rather than “in his benumbed
condition discovered by the postilion.”]
11z
[DE omits “in an extraordinary degree” and says
“back to” rather than “for.”]
11aa
[DE omits “where I hoped to establish useful connections”
— added in AT.]
11aaa
[Moritz Karl Georg Wiggers (1816-1894), German politician, started out as a
lawyer and a notary in his home town of Rostock. The revolution of 1848
prompted him to enter public life as a representative to the Mecklenburg
constitutional convention, of which he was also elected president. Once the
constitution was adopted in 1849, he was elected to its legislature, again
being named president. A court of arbitration in Freienwald declared the
constitution as invalid, and the legislature was dissolved in 1850. Wiggers
regarded this action as illegal and called the legislature to meet again, but
this was prevented by force. He was also tried for aiding the flight of
Gottfried Kinkel from Spandau prison, but was acquitted. Nevertheless, he
was caught up by the “Rostock high treason proceedings.” A police
agent had infiltrated Wiggers' democratic club, and in 1853, he was tried for
conspiracy and imprisoned. On his release in 1857, he remained a private
citizen for a decade. In 1867, he was elected as representative from the
third Berlin precinct (not being permitted to run in Mecklenburg) to the
Reichstag of the North German Confederation. In 1871, he was elected as
representative, from Berlin and Mecklenburg, to the German Reichstag.
There he served with the German Progressive Party until 1881. After this
time, he devoted himself to the construction of a canal between Rostock and
Berlin. He was the author of several historical studies, political
pamphlets and reports on the progress of the canal. His outstanding traits
were his unyielding commitment to his liberal convictions and his peaceable
nature.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 42 (Leipzig, 1897),
S. 465-468.]
11ab
[DE and AT add a passage here:
“During this trip, there was only one time
when I seemed to be in real danger. I had a two-hour layover at a
post hotel in Hamm, and sat in the restaurant waiting for the meal I had ordered.
I began an innocuous conversation with a Prussian lieutenant who sat at
the same table opposite from me drinking a cup of coffee. Where possible, this
was my practice at public places with soldiers or officials, preferably
police officers, in order to show myself as an entirely free and easy and
unsuspicious individual.
“While I spoke with the lieutenant
in Hamm about indifferent things, I noticed
an odd commotion outside. A coach stopped and an elderly gentleman in a bright travel
overcoat stepped out, with him two policemen, one of whom remained standing at
the door of the building while the other came in with the elderly gentleman
and posted himself in the hall by the staircase. The elderly gentleman stepped
into the restaurant, and I noticed that a dark red uniform collar peeked out of
the buttoned-up overcoat. So the man was an official — probably a police
official. He asked for the proprietor. When the proprietor came in, the two
fell into a quiet and earnest conversation. This situation disquieted me.
“In the meantime, the beefsteak which I had ordered had arrived.
I directed the waiter to an empty table near a window which exited into the
hotel yard. In order to reach this table,
I stepped as closely as possible by the man in the overcoat and the proprietor
and tried to catch a word which might give an explanation of the subject
of the earnest conversation. I heard the official say the words ‘a young
man with blond hair and eyeglasses,’ whereupon the proprietor rather
loudly answered: ‘I believe that must be him.’ This could pertain
to me, and I became rather uneasy.
“I went to the table where my steak
awaited me, moved my chair close to the window, and asked two men sitting nearby if they
would mind if I opened the window as the air in the room was oppressively warm.
They consented, and I examined the yard through the open
window to see if I would have a chance of escape if I had to try a jump
through the window. The outlook was very doubtful. Then I sat down and busied
myself with the beefsteak.
“The proprietor had in the meantime left the restaurant in the company
of the official. After a few minutes they returned, and at the same time
a murmuring arose from which the words ‘They have him’ were audible.
Soon afterwards the proprietor came by my table, and I asked him what was going
on. He said that a young man had arrived early in the morning,
gotten a room and ordered his meals brought there. And just then he was
arrested.
“He was a clerk in a post office in a small town close by and had
stolen about 300 thalers from the post office cash
in order to go to America. ‘The poor guy!’ continued the
proprietor contemptuously. ‘It was just surprising to me that he ordered
his lunch in his room instead of coming to the restaurant. And for only 300
thalers!’ I felt very relieved and couldn't refrain from
fetching a match from the table at which the official had sat down to a snack
and a glass of wine so I could light a cigar to have with my cup of coffee.”]
11aba
[DE says rather “She was happy to hear that I thought ...” —
an AT change.]
11abb
[“Trustworthy” seems a better fit than “confidential”
here.]
11abc
[In DE the word here is Fuge which means “fugue” in English.
A fugue is a musical composition in which a subject announced by one part is
imitated, or answered, by the other parts successively — not
canonically, but with interruptions, possible modifications, etc. Subject and
answer appear in all the parts, at intervals, throughout the movement. The
term is from fuga (a flight) because, it is alleged, the parts seem to
fly from, or chase, one another. In former times, the term was applied to
imitative counterpoints generally.
— Henry Charles Banister, Music, New York: Henry Holt and
Company, 1887, p. 189.]
11abd
[DE says “untimely” rather than “unnecessary.”]
11abe
[DE appends here “... for a moment” — deleted in AT.]
11abf
[Christian Lassen (1800-1876) German orientalist and professor at the University
of Bonn for his entire career. He translated inscriptions and literature
from ancient India and Persia and other cultures.]
11ac
[DE inserts here “..., also ...”]
11ad
[DE omits “and fitting me admirably in the personal description” and
“as the passports of political offenders venturing upon dangerous ground
usually are” and says “where otherwise travelers were carefully
scrutinized” rather than “the gates and railroad stations of which
were supposed to be closely watched by an omniscient police bent upon arresting
or turning away all suspicious characters.”]
11ae
[DE says “Next” rather than “Without delay”.
In DE the students Schurz looks up are identified only as university friends
from Bonn who had moved to Berlin, and not as members of Franconia. DE omits
“although they were not a little astonished to see me suddenly turn up
in Berlin.”]
11af
[DE says in place of this sentence: “I confided in them
my personal affairs, but not the secret of my plans.”]
11ag
[DE gives the names of the two students Schurz roomed with as Müller and Rhodes,
and only they are identified as former members of Franconia and as
giving him a hearty welcome. DE omits
“a good many of whom lived in that neighborhood.”]
11ah
[DE says “a fugitive with a warrant out for my arrest”
rather than “who was then virtually an outlaw.”]
11ai
[DE gives the signal trait of the Berlin police as “omniscience”
rather than “efficiency.”]
11aj
[Rather than “did not resist the temptation to see”, DE is more elaborate at this point and says “did some thoughtless
things which could have come to great consequence. While I made connections
and arrangements to prepare for Kinkel's liberation, and about which
I will speak more exactly later, I could not avoid the tempting enjoyments
of the big city, and among these enjoyments there was one which
was especially precious, but which also became especially dangerous.”
The rest of the sentence, becomes a new sentence and paragraph
which starts out “The famous French actress, Rachel, was ...” — “was” replaces “who.”]
11aja
[Rachel (1821-1858), French actress, whose real name was Elizabeth Felix. At
Reims she and her elder sister, Sophia, afterwards known as Sarah, joined a
troupe of Italian children who sang in the cafés, Sarah singing and Elizabeth,
then only four years of age, collecting the coppers. In 1830, they came to
Paris, where they sang in the streets. Etienne Choron, a famous teacher of
singing, was so impressed with the talents of the two sisters that he
undertook to give them gratuitous instruction. After his death in 1833, they
were received into the Conservatoire. In 1837, Rachel made her first
appearance at the Gymnase in Paul Duport's La Vendéenne, with only
mediocre success. But the following year she succeeded in making a début at
the Théâtre Français as Camille in Corneille's Horace,
and her remarkable
genius at once received general recognition. It was in Racine's Phèdre,
which she first played in 1843, that her peculiar gifts were most strikingly
manifested. Her range of characters was limited, but within it she was
unsurpassable. She excelled particularly in the impersonation of evil or
malignant passion, in her presentation of which there was a majesty and
dignity which fascinated while it repelled. By careful training, her voice,
originally hard and harsh, had become flexible and melodious, and its low
and muffled notes under the influence of passion possessed a thrilling and
penetrating quality that was irresistible.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
11ak
[DE inserts here “... to the accompaniment of a harp ...”]
11am
[DE inserts here “... shortly ...”]
11an
[DE omits this sentence.]
11ao
[DE gives a more elaborate critique of these French tragedies:
“I had never found much pleasing in these works. The
feelings represented in them seemed artificial, the passions
unauthentic, the speech stilted, the Alexandrine verse form
with its inexorable caesura stiff and tedious more than the
average.”]
11aoa
[DE says “affected cothurnus” rather than
“stage” and “quiet” rather than
“intense” and inserts here “... loud ...”
The cothurnus is a thick-soled high boot reaching to the middle of the leg. It
was used in the ancient Athenian tragedy to increase the stature of the actors,
in opposition to the soccus, “sock,” the light shoe of comedy. Greek
actors stood some 6 ft. 6 in. high when wearing the cothurnus and tragic mask.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition
(“buskin,” “costume,” “theatre”).]
11ap
[DE omits this phrase which seems to be an alternative
translation of the last phrase of the paragraph.]
11aq
[DE describes her forehead as “beautiful, vaulted”
rather than “not remarkably high, but broad and strong.”
Her eyebrows are described there as “dark as thunder
clouds,” the nose as “fine and slightly curved”
with no mention of “chiseled,” the line of the
mouth as “aristocratic” as well as “severe.”]
11aqa
[DE says “full of strength”
rather than “the attitude betraying elastic strength”
and inserts here “... expressive ...” and says
“mysterious” rather than “intense.”]
11ar
[DE omits this phrase.]
11as
[DE says “had never been” rather than “you had never”
and “supernatural” rather than “phantomlike”
and adds “so powerful and yet so soft” to this
list.]
11asa
[DE says “had to yield” rather than “yielded.”]
11at
[DE omits “As her speech went on“ and “without the slightest
effort or artificiality.”]
11au
[DE says “caesura” rather than “forced rhymes.”]
11av
[DE gives these last two sentences as three phrases: “Her speech flowed
on like a quiet stream through green meadows, or it hopped with cheerful
playfulness like a brook over a pebbly bed, or it plunged down like a
mountain stream rushing from boulder to boulder.”]
11aw
[DE inserts here “... and roared ...”]
11ax
[DE says “on the beach” rather than “of the sea.”]
11ay
[DE says “or a” rather than “and how then the” and
“us” rather than “you.”]
11az
[DE says “persuasive, gripping” rather than “powerful”
and “in this voice” rather than “in the intonations of that
voice and to subjugate the hearer with superlative energy.”]
11ba
[DE says “fearful” rather than “terrific” and “passion” rather than “wrath and fury.”]
11bb
[DE inserts here “..., without anyone on stage, would have ...” and
omits “even if he did not understand the language, or if he had closed his
eyes so as not to observe anything of the happenings on the stage.”]
11bc
[DE omits “sadness” from this list and adds “raging
vengfulness.” It says “unbounded wrath” rather than
“wrath and rage.”]
11be
[DE combines this sentence with the next one omitting the question mark and
“They in their turn seemed to make” and appending “... with
which Rachel overwhelmed the spectator and made ...”]
11bf
[DE inserts here “... seem ...”]
11bfa
[See Act III Scene ii of The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
by William Shakespeare. DE says “miserable mechanical artifices”
rather than “perfunctory doings.”]
11bg
[DE starts this sentence out with “But ...”]
11bh
[DE says “rose or descended” rather than “moved” and
“every beholder” rather than “the beholder.”]
11bi
[DE says “sculptor” rather than “artist.”]
11bj
[DE says “she thus conceded the fullest, most satisfying
understanding” rather than
“they made everything intelligible and clear; at once you
understood it all and were in accord with her.”]
11bja
[DE says “as if she ruled” rather than
“as if born to rule.”]
11bk
[DE says “forehead” rather than “front.”]
11bka
[DE says “seemed” rather than “began.”]
11bm
[DE omits these last two sentences.]
11bma
[DE says “murderous” rather than “the veriest.”]
11bmb
[DE inserts here “... involuntarily ...”]
11bmc
[DE inserts here “... all ...”]
11bn
[DE says “artistically experienced persons of cultivated taste and calm
judgment” rather than “persons of cultivated artistic
judgment” and “uncontrollable” rather than
“bewildered.”]
11bna
[DE says “often” rather than “sometimes.”]
11bo
[DE expresses the second half of this sentence and the next sentence as:
“but the attractive power of her genius was so strong that I could not
resist it. So I went to the theater to see her as often as the purpose I was
in Berlin for, which required frequent nightly visits to Spandau, left
sufficient time.”]
11boa
[DE says “as close as possible to the exit”
rather than “near the entrance.”]
11bp
[DE appends here “... and occasionally I held my handkerchief in front
of my face as if I had a toothache” — deleted in AT.]
11bpa
[DE says “my exit” rather than “I.”]
11bpb
[DE says “the sight of which gave me a fright” rather than
“which I knew but too well for my comfort.”]
11bpc
[DE says “peculiar incidents” rather than
“exceedingly questionable transaction.”]
11bq
[DE adds a sentence here: “And now I found myself in this knot of people
closely opposite him.”]
11bqa
[DE says “straight in the eye” rather than
“in a manner clearly indicating that he recognized me,
but.”]
11bqb
[DE says “leave” rather than
“disappear among the passersby on the street.”]
11bqc
[DE inserts here “... a year ...”]
11br
[DE inserts here “... at various times ...” and says
“her lung disease was already very apparent” rather than
“her fatal ailment had already seized upon her.”]
11bt
[DE says “beings” rather than “women.”]
11bu
[DE inserts here “... and vain ...”]
11bv
[DE and AT omit “Virginia.” AT adds “Medea.”]
11bw
[DE inserts here “... the ideal embodiment of ...”]
11bx
[DE adds joy and pain to this list and omits anger.]
11by
[DE says “graphic completeness” rather than
“an ideal grandeur” and substitutes
“clear or exact” for both “satisfactory”
and “precise.”]
11bz
[DE inserts here “... enthralled and ...”]
11ca
[DE adds “compassion” to the list
and omits “critical.”]
11cb
[DE appends here “... in her quality.”]
11cc
[DE says “senseless” rather than “futile.”]
11cd
[DE says “in level of excellence” rather than
“of degree” and appends here
“... of essence.”]
11cda
[Adelaide Ristori (1822-1906), Italian actress, was born the daughter of
strolling players. As a child she appeared upon the stage, and at fourteen
made her first success as Francesca da Rimini in Silvio Pellico's tragedy.
She was eighteen when for the first time she played Mary Stuart in an Italian
version of Schiller's play. It was not until 1855 that she paid her first
professional visit to Paris which, after an initial cold reception to her
Francesca, she took by storm in the title rôle of
Alfieri's Myrrha. Furious partisanship was aroused by the appearance
of a rival to the great Rachel. Paris was divided into two camps of opinion.
Humble playgoers fought at gallery doors over the merits of their respective
favourites. The two famous women never actually met, but the French actress
seems to have been convinced that Ristori had no feelings towards her but
those of admiration and respect. A tour in other countries was followed
(1856) by a fresh visit to Paris, when Ristori appeared in Montanelli's
Italian translation of Legouvé's Medea. She repeated her success in
this in London. In 1857 she visited Madrid, playing in Spanish to
enthusiastic audiences, and in 1866 she paid the first of four visits to the
United States, where she won much applause, particularly in Giacometti's
Elizabeth. She retired in 1885. Her Studies and Memoirs (1888)
provide a lively account of an interesting career, and are particularly
valuable for the chapters devoted to the psychological explanation of
various characters, in her interpretation of which Ristori combined high
dramatic instinct with the keenest and most critical intellectual study.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
11cdb
[Charlotte Wolter (1834-1897), Austrian actress, was born at Cologne, and
began her artistic career at Budapest in 1857. Her performance of Hermione
in the Winter's Tale took the playgoing world by storm, and she was
given in 1862 an appointment at the Vienna Hofburg theatre, to which she
remained faithful until her death. According to her wish, she was buried in
the costume of Iphigenia, in which rôle she had achieved her most brilliant
success. Charlotte Wolter was one of the great tragic actresses of modern
times. Her repertory included Medea, Sappho, Lady Macbeth, Mary Stuart,
Preciosa, Phèdre, Adrienne Lecouvreur, Jane Eyre and Messalina. She was also
an inimitable exponent of the heroines in plays by Grillparzer, Hebbel,
Dumas and Sardou.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
11cdc
[Sarah Bernhardt (Rosine Bernard) (1845-[1922]) French actress, was born in
Paris, of mixed French and Dutch parentage, and of Jewish descent. She was,
however, baptized at the age of twelve and brought up in a convent. At
13 she entered the Conservatoire. Her début was made at the Comédie
Française that year, in a minor part without any marked success, nor did she
do much better in burlesque at the Porte St-Martin and Gymnase. In 1867 she
became a member of the company at the Odéon, where she made her first
definite successes as Cordelia in a French translation of King Lear,
as the queen in Victor Hugo's Ruy Blas, and, above all, as Zanetto
in François Coppée's Le Passant (1869). When peace was restored after
the Franco-German War she left the Odéon for the Comédie Française, thereby
incurring a considerable monetary forfeit. From that time she steadily
increased her reputation, two of the most definite steps in her progress
being her performances of Phèdre in Racine's play (1874) and of Dona Sol in
Victor Hugo's Hernani (1877). Her amazing power of emotional acting,
the extraordinary realism and pathos of her death-scenes, the magnetism of
her personality, and the beauty of her “voix d'or,” made
the public tolerant of her occasional caprices. She had developed some skill
as a sculptor, and exhibited at the Salon at various times between 1876
and 1881. She also exhibited a painting there in 1880. In 1878 she published
a prose sketch, Dans les nuages; les impressions d'une chaise. Her
comedy L'Aveu was produced in 1888 at the Odéon without much success.
Her relations with the other sociétaires of the Comédie Française having
become somewhat strained, a crisis arrived in 1880, when, enraged by an
unfavourable criticism of her acting, she threw up her position. This obliged
her to pay a forfeit of £4000 for breach of contract. Immediately after the
rupture she gave a series of performances in London. These were followed by
tours in Denmark, America and Russia, during 1880 and 1881, with La Dame
aux camélias as the principal attraction. In 1882 she married Jacques
Damala, a Greek, in London, but separated from him at the end of the
following year. She became proprietress of the Porte St-Martin, where she
remained till she became proprietress of the Renaissance theatre in 1893.
During those ten years she made several extended tours, including visits to
America (North and South), Australia, and the chief European capitals. In
December 1896 an elaborate fête was organized in Paris in her honour. By this
time she had played one hundred and twelve parts, thirty-eight of which she
had created. Early in 1899 she removed from the Renaissance to the Théâtre
des Nations, a larger house. In the same year she made the bold experiment
of a French production of Hamlet, in which she played the title part.
She also appeared (1901) as the fate-ridden son of Napoleon I., in Rostand's
L'Aiglon.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
11ce
[DE says “unmistakable” rather than “very great.”]
11cea
[DE says “true” rather than “unique.”]
11cf
[DE inserts here “... police ...”]
11cg
[DE inserts “In the compartment where I put my clothes back on after the
bath, ...” at the beginning of this sentence, and then adds after this
sentence “My friends put me, in great pain, into a cab.”]
11ch
[In DE, Schurz notes that one of the friends who examined him was
“Dr. Tendering who had been a fellow student at the university in Bonn,
and at this time was the company surgeon for an infantry
regiment.” Schurz goes on to say: “Since I was in great pain,
I was put under chloroform for the first time in my life. I remember very
clearly the dream which the chloroform evoked. It was as if I was sitting
on a pink-colored cloud which slowly lifted me from the earth, but my left
foot was bound fast to the earth and the upward sailing of the cloud occasioned
a somewhat painful tension. Actually, the two doctors were busy pulling my
left leg and turning it this way and that way, for they were afraid that
I had broken my thigh bone.” In the next sentence,
“They finally convinced themselves” is substituted for “It
turned out.”]
Notes to Chapter X
1
formerly a suburb of Berlin, but now a
manufacturing district in the city. [DE appends to this sentence:
“... and whose character and whose circumstances seemed to me the most
suited for the exploit I had in mind.” DE omits
“and practiced.”]
1a
[DE appends here: “... in town.”]
1b
[DE appends here: “... to goals he thought were worthy.”]
1c
[DE appends here: “... of an alert policeman even though it was in
the best order.”]
2
[DE calls the street cab a Lohnfuhrwerk
rather than a Droschke (an AT change), and the strategy reads:
“I would
pass by foot through Brandenburg gate, usually at nightfall, and then
catch a street cab in Charlottenburg or Moabit, each time a different
one.”] Charlottenburg: really a part of Berlin, though a
separate municipality.
[DE and AT start out the next paragraph with the sentence:
“Herr Krüger was well informed about what was going on in Spandau
prison, and what he did not know he could easily find out from officials
he knew who worked there.”]
2a
[DE inserts here “... limited ...”]
2aa
[DE inserts here “... instantly ...” and appends
“... to the spot” to this sentence.]
2ab
[DE says “beginning” rather than “venture.”]
2ac
[DE inserts here “... their cells ...” and says
“sawing through bars and breaking through walls”
rather than “breaking through barred windows and tunneling
walls.”]
2b
[DE moves the last two sentences of this paragraph to the the middle of
the next paragraph. The second sentence gets phrased a bit differently:
“But what would I not do to rescue a shamefully-treated friend and
freedom fighter from the clutches of tyrannical willfulness?”]
2c
[DE omits “as the liberation of such a prisoner as Kinkel.”]
2d
[DE inserts here “... small ...” and gives the
turnkey the fictitious name of Schmidt. The omission of
the alias is an AT change.]
2e
[DE inserts here “... over the husband and father ...”]
2f
[DE inserts here “... some strengthening food, ...”]
2g
[DE omits this sentence.]
2ga
[DE omits “At the close of our conversation.”]
2gb
[DE omits “I intimated that.”]
2gc
[DE omits “comparatively.”]
2gd
[DE and AT prefix this sentence with “On a small piece of paper ...”]
2ge
[DE inserts here “... Spandau ...”]
2gf
[DE says “laudable” rather than “splendid.”]
2gg
[DE says “the Rhineland” rather than “my home on the
Rhine.”]
2gh
[DE inserts here “... when he heard this ...”]
2gi
[DE says “the Rhineland” rather than “my home.”]
2h
[DE inserts here “... I moved to a dark way of speaking in which ...”]
2i
[DE says “to do the same” rather than “to remain his friend.”]
2j
[DE says “I disappeared for him also” rather than “I dismissed him.”]
2k
[DE and AT insert here “..., where by this time time the things already
described had happened, ...”]
3
Germany's greatest seaport, situated on
the Elbe, about eighty miles from the mouth. It is honeycombed with
waterways and canals, which render access easy to a large number of
warehouses. Hamburg is the home city of the Hamburg American Steamship
Company, and is the focus of an enormous import and export business.
It ranks as one of the world's foremost ports. The quaint old overhanging
warehouses on the canals are giving way very rapidly to modern buildings.
3a
[DE says “faithful Adolph” rather than “friend.&rdquo
and notes that Strodtmann provided Schurz with secure lodging.]
3b
[DE appends here “... who exercised their public spirit in the small free
state with many useful activities, and from whom I was able to learn what
citizen initiative could accomplish with free state institutions.”
AT appends here “... among them Mme. Goldschmidt, the mother of the
musician of the same name who later became the husband of Jenny Lind, and with
an excellent man who soon after became a professor at a German
university.”
Jenny Lind (1820-1887), the famous Swedish opera singer, first performed
in an opera in 1836. Her first great success was in 1838 in Weber's Der
Freischütz. She started for Paris in 1841. Her success in Sweden was more
for her acting ability than for her voice. Her wonderful vocal art was only
attained after a year's hard study under Manuel García, who had to remedy many
faults that had caused exhaustion in the vocal organs. Her last performance in
a fully-staged opera was in 1849. She came to America in 1850. In Boston, in
1852, she married Otto Goldschmidt (1829-1907), whom she had met at Lübeck in
1850, and returned to England, her home for the rest of her life, where she
appeared in oratorios and concerts. For some years, she was professor of singing at the Royal College of Music. Her last public appearance was at Düsseldorf
in 1870.
The supreme position she held so long in the operatic world was due not only to the glory of her voice, and the complete musicianship which distinguished her above all her contemporaries, but also to the naïve simplicity of her acting in her favorite parts, such as Amina, Alice or Agathe. In these and others she had the precious quality of conviction, and identified herself with the characters she represented with a thoroughness rare in her day. Unharmed by the perils of a stage career, she was a model of rectitude, generosity and straightforwardness, carrying the last quality into a certain blunt directness of manner that was sometimes rather startling.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition. Jenny Lind appears
again in Schurz's Reminiscences in
Chapter II of Volume Two.]
3c
[DE inserts here “... itself ...”]
3d
[DE omits “my friend.”]
3e
[DE says replaces the rest of this sentence with:
“that they had at that time gotten together with me and were in my
confidence, but this was pure imagination.”]
3f
[DE inserts here, “... in Moabit ...”]
3fa
[DE omits “always.”]
3g
[DE inserts here, “... to Spandau ...”]
3h
[DE says “right man” rather than “man I wanted.”]
3i
[DE says “what” rather than “the helper whom” —
an AT change.]
3j
[Trefousse (p. 32) gives his full name
as Georg Brune.]
4
Westphalia is a district northeast of
Cologne. It is rich in coal and iron, and is therefore a great manufacturing
district.
5
an ancient city located in a fertile area of
Westphalia. It was an important Hanse town. The old fortifications
and some of the medieval frame houses still remain. In and about the
city are many interesting old churches with elaborate decorations.
5a
[DE says “not distant” rather than “near” and appends
here “... compatriot.”]
6
Les Trois Mousquetaires, a novel by the elder
Dumas (1803-1870), was published in 1844. It is the first in a trilogy,
the others being Vingt Ans Après and Le Vicomte de Bragelone.
They deal with events in the reigns of Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. Dumas is
described as “endowed with a lively imagination, tremendous
productiveness, and remarkable facility. He was the most popular novelist and
playwright of his time.” His novels were as “historical”
as most of that class.
7
a French poet and statesman (1790-1869).
His Histoire des Girondins (1847) is a “brilliant
narrative, but often
somewhat fanciful when dealing with events in which the Girondists
participated.”
The Girondists were a political party in the French Revolution (1789).
They came into control of the government in 1792. They
opposed the radicals in the policy of violence; lost control, and the most
of their representatives were executed 31 October, 1794.]
7a
[DE gives this sentence as “I wanted to hug him.”]
7b
[DE poses this paragraph as a dialog between Schurz and Brune and starts
it out with:
“‘But,’ Brune added, ‘it will still take some time
before everything is set up right.’”]
7c
[DE says “friends or admirers” rather than “personal
admirers.”]
7d
[DE appends here “... with regard to the care of his family.”]
7da
[Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (1809-1847), German composer,
was a child prodigy. In 1820 he produced nearly sixty movements, including
songs, pianoforte sonatas, a trio for pianoforte, violin and violoncello, a
sonata for violin and pianoforte, pieces for the organ, and even a little
dramatic piece in three scenes. He revived the performance of J. S. Bach's
work, in 1829 inducing the Berlin Singakademie to give a public performance
of the Passion according to St Matthew. This and other great works had
not
been heard since Bach's death. Among his compositions are the incidental music
for Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, the oratorio Elijah
and his collection Lieder ohne Worte. His style, though differing
little in technical arrangement from that of his classical predecessors,
is characterized by a vein of melody peculiarly his own.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
7e
[DE omits “somewhat.”]
7f
[DE omits “rare.”]
7g
[DE says “a benevolent contralto voice” rather than
“one of those mellow voices that touch the soul like a
benefaction.”]
7h
[DE says “a breast pocket” rather than
“the inside pocket of my waistcoat.”]
7i
[DE appends here “had succeeded.”]
7j
[DE omits “through a hostile country.”]
7k
[DE says “flee” rather than “cross over.”]
8
Germany's largest ports
on the North Sea. Bremen is the headquarters of the North German
Lloyd Steamship Company, and is a nourishing commercial city. It has
preserved more of the medieval than Hamburg, which is losing its
ancient quaintness at an alarming rate. Both were important Hanse towns. [DE says “brief” rather than “due,”
omits “certain” and inserts “with Argus eyes” after
“watch.”]
9
an independent state in 1850, but now [1913] a part of the German Empire. It is
situated between Berlin and the northern coast, but southeast of Denmark.
10
the most important city in Mecklenburg, eight miles from
the Baltic, on a river deep enough to give seagoing vessels access to the
town. It was a Hanse city.
10a
[DE says “before” rather than “about.”]
10aa
[DE inserts here “... with like-minded comrades along it, to the right and
the left of it, ...”]
10ab
[DE omits “of participants.”]
10ac
[DE omits “thus.”]
10ad
[DE says “man of eminent standing” rather than
“gentleman.”]
10b
[DE says “greatest” rather than
“indescribable.”]
10ba
[DE says “With great pleasure, he explained that, in his
opinion” rather than
“He became quite eloquent in setting forth his opinion
that.”]
10bb
[DE omits “and that sort of thing.”]
11
[Adolph Hensel. He died in 1872 in Strehlen (near Dresden).]
11a
[DE says “press me with questions” rather than “ask me”
and omits “about it.”]
11aa
[DE says “another” rather than “a.”]
11b
[DE says “attentively” rather than “with some
surprise.”]
11c
[DE omits “my family.”]
11d
[DE says “correctly” rather than “calmly.”]
11e
[DE says “I will consider how it is to be done” rather than “Let me do so.”]
11f
[DE says “criminal” rather than “great”
and omits “after all.”]
11g
[DE omits “really.”]
11h
[DE omits “most.”]
11i
[DE says “my” rather than “such a.”]
11j
[DE says “would” rather than “had.”]
11ja
[DE omits “if necessary.”]
11k
[or remembered. DE actually uses the present tense, “remember,”
here but it seems like that is a mistake. DE inserts
after this sentence, “At that time it was only being waged, on the German
side, by the Schleswig-Holstein army.” —
deleted in AT.]
11ka
[DE gives this sentence as, “In a quarter of an hour I found Brune there
with my friends.” — an AT change.]
11m
[DE says “doubt” rather than “load of doubt on your
heart.”]
11n
[AT and DE insert here “... slept that night in Spandau and ...”]
11o
[DE inserts here “..., well counted, ...”]
11p
[DE inserts at the beginning of this sentence “Until we see each other
again ...” In the next sentence this phrase appears instead of
“to-night.”]
11q
[DE says “a gate” rather than “one large gate.”]
11r
[DE says “prison director” rather than “director of the
institution.”]
11s
[DE says “soldiers guardroom” rather than “guardroom of the
soldiers on duty in the prison.”]
11t
[DE says “third floor” and omits “high up.”]
11u
[DE puts this sentence as: “This window was guarded by a metal
housing which, permanently attached to the wall on its under side, at the top
opened obliquely so that daylight from above came in, and from the cell only
a small rectangularly bounded piece of firmament was visible, but nothing
of the surroundings below.”]
11v
[DE inserts here “... a narrow ...”]
11w
[DE “grating, with similarly strong diagonal iron rods,” rather than
“railing.” The substitution of “grating” for
“railing”also needs to be made several places in the text
below.]
11x
[DE says “an arrangement” rather than
“a regulation” and omits the next sentence.]
11xa
[DE says “the locks, the grate” rather than
“the locks on the railing.”]
11y
[DE inserts “prison” here.
In addition, “Revier” is a German
word, not a proper name, which would seem to require further translation —
“rounds” is perhaps a reasonable attempt. So Revierstube
becomes “rounds room,” as opposed to Wachtstube which
is translated as “guardroom.” There are several places
in the text below where this substitution needs to be made.]
11z
[This somewhat literal translation of the corresponding German sentence
rather overreaches the possibilities of an English sentence.
An alternative translation, which breaks things
up a bit more, would be: “Brune had no access to the rounds room
during the night, the key to which was confided to another, superior, officer.
So Brune found an opportunity to take a wax impression of the
rounds-room key, which
was kept in the lock during the day. My Spandau friends had a key made
from the impression which they handed over to Brune to allow him to enter
the rounds room during the night.”]
11aaa
[DE omits “negligently.”]
11ab
[DE inserts here “..., past the corridor of the second floor, and then
further down ...” After this sentence it inserts another:
“On the second floor on that night, a turnkey named Beyer had the
watch.”]
11ac
[DE says “second” rather than “lower.”]
11ad
[DE says “clothes to be prepared beforehand” rather than “a
suit of clothes.”]
11ae
[DE says “strengthening” rather than “plentiful supply”
and inserts “Already some time previous ...” at the beginning of this
sentence.]
11af
[DE omits “the night of the attempt.”.]
11ag
[DE inserts here “but” and says “to leave his prison”
rather than “for the venture” —
the latter an AT change.]
11ah
[DE omits “all.”.]
11ai
[DE says “boots” rather than “feet.”]
11aj
[DE describes this weapon as a “foot-long rod with a heavy metal knob,
a so-called Totschläger (cudgel).”]
11ak
[DE says “and stepped” rather than “to step.”]
11am
[DE inserts here “... outside ...”]
11ama
[DE mentions the director's name is Jeserich.]
11an
[DE omits this sentence.]
11ao
[DE inserts here “... deathly ...”]
11ap
[DE inserts here “... must have ...”]
11aq
[DE inserts here “... ever ...”]
11aqa
[DE says “could have come down” rather than
“ought to have joined me.”]
11ar
[DE says “must have” rather than “had.”]
11as
[DE omits “the form of.”]
11at
[DE says “the” rather than “your.”]
11au
[DE omits “right and left.”]
11av
[DE inserts “As we left ...” at the beginning of this
sentence.]
11aw
[DE says “something had happened to you” rather than “you were trapped.”]
11awa
[DE says “rolled” rather than “drove.”]
11ax
[DE inserts here “... on that dark November night ...” and says
“must have been” rather than “were”
— AT changes. Also it says “the driver's box of a carriage”
rather than “a black object” and omits the
next sentence.]
11axa
[DE inserts here “... and ...” —
an AT change.]
11ay
[DE appends here “... around” — an AT change.]
11az
[DE omits “if a part of” and appends here
“..., lost in our thoughts.”]
11ba
[DE puts “So, ...” at the beginning of this sentence, and says
“my” rather than “that.”]
11bb
[DE omits “only.”]
11bba
[DE inserts here “... months ...”]
11bc
[DE says “more severe” rather than “the
severest.”]
11bd
[DE says “me” rather than “itself.”]
11bda
[DE says “thought” rather than “felt sure”
— an AT change.]
11be
[DE inserts here “... Herr Hensel was familiar with ...”]
11bf
[DE inserts here “... now ...”]
11bfa
[AT has a crossed out passage after this sentence:
“I remember to have opened my eyes with
similar feelings twice afterwards — once on the morning after the battle
of Chancellorsville in May 1863, and the other time on the morning after the
nomination of Horace Greeley as a candidate for the presidency in May
1872.”]
11bg
[DE says “farmer” rather than “Mr.”]
11bga
[DE says “seen” rather than “met.”]
11bh
[DE appends here “... and reassure me.”]
11bi
[DE inserts here “... irretrievably ...”
omits “to prevent further misfortune”
and says “or” rather than “and”
and “else” rather than “equally.”]
11bk
[DE omits the second phrase of this sentence.]
11bm
[DE says “dwelling” rather than “rooms.”]
11bma
[DE says “forgetfully ... left them in” rather than
“accidentally ... put them into.”]
11bn
[DE inserts here “... or ...”]
11bo
[DE omits “for my doubts.”]
11bp
[DE says “such a dumb” rather than “this.”]
11bq
[DE starts this sentence with “By God ...”]
11br
[DE says “Just listen to me quietly” instead of “Now
listen.”]
11bs
[DE says “uppermost story” instead of
“upper stories.”]
11bt
[DE gives this sentence as “Thereupon he had thought he might, without
much difficulty, take Kinkel into the loft under the roof framing, and then
with a rope out the dormer window let him down to the street.”]
11bu
[DE omits “the accident of” and says
“to-night he would certainly leave them” rather than
“they would certainly be again.”]
11bv
[DE says “will” rather than “may.”
A literal approach might lead to translating Dachluke as
“skylight” rather than “dormer window,”
but consulting a photo of the Dachluke in question in
Rüdiger Wersich's book
(p. 63) shows it to be a dormer window rather than a
skylight.]
11bw
[DE phrases this paragraph without quotations.]
11bx
[DE omits “three times.”]
11by
[DE appends here “... to receive Kinkel.”]
11bz
[DE omits “after freeing Kinkel” and “from Spandau”
— added in AT.]
11ca
[DE omits “but” — added in AT.]
11cb
[DE says “had to risk the trip” instead of “resolved then to
risk it” and omits “benignant.”]
11cc
[DE says “sleep-walker” instead of “reveler” and
“the forbidden” instead of “our.”]
11cd
[DE omits “long enough.”]
11ce
[DE says “Will I detain them!” rather than this sentence.]
11cf
[DE says “at the right time” instead of “fortunately”
— an AT change.]
11cg
[This sentence could also be translated as: “When Kinkel came down
out of the skylight on the rope, and the rope played out over the edge,
it could easily loosen roof tiles, or even bricks from the wall, which would
fall down and make a loud clatter.”]
11ch
[DE says “Potsdamerstrasse” rather than
“the street” and omits “cobblestone”]
11ci
[DE says “around” rather than “shortly before.”]
11cj
[DE says “the people stationed themselves to one side” rather than
“our friends kept themselves as much as possible concealed.”]
11ck
[DE says “unnaturally” rather than
“perfectly.”]
11cm
[DE says “flickered” rather than
“flared.”]
11cn
[DE says “quick” rather than
“eager.”]
11co
[DE says “was coming” rather than
“stirred.”]
11coa
[DE omits “and brick.”]
11co
[DE says “his new” rather than
“an honest man's.”]
11cp
[DE inserts here “... Berlin ...”]
11cq
[DE appends here “... over the humor of the situation.”]
11cr
[DE says “soon” rather than “now”
and omits “washed and.”]
11cra
[DE says “sitting and celebrating” rather than
“singing and laughing.”]
11crb
[DE inserts here “... from our rapid progress ...”]
11cs
[DE appends here “... and ready.”]
11ct
[DE inserts here “... more than a quarter ...”]
11cu
[DE says “old man” rather than “wreck.”]
11cv
[DE omits “with two of them.”]
11cw
[DE appends here “... below the lower diagonal rod.”]
11cx
[In DE this sentence appears as “Using the ax as a lever, he loosened
a few more. The strength of Kinkel's furious exertions moved them further
apart and made a narrow opening at the bottom which Kinkel's broad-shouldered
body was able to force its way through.”]
11cy
[DE appends here “... who was not in on the plot.”]
11cz
[DE inserts here “... downward ...”]
12
made in the part of the Rhine Valley
above Bingen. Rhine wine has a yellowish color, and is known as a sour
wine. It is popular with the Germans.
12a
[DE inserts here “... the ‘happy rebirth’ and to ...”]
12b
[DE says “work had not yet succeeded completely” rather than “success not yet complete.”]
Notes to Chapter XI
1
Boom op: for (Schlag)baum auf! — up with the toll-gate!
At this call the gatekeeper was supposed to come out, raise the barrier,
and collect the toll.
1a
[DE inserts here “... a short ...” and omits “some.”
An old German mile was 4.61 statute miles. DE gives the distance from
Gransee to Spandau as eight German miles which would be over
thirty-five miles rather than just under. Perhaps this is just
a rounding error.]
1b
[DE inserts here “... a half hour ...”]
1c
[DE says “more closely” rather than
“with leisure.”]
1d
[fahl could be translated as “pale” here rather than
“dead yellow.”]
1e
[DE omits “after another” and says “run to”
rather than “notify.”]
1f
[DE says “gathered together and sent in frantic pursuit of us”
rather than “hurried after us.”]
1g
[DE appends here “... since the police in Mecklenburg were
harmless” and introduces the next sentence with “But
...”]
1h
[DE appends here “... and rest again.”]
1i
[DE says “the bays” rather than
“they” and omits “having put over fifty miles behind
them.”]
1j
[DE says “only by the afternoon, after a trip of more than sixty
miles” rather than “but at last.”]
1k
[DE says “the worthy” rather than “our friend.”]
1m
[DE omits “our friend” and says “care of our” rather
than “management of.”]
2
a seaport and watering place on the Baltic. [DE omits “Rostock”
and gives the distance on to Warnemünde as nine miles (two German miles).
Warnemünde is at the mouth of the Warnow River on the Baltic Sea and Rostock is
nine miles upstream.]
2a
[DE says “institutions” rather than
“conditions.”]
2aa
[DE inserts here “... and the Prussian police should request our
arrest ...”]
2ab
[DE omits “the shore of.”]
2b
[DE says “Moreover” rather than “However” — an AT change.]
2c
[DE gives this sentence as: “We were
extremely fatigued and soon went to our room and, almost helpless,
fell asleep in each other's arms.” It also adds
the following passage: “I was still conscious enough of
our situation that I put my pistols under the pillow.
Herr Blume later told how when, during our six hour sleep, he slipped
quietly into my room, immediately I opened my eyes, called
‘Who's there?’ and grabbed my pistol, whereupon
he got out quickly. This certainly could be true, but
I have no recollection of it.”]
2d
[DE inserts here “... — we saw her dancing on the waves
in front of us — ...”]
2e
[DE says “Ernst” rather than “Mr.” and inserts
here “... was prepared ...”]
2f
[DE gives the second phrase as “... for the dingy of a Warnemünde pilotboat, and, with a sharp northeast wind in our sails,
we flew across the wide inlet up the Warnow River.”]
2g
[DE inserts here “... in some woods ...”]
2ga
[DE says “sideburns” rather than “whiskers.”]
2h
[DE omits “just.”]
2i
[DE inserts here “... and advocate ...”]
2j
[DE inserts here “... in Brockelmann's carriage ...” and gives
the name of the suburb as Mühlentor.]
2k
[DE says “idle luxury” rather than “plenty.”]
2m
[DE inserts here “... worthy ...”]
2n
[DE inserts here “... excellent ...” and spells
his name as Schwarz (without the ‘t’).]
2o
[DE inserts here “..., who had been taken into confidence, ...” and
says “kind” rather than “lavish.”]
2p
[DE says “when possible” rather than “sometimes.”]
2q
[DE inserts here “..., from early in the morning until late at night,
...”]
2r
[DE says “evening gatherings with streams of wine” rather than “evenings.”]
2s
[DE adds “And the late night walks to take some air in the garden
when the servants were in bed!” —
deleted in AT.]
2sa
[DE gives the ship's weight as 40 Last. Cassel's German Dictionary
says a Last is about 2 tons, which would make 80 tons a closer
equivalent to 40 Last.]
2t
[DE expresses the conditional part of this sentence as: “if by that time
the still constantly blowing strong northeast wind should have
abated.”]
2ta
[Christoph Joseph Rudolf Dulon (1807-1870), a pastor of the Reformed Church
(Calvinist) and a socialist agitator in Bremen, was descended from a Huguenot
family. After completing his time in the gymnasium and theological studies,
he was ordained in Magdeburg in 1836. Even at this time, he put himself in
opposition to Church authorities, but in so mild a way that they could be
lenient. In 1843, Dulon left the Prussian state Evangelical Church to become
pastor for a German Reformed congregation in Magdeburg.
His work as an agitator dates from this time. He worked together with the
so-called Friends of Light and the "Free Congregations," though without
adopting their dogmas. What attracted him to them was their common fight
against the validity of the articles of faith in the Reformed Church and the
Catholicizing tendencies in the Evangelical Church. He was reprimanded, but
this only seemed to encourage him. In 1848, a vote apparently excluded him
from his church, but a majority of the congregation overturned the decision
and installed him as pastor; and the senate, the highest church authority in
Bremen, initimidated by the upheavals of the time, dispensed with many of the
initiation requirements only insisting on adhesion to "the word of God." In
undertaking his examination, Dulon explained that the Bible and God's word
were for him two very different things.
Followers streamed to him from all quarters and levels of society, and he
moved to the front of the democratic movement. Democracy and revolution were
to him the true Christianity. The passion of his polemics assured for him
absolute superiority, at least for the fascinated masses. His sermons were
characterized by their socialist content.
His string of victories became his fate. In 1851, his newspaper was forbidden
in Prussia. The senate drew courage from the changing tenor of the times.
In 1852, an intervention in Bremen was resolved upon by the German
Confederation, and 10,000 troops stood on the outskirts of town. Dulon's
days were numbered. Even in 1851, members of the Friends of Light had
complained to the senate, accusing him of denying essential articles of
faith, mocking the gospel and open hostility to Christianity. The senate
had referred the charges to theologians in Heidelberg who had confirmed them
(though some thought the senate was outside its jurisdiction)
and declared Dulon unworthy of spiritual office in the Evangelical Church.
Dulon was suspended, then dismissed and sentenced to six months in jail.
He fled to Helgoland, which belonged to England at that time.
A year later, he emigrated with his numerous family to the United States where
he supported himself by lecturing and teaching young people. In 1855, he bought
the Feldner School in New York City, and later, in 1866, directed the
Realschule in Rochester, New York. At the end of his life, he published
a book, The German School in America.
In the history of the Evangelical Church, there has hardly been another,
except possibly Thomas Münzer, who has put religion in the service of
revolutionary socialism so much as Rudolf Dulon.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 48, pp. 160-162;
Carl Wittke, Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in
America, Philadelphia: Univ. of Penn. Press, 1952.]
2u
[DE omits “in disguise.”]
2v
[DE adds “Wiggers described this departure in a very lively and attractive
way in 1863 in the Leipzig Gartenlaube.”]
2w
[DE says “that they, as Wiggers said, ‘could resist a not unusually
heavy attack by the police’” rather than
“as they believed, to resist a possible attack by the
police.”]
3
a port on the east coast of England.
3a
[DE says “unfavorable winds” rather than
“stress of weather.”]
3b
[“precisely” seems a better translation of DE
here than “punctually.”]
3c
[DE omits “in an elaborate description of the scene in a German
periodical.”]
3ca
[DE says “should” rather than “shall”
(two places).]
3d
[DE begins this sentence with “As a last farewell, ...”]
3e
[DE says “native shore” rather than
“shore of the fatherland” and adds the sentence
“And so we bade a silent farewell to the fatherland.”]
3f
[DE inserts here “... indeed ...”]
3g
[DE says “fatherland” rather than
“home.”]
4
a short war in 1866, between Austria and Prussia.
Prussia acquired Holstein.
4a
[DE omits “and commander of the forces that had taken Kinkel prisoner
near Rastatt.”]
5
formed under a plan proposed by the Prussian cabinet in August, 1866,
by a union of all the German states north of the Main, under the
presidency of Prussia. This was an important step toward German unity,
which was to come with the war against France.
6
granted in 1866. [The biography of Kinkel in Allgemeine Deutsche
Biographie (v. 55, p. 522) seems to imply that Kinkel was not
benefitted by any of the amnesties Germany offered to exiles, although he
apparently visited and lectured in Germany (Wiesbaden) late in his life.]
6a
[DE prefixes this sentence with: “Just ...” and
omits “fond.”]
6b
[DE starts this sentence with: “Judging from the ship's width
...” and ends with “not over six” rather than
“hardly more than six.”]
6c
[DE inserts here: “..., after the initial disillusion,
...”]
6d
[DE says “dark hints” rather than “some hint.”]
6e
[DE omits “even” says “showered” rather than
“treated.” and “he” rather than
“the skipper” — the latter an AT change.]
6f
[DE gives these last two sentences as: “In the meantime, he reassured
himself with the thought that Herr Brockelmann had ordered him to do
everything in his and his people's capacities for the Herren Kaiser
and Hensel — in an emergency even beach his ship on a non-German
coast. Were the emergency to have appeared, he would have honestly done this.”]
6g
[DE inserts here “... among which was an apple-stuffed goose ...”
and says “but” rather than “foreseeing that”
and “was” rather than “would be”
and ends the paragraph with the sentence: “Fortunately the guests
were easy to satisfy.”]
6h
[DE says “with gentle movements through an only slightly agitated
sea” rather than “pleasantly.”]
6i
[DE inserts here “..., when it came time to get up, ...”]
6j
[DE omits “as the day progressed.”]
6k
[“encourage him” seems clearer than “lift him up” here.]
6ka
[DE appends “... here”]
6m
[DE omits “recognized as” and inserts here “... comfortable ...”]
6ma
[DE inserts here “... this way and that way ...”]
6mb
[DE says “easiness” rather than “recklessness.”]
6n
[DE inserts here “... and the ship groaned under the fearful crashes
of the incoming waves upon it.” Then another sentence starts
with “I kept myself on deck” instead of
“where I kept myself.”]
6na
[DE inserts here “... powerful, ...”]
6o
[DE inserts here “... either before Kinkel or before me ...” and
leaves the impression sometimes he showed up without being dripping wet.]
6oa
[DE omits “the surprising intelligence” — added in AT.]
6ob
[DE inserts here “... still ...”]
6p
[DE puts “Yes” in the next (mate's) quote.]
6q
[DE inserts here, “... which is based on the speed of travel measured from
the log and conjecture as to the deviation from the steered
course ...”]
6qa
[DE says, “he did not rightly know where he might be”
rather than “he had only a very vague idea of our latitude and
longitude.”]
6r
[DE inserts here “... sighing ...”]
6s
[DE inserts here “..., who sat squeezed in the tiny couch with pencil
and compass, ...”]
6sa
[DE says “after” rather than “on.”]
6t
[DE says “Mac Laren” rather than “McLaren.”]
6u
[DE says “smell of tar” rather than “many
smells.”]
6ua
[DE inserts here “... as well as we could ...”]
6v
[DE inserts here “... if we couldn't reach our Scottish friend
on Sunday ...”]
6va
[DE says “beautiful” rather than “clear”
— an AT change.]
6w
[DE inserts here “... everything overcome ...”]
6wa
[DE appends here “... beyond description.”]
6x
[DE omits “of the probable effect such conduct
would have on the natives.”]
6y
[DE inserts here “..., apparently ...”]
6z
[DE inserts here “... so it could return to its former fullness,
in its current state ...”]
6aa
[DE says “proper” rather than “regulation.”]
6ab
[DE adds here “My head gear consisted of an oddly formed black silk
cap.”]
6ac
[DE begins this sentence with “As we looked each other over ...”]
6aca
[Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832), poet and novelist, was born in
Edinburgh. Erected in 1846, the monument in Princes Street was designed by
George Kemp, the statue being the work of John Steell.
Scott first made a literary reputation as a poet by a series of accidents.
First came a lecture in 1788 by Henry Mackenzie on German literature. Scott,
a legal apprentice and an enthusiastic student of French and Italian romance,
thus learned of a fresh development of romantic literature in German. In his
early days, he was half-ashamed of his romantic studies, and pursued them more
or less in secret with a few intimates; quite as much as Wordsworth, he
created the taste by which he was enjoyed. Scott's study of Goethe's Götz
von Berlichingen, of which he published a translation in 1799, gave him
wider ideas. Why not do for ancient Border manners what Goethe had done for
the ancient feudalism of the Rhine? At the time, he was preparing the
collection Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. The countess of Dalkeith
was interested, and asked Scott to write a ballad about the legend she had
heard of a tricksy hobgoblin named Gilpin Horner. The resulting The Lay
of the Last Minstrel (1805) sold more rapidly than poem had ever sold
before.
Marmion (1808) aimed at combining with a romantic story a solid picture
of an historical period. More popular than the Lay, Marmion's
four-beat lines took possession of the public like a kind of madness: people
could not help spouting them in solitary places and muttering them as they
walked about the streets.
Presently after, he committed the great blunder of his life: the establishment
of a publishing house. The Lady of the Lake (1810) was the first great
publication. It made the Perthshire Highlands fashionable for tourists, and
raised the post-horse duty in Scotland. But it did not make up for heavy
investments in unsound ventures. Scott was too much occupied to look into the
accounts of the firm, and bankruptcy became inevitable. Constable, another
publisher, came to the rescue.
In the midst of these embarrassments, Scott opened up the rich vein of the
Waverley novels. The strain of Scott's varied life as sheriff and clerk,
hospitable laird, poet, novelist, and miscellaneous man of letters, publisher
and printer, soon told upon his health in 1817, but still that year he
completed Rob Roy followed in six months by The Heart of
Midlothian. Ivanhoe (1820) was dictated through fits of acute
suffering.
Towards the close of 1825, Scott suddenly discovered that the foundations of
his fortune were unsubstantial. His publishing company was bargained off to
Constable for Waverley copyrights and wound up. Eventually he was saddled
with a debt of £130,000. He would not consent to try rest till fortunately,
as his mental powers failed, he became possessed of the idea that all his
debts were at last paid. When his physicians recommended a sea voyage, a
government vessel was put at his disposal, and he cruised about in the
Mediterranean for the greater part of a year before his death.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
6ad
[DE omits “Walter,” and
begins this paragraph with the sentence: “As long as the frugal
breakfast we had taken on board of the ‘Little Anna’ staved
off new hunger, we got along famously.” —
both are AT changes.]
6ae
[DE says high noon was long since passed.]
6af
[DE says “enough” rather than “some.”]
6ag
[DE says “was very inopportune” rather than “became very
embarrassing.” AT has a crossed out sentence after this one:
“Neither Kinkel nor myself knew anything of it.”]
6ah
[DE gives this more elaborately as: “We consulted with each other
as to what English words we might have at our disposal and found only
two.”]
6ai
[DE omits “although we both had remarked that when we heard these
Scottish people talk at a distance, their language sounded very much like
German.” — added in AT.]
6aj
[DE inserts here “... occasionally it seemed ...” and
says “down toward the harbor city Leith” rather than
“toward the harbor.”]
6ak
[DE appends here “... and there obtain a meal and lodging for the
night.”]
6am
[DE notes that the foot of the stairs was located directly adjacent to the
front door.]
6an
[DE inserts here “... agreeably ...” and omits
“coal.”]
6ao
[DE says “on both sides of” rather than
“near.”]
6ap
[DE says “after a few minutes” rather than
“soon,” “black dress coat and white tie —
apparently a waiter” rather than
“the dress of a waiter” and
“over” rather than “under.”]
6aq
[DE inserts here “... perhaps made more fantastic in appearance
by the red flickering of the fire ...”]
6ar
[DE inserts here “... and anxious ...”]
6as
[DE appends here “... which unintelligibility we indicated by shrugging
our shoulders.”]
6at
[DE says “also in dress coat and white tie who impressed us
as a head waiter since he had something of authority in his mien”
rather than “also a waiter” — an AT change.]
6au
[DE says “the new arrival smiled as well”
rather than “they smiled.”]
6av
[DE says “he” (the new arrival) rather than
“one of them”, and inserts a sentence after this one:
“We replied to him, in German
and then in French, that we would like lunch and lodging, but
he shook his head as one who doesn't understand.”]
6aw
[DE says “So nothing remained to us but to speak”
rather than “Again we spoke” — AT changes.]
6ax
[DE says “the head waiter” rather than “both.”]
6ay
[DE says “The expression in his face was more authoritative
than in that of the head waiter, and we concluded he must be the
proprietor” rather than “evidently the landlord”
— an AT change.]
6az
[DE says “Since once again we couldn't
understand a word” rather than “Again”
— an AT change.]
6ba
[DE says “brought a pair of burning candles in
silver candlesticks and spread a tablecloth over the round table in the middle
of the room. After he had set two places in good style, he appeared again with
a soup tureen which he put before the two place settings.” rather than
“set the table in fine style” — an AT change.]
6bb
[Inserting “... with a considerable flourish ...” here
seems clearer than having “with a mighty swing” later.
DE omits “of his other hand” and doesn't space out
“ox — tail — soup” so much.]
6bc
[DE inserts here “... hungry ...” It starts the
next paragraph out with the sentence: “Again seated
before the fire, we were busy with our after-dinner cigars
when the proprietor visited us again and with a friendly mien and
said something that sounded like a question, perhaps whether
the lunch had tasted good, or whether we wished something
further.” — the latter an AT deletion.]
6bd
[DE omits “giving further news of our happy arrival on British
soil” and adds a sentence after this one: “It was an
indescribably happy feeling for us to be able to again speak
to our loved ones in complete freedom.”]
6be
[DE says “after we had finished writing” rather than
“after this was done,” inserts here “... from heaven
...” and adds after this sentence:
“Not only their length, but also their breadth, would provide
we six footers an abundance of room. What voluptuousness after
14 nights in the coffin-like berths of the "Little Anna"!”
At this point a page is apparently missing in AT (page 43 in the
local numbering, but not noticed in the global numbering —
it would have been between 810 and 811).]
6bf
[DE phrases this sentence slightly differently: “The next morning,
after an excellent breakfast, we bade farewell to the proprietor of the Black
Bull Hotel with mute smiles and hand shakes, but with sincere gratitude. It
remained to us an object of curiosity and wonder what the friendly Scot
really thought of his uncanny looking guests who so suddenly, without luggage
and without any intelligible words except ‘beefsteak’ and
‘sherry’, showed up in his guest room, and why he hadn't immediately
shown us the door.”
It begins the next paragraph with the sentence:
“Now we went back to the "Little Anna" and then, in the company
of our captain, went to the merchant McLaren's business offices.”The first phrase of the next sentence is omitted, and “There” is
used instead of “in whom.”.]
6bg
[DE says “the noteworthy things of Edinburgh” rather than
“Holyrood” and doesn't mention the mode of transport
used to get to London.
Holyrood Palace was originally an abbey of canons regular of the rule of
St Augustine, founded by David I in 1128. The ruined nave of the abbey
church still shows parts of the original structure. Connected with this
is a part of the royal palace erected by James IV and James V, including
the apartments occupied by Queen Mary, the scene of the murder of Rizzio
in 1566. The abbey was sacked and burnt by the English in 1544, and again
in 1547. Parts of the palace were destroyed by fire in 1650 while in
occupation by the soldiers of Cromwell. The construction of the more
modern parts was begun during the Protectorate, and completed in the
reign of Charles II. They include the picture gallery, 150 ft. in length,
with 106 mythical portraits of Scottish kings, and a triptych (c. 1484)
containing portraits of James III and his queen. The gallery is associated
with the festive scenes that occurred during the short residence of Prince
Charles in 1745; and in it the election of representative peers for Scotland
takes place. Escaping from France at the revolution of 1789, the comte
d'Artois, afterwards Charles X of France, had apartments granted for the use
of himself and his train. They stayed until 1799. When driven from the French
throne by the revolution of 1830, Charles once more found a home in the
ancient palace of the Stuarts. George IV was received there in 1822. Queen
Victoria and the prince consort occupied the palace for brief periods. In
1903 Edward VII held his court within its walls.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
6bga
[Charles John Huffam Dickens (1812-1870) English novelist. Dickens had no
artistic ideals worth speaking about. The sympathy of his readers was the
one thing he cared about, and he went straight for it through the avenue of
the emotions. In personality, intensity and range of creative genius he can
hardly be said to have any modern rival. His creations live, move and have
their being about us constantly, like those of Homer, Virgil, Chaucer,
Rabelais, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Bunyan, Molière and Sir Walter Scott. As to
the books themselves, the backgrounds on which these mighty figures are
projected, they are manifestly too vast, too chaotic and too unequal ever to
become classics. They are enormous stock-pots into which the author casts
every kind of autobiographical experience, emotion, pleasantry, anecdote,
adage or apophthegm. The fusion is necessarily very incomplete and the
hotch-potch is bound to fall to pieces with time. Dickens's plots, it must be
admitted, are strangely unintelligible, the repetitions and stylistic
decorations of his work exceed all bounds, the form is unmanageable and
insignificant. The diffuseness of the English novel, in short, and its
extravagant didacticism cannot fail to be most prejudicial to its
perpetuation. In these circumstances there is very little fiction that will
stand concentration and condensation so well as that of Dickens.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
6bh
[DE adds “I also never met him during my later presence
in London.”]
6bha
[William Charles Macready (1793-1873), English actor, made a successful first
appearance as Romeo at Birmingham in 1810. In 1816, Macready made his first
London appearance at Covent Garden as Orestes in The Distressed Mother,
a translation of Racine's Andromaque by Ambrose Philips. Both in his
management of Covent Garden, which he resigned in 1839, and of Drury Lane,
which he held from 1841 to 1843, he found his designs for the elevation of
the stage frustrated by the absence of adequate public support. In 1843-1844
he made a prosperous tour in the United States, but his last visit to that
country, in 1849, was marred by a riot at the Astor Opera House, New York,
arising from the jealousy of the actor Edwin Forrest, and resulting in the
death of seventeen persons, who were shot by the military called out to quell
the disturbance. Macready took leave of the stage in 1851.
Macready's performances always displayed fine artistic perceptions developed
to a high degree of perfection by very comprehensive culture, and even his
least successful personations had the interest resulting from thorough
intellectual study. He belonged to the school of Kean rather than of Kemble;
but, if his tastes were better disciplined and in some respects more refined
than those of Kean, his natural temperament did not permit him to give proper
effect to the great tragic parts of Shakespeare, King Lear perhaps excepted,
which afforded scope for his pathos and tenderness. With the exception of a
voice of good compass and capable of very varied expression, Macready had no
especial physical gifts for acting, but the defects of his face and figure
cannot be said to have materially affected his success.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
6bi
[“impure vowels” seems a too literal translation of the
German unreinen Vokale. “diphthongs” seems what
is meant.]
6bia
[Editor's note: Perhaps the explanation for Schurz's initial distaste for
English lies in the differences between the language spoken in England and
that spoken in the United States at that time. H. L. Mencken explores these
issues in the first chapter of his book The American Language (New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 1946), which is called “The Two Streams of
English.” There, on p. 76, he cites John Fiske, writing home from
England in 1873, who says, “The English talk just like the Germans.
So much guttural is very unpleasant, especially as half the time I can't
understand them, and have to say ‘I beg your pardon?’ Our
American enunciation is much pleasanter to the ear.” So perhaps
Schurz also found the rhythms and musicality of the American dialect more
congenial, and this facilitated his acquisition of the language. In any case,
eventually, as Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition) notes, “his
command of the English language, written and spoken, was remarkable.”]
6bj
[DE starts this sentence with “Since in London Kinkel received
a letter
from Frau Johanna giving the day of her arrival in the French capital,
...”]
6bk
[DE inserts here “... young ...” and says “leading”
rather than “somewhat important” —
the former is an AT deletion.]
6bka
[Richard I (1157-1199), king of England. In 1191, having raised the necessary
funds by the most reckless methods, he set out on a crusade to the Middle
East. After the fall of Acre in the same year, he inflicted a gross insult
upon Leopold of Austria. On his way home in 1192, he traveled through Austria,
and was captured at Vienna in a mean disguise and strictly confined in the
duke's castle of Dürenstein on the Danube. His mishap was soon known to
England, but the regents were for some weeks uncertain of his whereabouts.
This is the foundation for the tale of his discovery by the faithful minstrel
Blondel, which first occurs in a French romantic chronicle of the next
century. He did not reach England until 1194.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
6bn
[DE says “settings” rather than “sentimental
exaggerations.”]
6bna
[DE omits “without the help of a group of faithful friends, and
especially” — added in AT.]
6bo
[DE expresses this sentence as: “Thus I felt in submitting to my
‘heroic fame’ as if I was pleased at being celebrated by unfamiliar
pens; and this feeling was in a high degree painful to me.”]
6bp
[DE adds: “And so my first experience in the roll of an interesting
and popular person was by no means very enticing.
I was in serious doubt whether the burden did not outweigh
the enjoyment. This experience has repeated itself more than once
in my life.” — deleted in AT.]
6bq
[DE inserts here: “... and my stay in Berlin attracted
some attention ...” The next phrase is worded:
“I received a letter that a friend of Brune's wrote
to me at Brune's request. Inside it said that Brune was ...”]
6br
[DE omits “and mourned.”]
6bs
[DE says “for a long time” rather than
“for several years.” After this paragraph, DE
adds the following one (translation taken from AT):
“I have written down this story, the subject of which was very much talked
about in those days, in the manner in which it appears in my memory, and as this
principal event of my youth of course impressed itself very sharply on my mind,
I believe that the narrative, both in general and in detail, is entirely
truthful.”]
6bt
[DE expresses the first two sentences of this paragraph as:
“I have already mentioned Moritz Wiggers' detailed account
of Kinkel's liberation and flight which was published in the Leipzig
Gartenlaube. But that made no end of the more or less
fantastic legends which were told. To the contrary, since
that time hardly a year has gone by in which I have not received
from some part of Germany newspaper clippings and letters which
contained amazingly elaborated stories. And still from time to time
letters arrive from strangers which report their fathers told them
that they had seen me somewhere in those times or even
assisted in the liberation adventure.”]
6bu
[DE says “delighted me by sending” rather than
“sent me.”]
6bv
[DE inserts here “... the adjacent street, ...” and
omits the Paris double portrait from the list. The description
of the gift from the Spandau citizens sounds like the photo collage
in Rüdiger Wersich's book
on p. 63.]
6bw
[DE says “and” rather than
“in January, 1903,”
“more than fifty years after the incident” rather than
“nearly fifty-three years after our drive from Spandau
to Rostock,” omits
“where we had stopped in our flight, and where the room in which we took
an early breakfast still seems to be pointed out to guests”
and ends the paragraph with
“So the legend lives on.”]
Notes to Chapter XII
0a
[DE adds the sentence: “After a few days of the greatest
happiness being together with her husband, Frau Johanna
returned from Paris to Bonn to prepare for the family's move.”
— deleted in AT.]
0aa
[DE inserts here: “... historical ...”]
0b
[DE inserts here: “... where the fate of the world
was being forged ...” — deleted in AT.]
0c
[DE appends here: “... and thus that time of exciting
adventure and the following days of celebration came to
an end” — deleted in AT.]
0ca
[DE gives this sentence as “Now it was time for me to institute an orderly
mode of living and work in order to honorably support myself.”]
0cb
[DE inserts here “... relatively ...”]
0d
[DE adds the sentence: “While the Kinkels
were still in Paris, I had left the hotel where we initially
lodged in order not to disturb the intimacy of the
long-separated couple.” and starts the next sentence
with “I now.” — an AT change.]
0da
[DE says “cook for himself” rather than
“prepare fine dishes.”]
0e
[DE says “which I had had made in Switzerland
out of my Baden officer's coat” rather than
“belonging to my Baden officer's period.”]
0f
[On this issue, DE notes more specifically:
“Tenants were not permitted to bring dogs or human
beings of the female sex over the threshold.”]
0g
[DE omits “so that my room looked not like a bedchamber,
but like a little salon, which I was quite proud of.”]
0ga
[DE inserts here “... with water ...”]
0gb
[DE omits “at my writing-table.”]
0h
[DE omits “or lunch.”]
0i
[DE says “suburban” rather than
“Faubourg.”]
0j
[DE appends here “... all this without going over 120
francs per month, and still a small reserve remained from
my income to cover the unforeseen needs which easily arise in the
life of a refugee” — an AT deletion.]
0k
[DE inserts “to house myself” at the beginning of
this list and omits “to save a small reserve”
— AT changes.]
0ka
[DE says “think of taking on a lot of social engagements”
rather than “indulge in expensive social enjoyments.”]
0kb
[Marie Catherine Sophie de Flavigny, Comtesse d'Agoult (1805-1876), French
author, whose nom de plume was “Daniel Stern.”
She was married in 1827 to the comte Charles d'Agoult. In Paris she gathered
round her a brilliant society which included Alfred de Vigny, Sainte-Beuve,
Ingres, Chopin, Meyerbeer, Heine and others. She was separated
from her husband, and became the mistress of Franz Liszt with whom she
with whom she lived with in Italy and Switzerland from 1835 to 1840 and
had three children, one of whom, Cosima, later became the wife of
Richard Wagner. She returned to Paris in 1841.
An ardent apostle of the ideas of '48, from this date her salon, which
had been literary and artistic, took on a more political tone; revolutionists
of various nationalities were welcomed by her, and she had an especial
friendship and sympathy for Daniele Manin. The most important section of
Daniel Stern's work are her political and historical essays.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0kc
[Franz Liszt (1811-1886), Hungarian pianist and composer.
His musical appeal took three aspects: the unrivalled pianoforte
virtuoso (1830-1848); the conductor of the “music of
the future” at Weimar, the teacher of Tausig, Bülow and a host
of lesser pianists, the eloquent writer on music and musicians,
the champion of Berlioz and Wagner (1848-1861); and
the prolific composer, who for some five-and-thirty years
continued to put forth pianoforte pieces, songs, symphonic orchestral
pieces, cantatas, masses, psalms and oratorios (1847-1882).
From 1833 to 1848, he gave up playing the piano in public.
Five years (1835-1840) were spent in Switzerland and Italy,
in semi-retirement in the company of Madame la comtesse
d'Agoult. In 1837, a famous contest with Thalberg took place.
In 1848 he settled at Weimar with Princess Sayn-Wittgenstein,
and remained there till 1861. He joined the Franciscan order
in 1865. Some say this was a strategy to avoid marriage with the
Princess Wittgenstein.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0kd
[DE inserts here “... German ...”]
0m
[DE notes that Schurz met the French students through his
German friends and as fellow lodgers in the salon of
Mme. Petit.]
0ma
[Carl Heinrich Carsten Reinecke (1824-1910), German composer, pianist, teacher
and conductor, grew up in relatively impoverished circumstances. Due to his
ill health, he did not visit public schools, but instead his father, a music
theorist, taught him. His first piano works appeared in 1838. For the
1847-1848 season, he was the court pianist in Denmark. Starting 1851, he
taught in the Cologne conservatory for three years. After some preliminary
appointments as music director in other places, he became the director for the
Gewandhaus in 1860, where he stayed until his retirement in 1895, in addition
teaching composition at the Leipzig conservatory. Among his students was
Edvard Grieg. During the Leipzig years, he was one of the most important
influences of German musical life.
— Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 21, p. 347.]
0mb
[DE omits “famous” and “well-known.”]
0n
[DE omits “and others” and notes that Schurz
also served as a “benevolent critic.”]
0na
[DE says “great” rather than “general.”]
0o
[DE says “giving now and then a surprisingly naïve
judgment” rather than
“giving his sometimes startling judgment.”]
0oa
[DE says “people” rather than “men.”]
0ob
[DE gives this sentence as “Not seldom he was seen on the streets of the
Quartier Latin smoking a long German pipe as he had done as a student
in Bonn.”]
0p
[DE inserts here “... a poem ...”]
0q
[DE inserts here “... for several days ...” Also,
“discomfort” would seem the appropriate translation
here rather than “inconvenience.”]
0r
[DE appends here “... or that she wanted to give me” —
deleted in AT.]
0s
[DE appends here “... when my way of expressing something was not
in the French manner.”]
0t
[DE omits “political” and appends “... or
even political affairs which interested me.”]
0u
[DE says “improve” rather than “correct.”]
0v
[DE inserts here “..., in written work, ...”
From AT it appears that this sentence and the previous one are
Schurz's own translation to restore an omission by
his translator.]
0w
[DE adds at the end of this paragraph:
“When, ten years later on my way to Spain as United States
envoy, I stopped off in Paris for a few days, I visited the
hôtel garni where she had lived in order to express my thanks.
But there I heard that she had left her room years ago, and
no one could tell me anything about her.”]
0x
[DE gives this sentence as:
“Here I will only add that I became very fluent in
my written French.”]
0xa
[DE inserts here “... of Europe ...”]
0y
[DE omits “civilized.”]
0z
[DE inserts here “... almost ...”]
0aaa
[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de Mirabeau (1749-1791), French statesman. When
but three years old he had a virulent attack of small-pox which left his face
disfigured. On leaving school
in 1767, he received a commission in a cavalry regiment. He at once began
love-making. These love episodes were the most disgraceful blemishes in a
life otherwise of a far higher moral character than has been commonly
supposed. Mirabeau did not develop his great qualities of mind and character
until his youthful excesses were over, and it was not till 1781 that these
began to appear. He spent time in prison, and on his release, got involved in
legal entanglements in which he attacked the ruling authorities violently
enough that he was obligated to leave for Holland and later England. In
Holland, he found a marital partner suited to him. In England, he was
admitted into the best Whig literary and political society of London.
On returning to Paris (he sent his wife in advance to smooth the way with the
authorities), he was despatched in 1786 on a secret mission to the court of
Prussia. While he was there Frederick the Great died. His later account of
the mission shows clearly how unfit Mirabeau was to be a diplomatist. He was
present at the opening of the states-general in 1789. During the first two
years of its proceedings, his voice was to be heard at every important crisis,
though his advice was not always followed. From the beginning he
recognized that government exists in order that the bulk of the population
may pursue their daily work in peace and quiet, and that for a government
to be successful it must be strong. At the same time he thoroughly
comprehended that for a government to be strong it must be in harmony with
the wishes of the majority of the people. He had carefully studied the
English constitution in England, and he hoped to establish in France a system
similar in principle. He held it to be just that the French people should
conduct their Revolution as they would, and that no foreign nation had any
right to interfere with them while they kept themselves strictly to their
own affairs.
The wild excesses of his youth and their terrible punishment had weakened his
strong constitution, and his parliamentary labours completed the work. He
felt his end's approach some time in advance — to his great grief, because
he knew that he alone could yet save France from the distrust of her monarch
and the present reforms, and from the foreign interference, which would
assuredly bring about catastrophes unparalleled in the history of the world.
It was parliamentary oratory in which he excelled. He had that
which is the truest mark of nobility of mind: a power of attracting love
and winning faithful friends.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0aab
[DE inserts here “... vain ...” and adds after
this sentence: “This was indeed too hard a
judgment.”]
0aac
[DE omits “all.”]
0aad
[The domino (originally apparently an ecclesiastical garment) was a loose
cloak with a small half-mask worn at masquerades and costume-balls by
persons not otherwise dressed in character; and the word is applied also
to the person wearing it. The masquerade came from Italy, where the domino
was introduced from Venice.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition (“mask”).]
0ab
[DE omits “‘petit souper,’ as it was called.”]
0aba
[AT has a deleted sentence here, “The rooms were filled
with men and women of all ages who had come from the hall and
who now sat or lay about in indescribable groups.”
At the end of this paragraph, AT has two more deleted
sentences, “There was no longer anything of that robust
passion such as may be aroused by the recklessness of rude
power and which may still be capable of moral chastening.
From these faces stared at us the oversated vice, which
even in its hideous exhaustion still craved further excess.”]
0abb
[Thomas Couture (1815-1879), French painter, was born
at Senlis (Oise), and studied under Baron A. J. Gros and Paul
Delaroche, winning a Prix de Rome in 1837. He began exhibiting
historical and genre pictures at the Salon in 1840, and obtained
several medals. His masterpiece was his “Romans in the
Decadence of the Empire” (1847), now in the Luxembourg;
and his “Love of Money” (1844; at Toulouse), “Falconer”
(1855), and “Damocles” (1872), are also good examples.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0ac
[DE appends here “... in the near future.”]
0aca
[Daniel Herman Anton Melbye (1818-1875), Danish painter, began as a
shipbuilder's apprentice. He then tried to subsist as a troubadour. Then he
turned to painting sea-pieces. In 1840 he exhibited his first three pictures
of Charlottenberg. These attracted Baron Rumohr's attention, who introduced
the young painter to Frederick VI. Melbye's fortune was made; he was sent in a
royal corvette to paint in the Baltic, and next to Morocco, where he took part
in the bombardment of Tangier, and was nearly killed. In 1847, he settled in
Paris. He was introduced to Louis Philippe, who took him under his patronage.
In 1853 he travelled with the French embassy to Constantinople, and painted
sea-pieces for the Sultan. On his return to Paris, he was patronized by
Napoleon and his empress. In 1858 he went once more to Denmark, and then
returned to Paris to settle till his death. — obituary from
The Manhattan and de la Salle Monthly, New Series, Vol. One
(January - June, 1875), pp. 166-167.]
0acb
[Clairvoyance (French for “clear-seeing”) is a technical term in
psychical research, properly equivalent to lucidity, a supernormal
power of obtaining knowledge in which no part is played
by (a) the ordinary processes of sense-perception or
(b) supernormal communication with other intelligences, incarnate, or
discarnate. The word is also used, sometimes qualified by the
word telepathic, to mean the power of gaining supernormal
knowledge from the mind of another. It is
further commonly used by spiritualists to mean the power of
seeing spirit forms, or, more vaguely, of discovering facts by some
supernormal means.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0acc
[Georg Klapka (1820-1892) After the war of 1866 between
Austria and Prussia, in which he fought with Prussia
and led a Hungarian corps, he was permitted by Austria
to return to Hungary where he was elected to the
legislature. In 1877 he attempted to organize the Turkish
army for war against Russia. — Encyclopædia
Britannica, 11th edition.]
0ad
[DE appends here “... by the reunited couple and their
four children.”]
0ae
[DE expresses this sentence in more detail: “He permitted me
to walk back to Frau Solger to whom I excused myself with the
least concerned air I could manage in order not to upset her.
I said this man had summoned me to some very urgent business.”]
0aea
[DE says “made a mysterious face”
rather than “lifted his eyebrows mysteriously”
— an AT change.]
0af
[DE appends here: “... and directed by the turnkey to the other
bed” — deleted in AT.]
0afa
[DE says “three-voiced chorus” rather than
“shrill trio” and “oldish”
rather than “faded.”]
0afb
[Pierre Jean de Béranger (1780-1857), popular French song-writer and poet. His
revolutionary spirit landed him in prison several times, and
got him elected to the constituent assembly in 1848.]
0afc
[Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire, the first volume of which
appeared in 1845. Thiers was at work on the rest during Schurz's visit to
Paris and after. As a writer, Thiers had not only the fault of diffuseness,
which is common to so many of the best-known historians of his century, but
others as serious or more so. The charge of dishonesty is one never to be
lightly made against men of such distinction as his; but it is certain that
from Thiers's dealings with the men of the first revolution to his dealings
with the battle of Waterloo, constant, angry and well-supported protests
against his unfairness were not lacking. Although his search among documents
was undoubtedly wide, its results are by no means always accurate, and his
admirers themselves admit great inequalities of style in him.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
0ag
[The more literal translation, “kept alive,” seems
to work better here than “stimulated.”]
0aga
[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (1742-1819) Prussian general field marshal
during the Napoleonic Wars. Although he suffered several defeats at the
hands of Napoleon, in the end he led the Prussians to success. He was
somewhat infamous for his punitive plan, which was thwarted,
to blow up the Pont de Jéna of Paris.]
0agb
[DE inserts here “... political ...”]
0ah
[DE inserts here “... after my release from custody ...”]
0ai
[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831), having spent most of his time
reading the classics, received his theological certificate at Tübingen in
1793, stating him to be of good abilities, but of middling industry and
knowledge, and especially deficient in philosophy. The political and
ecclesiastical inertia of his native state displeased him, and he adopted the
doctrines of freedom and reason. After leaving school, his mental growth came
from his study of Christianity. Jesus appeared as revealing the unity with
God in which the Greeks in their best days unwittingly rejoiced, and as
lifting the eyes of the Jews from a lawgiver who metes out punishment on the
transgressor, to the destiny which in the Greek conception falls on the just
no less than on the unjust. The revolution of 1830 was a great blow to him,
and the prospect of democratic advances almost made him ill. Hegelianism is
confessedly one of the most difficult of all philosophies. One legend makes
Hegel say, “One man has understood me, and even he has not.”
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
Notes to Chapter XIII
0a
[DE says “room in a house” rather than
“rooms” and inserts here “... which I could rent cheaply
...”]
0aa
[AT has a deleted sentence after this one: “I earned
about three pounds a week, and as I needed only about half
of that sum for my current expense, I felt as if I lived in
rather affluent conditions.”]
0ab
[AT has a deleted sentence after this one: “At the time
of which I speak I could only work myself laboriously through
the news columns of a journal, or make myself understood
when I had to inquire whether the person I wished to visit was
at home, or when I had to tell an omnibus guard where I wished
to get off.”]
0b
[DE says “in which I moved” rather than
“to which I was admitted.”]
0ba
[AT has a deleted sentence after this one: “As to
my pupils, I could take only such as already knew a little
German or French, or as had the courage to venture upon a
course of instruction under the most difficult
circumstances.”]
0c
[DE says “the method I learned with Princess De
Beaufort” rather than
“Princess De Beaufort's method” — an AT
change.]
1
[In the original German, Schurz refers to his “pupils”
with a feminine inflexion, so apparently they were all women.
DE inserts here “... who ...” and omits
“and.” AT deletes a passage
“Among my pupils there were some of uncommon culture
and earnest endeavor. For instance, two young English ladies
of extraordinary intelligence and a desire of knowledge ...”
in favor of “Some of my pupils ...”]
1a
[DE omits “medieval or modern.”]
1b
[DE inserts here “... very ...”]
1c
[DE says “a” rather than “the old.”]
1ca
[DE says “carefree” rather than “comfortable.”]
1cb
[Sébastien Érard (1752-1831), French manufacturer of musical instruments,
distinguished especially for the improvements he made upon the harp and the
pianoforte. In 1780, he constructed his first pianoforte, which was also one
of the first manufactured in France. It quickly secured for its maker such a
reputation that he was soon overwhelmed with commissions. In conjunction with
his brother Jean Baptiste, he established in the rue de Bourbon, in the
Faubourg St Germain, a piano manufactory, which in a few years became one of
the most celebrated in Europe. On the outbreak of the Revolution, he went to
London where he established a factory. Returning to Paris in 1796, he soon
afterwards introduced grand pianofortes, made in the English fashion, with
improvements of his own. In 1808, he again visited London, where, two years
later, he produced his first double-movement harp. The new instrument was an
immense advance upon anything he had before produced, and obtained such a
reputation that for some time he devoted himself exclusively to its
manufacture. In 1823, he crowned his work by producing his model grand
pianoforte with the double escapement.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
1d
[DE inserts here “... of excellent quality ...”]
1e
[DE inserts here “... and fruitful ...”]
1f
[An alternative translation for this sentence:
“The four children seemed to thrive.”]
1fa
[AT has a deleted sentence here “Her own musical
talents, of course, made her desire to awaken also in their
children a musical sense.”]
1g
[DE inserts here “... charming ...”]
1h
[DE inserts here “... blossoming ...” and omits
“well.”]
1i
[DE appends here “... and treat it as my own.”]
1j
[DE inserts here “..., Antonie, ...”]
1k
[DE inserts here “... not only of good character and lively
intelligence, but ...”]
1m
[DE says “to savor” rather than
“fully to appreciate.”]
1ma
[Franz Peter Schubert (1797-1828), German composer, is best summed up in the
well-known phrase of Liszt, that he was “le musicien le plus poète qui
fut jamais.” The greater part of his work bears the essential mark of
improvisation: it is fresh, vivid, spontaneous, impatient of restraint, full
of rich color and of warm imaginative feeling. He was the greatest songwriter
who ever lived, and almost everything in his hand turned to song. The
standpoint from which to judge him is that of a singer who ranged over the
whole field of musical composition and everywhere carried with him the
artistic form which he loved best. A special word should be added on his
fondness for piano duets, a form which before his time had been rarely
attempted. Of these he wrote a great many fantasias, marches, polonaises,
variations all bright and melodious with sound texture and a remarkable
command of rhythm.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
1mb
[Robert Alexander Schumann (1810-1856), German composer. His interest in music
had been stimulated when he was a child by hearing Moscheles play at Carlsbad,
and in 1827 his enthusiasm had been further excited by the works of Schubert
and Mendelssohn. But his father, who had encouraged the boy's musical
aspirations, had died in 1826, and neither his mother nor his guardian
approved of a musical career for him. The question seemed to be set at rest
by Schumann's expressed intention to study law. He neglected the law for the
philosophers, and though “but Nature's pupil pure and simple”
began composing
songs. In 1834, he started Die neue Zeitschrift für Musik, the paper in
which appeared the greater part of his critical writings on music. At first
all his creative impulses were translated into pianoforte music, of which
Carnaval is one of his most genial and most characteristic pieces. Then
followed the miraculous year of the 150 songs in 1840. In 1841 he wrote two of
his four symphonies. The year 1842 was devoted to the composition of chamber
music, including the famous “Trout” quintet. He also attempted
an opera. The last two years of his
life were spent in an asylum for the insane. In 1839, he married Clara Wieck,
a concert pianist, who promoted his work after his death.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
1mc
[Thorough bass (also termed general bass, basso continuo, basso cifrato, or
figured bass) is the term applied to a bass part of a composition, with
figures, and some other signs, placed over or under it, indicating what chords
should accompany it.
The practice of thus figuring a bass was very general, formerly, for the organ
part of church and oratorio music; the accompaniment for keyed instruments, of
vocal music, and instrumental solos; for the cello part in recitatives, etc.
The modern practice, however, is to write the organ or piano part in full, and
to write the accompaniment to recitatives for more instruments than the cello.
So the figured bass has fallen into disuse, except as a useful adjunct to the
study of harmony, and a convenient system of musical shorthand. The use of
figured bass in connection with the study of harmony has been so general, that
the terms have almost been regarded as synonymous: whereas harmony has
to do with the musical combinations, figured bass is simply the system
of signs, as explained above.
— Henry Charles Banister, Music, New York: Henry Holt and
Company, 1887, pp. 40-41.]
1n
[DE inserts here “... unsociably reserved or ...”]
1na
[AT has a deleted passage after this paragraph:
“Much less was I edified by the evening parties which I
visited with the Kinkels. A heavy atmosphere of dullness
seemed to brood over most of them, such as I had hardly known
before. The conversations seemed to be confined to a narrow
range of common-places which our English friends brought out
with a sort of solemn seriousness. I believed at first that
I must be mistaken in this and that my impression was caused
by my ignorance of the English language, but the Kinkels, who
in the meantime had learned to converse in English with
considerable ease, assured me that it was really so, and
it was a peculiar pleasure to us, after such an evening party,
to have Mrs. Kinkel repeat to us the conversations she had
carried on during the evening, which she knew how to do with
the most piquant humor.” AT starts the next
paragraph out with a deleted sentence: “I was
sometimes astonished as well as amused at the remarkably
undeveloped artistic sense of Englishmen.”]
1o
[DE inserts here “... not only to speak German, but also there was an
obligation ...”]
1p
[DE says “There could be no more mournful spectacle as”
rather than “I could not but be amused” and omits
“the merry German tune” — an AT change.]
1pa
[AT has a deleted passage after this paragraph:
“The most naive performance I have ever witnessed
in a drawing room was the following: at an evening party a
gentleman who, according to his looks might have been a
wealthy banker, was requested to give the company a
‘song’. He yielded readily and with evident
pleasure sat down on a chair put for him in the middle of the
room, and announced ‘an old ballad’. He sang
without any accompaniment, very much out of tune, but
evidently with grim resolution to carry the thing to an end.
The ballad had an immense number of verses. The
song must have lasted three quarters of an hour and the
audience not only endured it with perfect steadfastness,
but rewarded the singer with continued and apparently quite
sincere applause.”]
1pb
[Lothar Bucher (1817-1892) German publicist. He was a leader
of the extreme democratic party in the National Assembly of 1848.
Threatened with fortress imprisonment for taking part in a movement
for refusal to pay taxes, he left Germany in 1850. After ten years
in exile, mostly in London, he returned to Germany in 1860.
In 1864, in a complete break with his earlier friends and
associations, he accepted office under Bismarck. He closely
identified himself with the latter's later commercial and
colonial policy, and did much to encourage anti-British feeling
in Germany. — Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th edition)]
1q
[DE says “in very changed circumstances”
rather than “as Bismarck's most confidential
privy-councilor.”]
1qa
[Arnold Ruge (1802-1880), leader in German religious and political
liberalism, was imprisoned in a fortress for five years for
political activity on behalf of a free and united Germany.
Released in 1830 he continued his writing. He was on the
extreme left in the Frankfort parliament of 1848. Pressed by
the Prussian government he went into exile in Paris and later
London. He supported Prussia against Austria in 1866 and Prussia
against France in 1870 and in his last years received a pension
from the German government. — Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th edition)]
1qb
[DE omits “... and most natural ...”
and inserts here “proper.”]
1qc
[DE inserts here “... inexhaustible ...”]
1r
[DE says “whose successful realization could only be
supposed by”
rather than “characteristic of.”]
1s
[DE and AT insert the following paragraph here:
“The result which the carrying out of this plan promised,
if successful, was the following: The availability of substantial
financial resources would make the refugees a power to be reckoned
with. The existence of such a power would lend fresh encouragement
to the revolutionary element in Germany, strengthen it
through the attraction of new recruits, and spur its boldness
and enterprise. A natural consequence would be that the
committee that administered this great treasury for revolution
would lead the entire revolutionary party and have in its
hands the initial organization of the future German
republic.”]
1t
[DE inserts here “..., with calm reflection, ...”
and omits “strange, if not.”]
1u
[DE omits “one of.”]
1ua
[DE omits “and skill.”]
1ub
[DE says “Löwe von Calbe” rather than “Loewe von
Calbe.”
Wilhelm Loewe (1814-1886) (also called Loewe-Kalbe), German physician and
politician, was educated at Halle, and adopted the medical profession. Elected
in 1848 to the Frankfort Parliament, he acted with the extreme party of
democracy and became the Parliament's first vice-president. Later, at
Stuttgart, he was its president. Charged with sedition in this, which was
considered a revolutionary procedure, and once acquitted, he was nevertheless
sentenced to life imprisonment for willful disobedience. After some years in
Switzerland, France, and England, he came to America, and for eight years
practiced medicine in New York. Availing himself of the amnesty in 1861, he
returned to Germany, and in 1863 was elected to the Prussian House of
Deputies. Four years later he was a Progressist member of the North German
Reichstag. Disagreeing with his party in 1874, on the military law,
he attempted to form a new Liberal party. In the elections of 1881, he lost
his seat. — Frederick Converse Beach and George Edwin Rines,
The Americana: A Universal Reference Library, Scientific American
Compiling Department, 1912.
This is a different person from Wilhelm Löwe, the Bonn theater director, who
has already been encountered in Schurz's Reminiscences, and probably why
Schurz (and others as noted in the biographical sketch above) qualifies his
name with the name of the town he comes from (“von,”
a popular element in names of German nobility, literally means
“from”).]
1v
[DE omits “to a new meeting place.”]
1w
[DE inserts here the sentence: “At that point Löwe fled to
Switzerland.”]
1wa
[DE says “changing and dissolving” rather than
“untrustworthy.”]
1wb
[DE inserts here “... that I saw around me ...”]
1wc
[DE gives this sentence as “But in this connection, I had
an interesting experience.”]
1x
[DE gives the area as “hardly more than a German square
mile” which would amount to something over twenty square
statute miles rather than just “four or five.”]
1y
[DE omits “Jungfrau.”]
1ya
[DE inserts here “... exactly ...”]
1yb
[DE says “fairly” rather than “very highly.”]
1z
[DE omits “not primitive, but.”]
1aa
[DE inserts here “... rain, calm, ...”
and omits one “etc.”]
1ab
[DE omits this sentence and inserts the sentence: “This
observation continues in validity to the present.”]
1ac
[DE says rather “How beautiful this land is!” (an AT change) and
says “hilly” rather than “broken.”]
1ad
[DE inserts here “... since otherwise she would have no
male protector there ...”]
1ae
[DE says “her husband” rather than “him”
and introduces the next sentence with “Their reunion was still
not a year old, and since now suddenly their joyful family life
was to be torn apart anew for many months, and that too at a time when the
founding of a domestic existence in a foreign country
required all their efforts ...” — deleted in AT.]
1af
[DE omits “heroically” and “impulses and.”]
1afa
[DE inserts here “..., as not seldom happened, ...”]
1afb
[Millard Fillmore (1800-1874), thirteenth president of
the United States of America, took office in 1850 on the death
of Zachary Taylor. A New York resident and anti-slavery man,
he was an advocate of the Compromise Measures of 1850. He signed
the Fugitive Slave Law. He failed to gain the Whig nomination
in 1852. He was nominated by the Whigs and Know Nothings
in 1856, but lost the election. By a request in his son's will,
most of his correspondence was destroyed.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
1ag
[DE says “nothing” rather than “no great
enterprise.”]
1ah
[DE inserts here “... refugees ...”]
1ai
[DE inserts here “..., who were under indictment in Germany, ...”]
1aia
[DE omits “what I considered”]
1aib
[Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872), Italian patriot. The natural bent of his genius
was towards literature. He was an ardent supporter of romanticism as against
what he called “literary servitude under the name of classicism.”
He put aside his dearest ambition, that of producing a complete history of
religion which would develop his scheme of a new theology uniting the
spiritual with the practical life, and devoted himself to political thought.
He joined the Carbonari. Shortly after the French revolution of 1830 he was
betrayed, captured and imprisoned. After his release, he went to Marseilles,
France. His prison meditations took shape in the programme of the organization
which was destined soon to become so famous throughout Europe, that of
La Giovine Italia, or Young Italy. Its publicly avowed aims were to be
the liberation of Italy both from foreign and domestic tyranny, and its
unification under a republican form of government; the means to be used were
education, and, where advisable, insurrection by guerrilla bands. In 1834, the
Young Europe association was founded by men believing in a future of liberty,
equality and fraternity for all mankind, and also Young Switzerland having
for its leading idea the formation of an Alpine confederation. In 1837 he
arrived in London, where for many months he had to carry on a hard fight with
poverty and the sense of spiritual loneliness. Ultimately, he began to earn a
livelihood by writing review articles of a high order of literary merit. He
had a hand in the abortive rising at Mantua in 1852, and again, in 1853, a
considerable share in the ill-planned insurrection at Milan, the failure of
which greatly weakened his influence. It may be questioned whether, through
his characteristic inability to distinguish between the ideally perfect and
the practically possible, he did not actually hinder more than he helped the
course of events by which the realization of so much of the great dream of his
life was at last brought about. If Mazzini was the prophet of Italian unity,
and Garibaldi its knight errant, to Cavour alone belongs the honour of having
been the statesman by whom it was finally accomplished.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
1aj
[DE says “it was said” rather than “as was generally
believed.”]
1ak
[DE omits “dictatorial” and “and feared.”]
1am
[DE says “bold” rather than “secret.”]
1ama
[DE says “with which” rather than “while” —
an AT change.]
1an
[DE says “small” rather than “hair-cloth.”]
1ao
[DE says “poverty” rather than “extreme
economy.”]
1ap
[An alternative translation of the last phrase:
“which allowed no glimpse of a shirt collar.”]
1aq
[DE omits “regular, if not.”]
1ar
[DE inserts here “..., strikingly high and wide, ...”]
1as
[DE inserts here “... hefty cigars ...”]
1asa
[American writer and physician, born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1809.
After graduation from Harvard, he studied law perfunctorily for a year and dabbled in literature, winning the public ear by a spirited lyric called forth
by the order to destroy the old frigate Constitution. These verses were
sung all over the land, and induced the Navy Department to revoke its order
and save the old ship. Turning next to medicine, and convinced by a brief
experience in Boston that he liked it, he went to Paris in 1833.
Returning to Boston in 1835, he sought practice, but achieved only moderate
success. His medical essays hold some of his most sparkling wit. Social,
brilliant in conversation, and a writer of gay little poems, he seemed to the
grave Bostonians not sufficiently serious. In 1836, he published his first
volume of Poems. In 1856-1857 a Boston publishing house invited James
Russell Lowell to edit a new magazine, which he agreed to do on condition that
he could secure the assistance of Dr Holmes. Holmes accepted with pleasure and
christened the magazine The Atlantic Monthly; he ceased to be a physician
and became an author. He set himself to the destruction of the stern and
merciless dogmas of his Calvinist forefathers as his task in literature, and
wrote three novels. Holmes generally held himself aloof from politics, and
from those "causes" of temperance, abolition and woman's rights which
enthralled most of his contemporaries in New England. The Civil War, however,
aroused him for the time; finding him first a strenuous Unionist, it quickly
converted him into an ardent advocate of emancipation. In 1884 he contributed
the life of Emerson to the American “Men of Letters” series.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.
Schurz's initial 1859 meeting with Oliver Wendell Holmes is mentioned in
Volume Two, Chapter III,
of these Reminiscences.]
1asb
[Prince Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck (1815-1898), German (Prussian)
statesman. In 1847, he was chosen as substitute for the representative of the
lower nobility of his district in the estates-general, which were in that
year summoned to Berlin. He took his seat with the extreme right. The king,
Friedrich Wilhelm IV., appointed him Prussian representative at the restored
diet of Frankfort in 1851. When he went to Frankfort he was still under the
influence of the extreme Prussian Conservatives, who regarded the maintenance
of the principle of the Christian monarchy against the revolution as the chief
duty of the Prussian government. He was prepared on this ground for a close
alliance with Austria. He found, however, a deliberate intention on the part
of Austria to degrade Prussia from the position of an equal power. He
concluded that if Prussia was to regain the position she had lost she must be
prepared for the opposition of Austria. In 1862, the king, now Wilhelm I,
appointed Bismarck minister-president and foreign minister. Austria continued
to act with Prussia in the conflict with Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein, and
after the defeat of the Danes, the sovereignty of the duchies was surrendered
to the two allies. In 1866, having gained the nod of France and Italy, Bismarck
persuaded the king, reluctant to embark in a war on an old ally, to move
against Austria. Prussia, though opposed by all the German states except a
few principalities in the north, completely defeated all her enemies, and at
the end of a few weeks the whole of Germany lay at her feet. The prospect of
internal difficulties and French opposition prevented complete unification,
which came later after the defeat of France in the war of 1870. Bismarck
incurred much criticism during the struggle with the Roman Catholic Church
(1873-1876). In 1890, after the death of Wilhelm I in 1889, he was dismissed
from office by Wilhelm II and retired.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.
Schurz discusses his 1867 meeting with Bismarck in
Volume Three, Chapter VIII,
of these Reminiscences where he also notes they met a second
time twenty years later.]
1at
[DE begins this sentence with “Even in earlier youth, ...”
and says “the Catholic” rather than “his”
(the latter an AT change).]
1au
[DE says “people” rather than “men”
and “prominent revolutionaries” rather than
“revolutionary characters.”]
2
[Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894), Hungarian patriot, was appointed by Count Hunyady
to be his deputy at the National Diet in Pressburg (1825-1827, and again in
1832). It was a time when a great national party was beginning the struggle
for reform against the stagnant Austrian government. As deputy he had no
vote, and he naturally took little share in the debates, but it was part of
his duty to send written reports of the proceedings to his patron, since the
government, with a well-grounded fear of all that might stir popular feeling,
refused to allow any published reports. Kossuth's letters were so excellent
that they were circulated in MS. among the Liberal magnates. In 1836 the Diet
was dissolved. Kossuth continued the agitation by reporting in letter form
the debates of the county assemblies. Beginning in 1837, he was imprisoned
for several years. His confinement was strict and injured his health, but he
was allowed the use of books. He greatly increased his political information,
and also acquired, from the study of the Bible and Shakespeare, a wonderful
knowledge of English. His arrest caused great indignation. In 1841, he was
appointed editor of the Pesti Hirlap. The success of the paper was
unprecedented. By insisting on the superiority of the Magyars to the Slavonic
inhabitants of Hungary, by his violent attacks on Austria, he raised the
national pride to a dangerous pitch. He was dismissed from the paper at the
instigation of the government and started his own paper.
In 1847, he was elected member for Budapest in the new Diet. Upon the 1848
revolution in Paris, he demanded parliamentary government for Hungary and
constitutional government for the rest of Austria. When Jellachich was
marching on Pesth Kossuth went from town to town rousing the people to the
defense of the country. Not a soldier himself, he had to control and direct
the movements of armies; can we be surprised if he failed? In April 1849,
when the Hungarians had won many successes, he issued the celebrated
declaration of Hungarian independence. Kossuth was appointed responsible
governor. The hopes of ultimate success were frustrated by the intervention
of Russia, and Kossuth abdicated in favor of General Görgei, on the ground
that in the last extremity the general alone could save the nation. How
Görgei used his authority to surrender is well known. A solitary fugitive,
Kossuth crossed the Turkish frontier.
In September 1851 he embarked on an American man-of-war. Speaking in English
in England, he displayed an eloquence and command of the language scarcely
excelled by the greatest orators in their own tongue. From England he went
to the United States of America: there his reception was equally
enthusiastic, if less dignified; an element of charlatanism appeared in his
words and acts which soon destroyed his real influence. He soon returned to
England, where he lived for eight years in close connection with Mazzini, by
whom, with some misgiving, he was persuaded to join the Revolutionary
Committee. Quarrels of a kind only too common among exiles followed; the
Hungarians were especially offended by his claim still to be called governor.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
2a
[DE says “beautiful” rather than “strong.”]
2aa
[DE appends here “... but decidedly without justification.”]
2b
[DE inserts here “... boots and spurs and ...”]
2c
[DE adds here “I felt the blood rush to my cheeks.”]
2d
[DE omits “distinctly.”]
2e
[DE and AT add here “In this respect, he had the same point of view
as Mazzini, who also brushed off active participation by himself in
socialistic strivings.”]
2ea
[DE says “especially” rather than “all.”]
2f
[DE appends here “... and thus a thrust into the wheels of
fate.”]
2g
[DE says “very” rather than “discouragingly.”.]
Notes to Chapter XIV
0
[Trefousse (p. 32) gives her full name
as Baroness Marie von Bruiningk and as a reference on the Bruiningks lists
Hermann Baron Bruiningk, Das Geschlecht von Bruiningk in Livland,
Riga: N. Kymmels, 1913. The latter reference gives her name as Méry and her
husband's name as Ludolf August.]
0a
[DE says “obligated to leave” rather than “in danger of arrest
had she not left.”]
0aaa
[DE appends here: “..., and there
was a slight cooling of the friendly relations between the two families.”
— deleted in AT. DE starts the next sentence off with
“Now ...”]
0aab
[AT has a deleted sentence at the beginning of this paragraph:
“Everything was arranged on a footing of perfect
propriety.”]
0b
[The last phrase could also be translated
“only gave his guests a hint of that dissent.”]
0c
[DE says “calm” rather than “somewhat.”]
0d
[DE says “it will happen thus” rather than “this will soon
happen.”]
0e
[DE says “a sufficient” rather than “the.”]
0f
[DE says “frequently” rather than “usually”
and omits “and sober” and
“from” seems more idiomatic than “by the.”]
0g
[DE says “intelligent men” rather than “men and women of superior
mind and character.”]
0h
[DE inserts here “... and every case of want ...” —
deleted in AT.]
0i
[DE appends here “... where possible.”]
0j
[DE says “which only in the most modest conception could
be looked upon as suitable for the salon”
rather than “in which to appear in the salon.”]
0k
[DE says “by and by” rather than “not only threadbare spots,
but.”]
0m
[DE inserts here “... really ...”]
0n
[DE says “home” rather than “into the
fatherland.”]
0o
[DE says “the good woman” rather than “she.”]
0oa
[Das Geschlecht von Bruiningk in Livland reports she died in 1853.]
0p
[DE says “people” rather than “men.”
In the table of contents for Das Geschlecht von Bruiningk in Livland
(p. iii which refers the reader to pp. 262-264), the following visitors of
the household during their stay in London are listed: Gottfried Kinkel,
Carl Schurz, Adolph Strodtmann, Wilhelm Loewe-Kalbe, Friedrich Schütz,
Johann and Bertha Ronge, Ferdinand Freiligrath, Count Reichenbach, Lothar
Bucher, Julius Reuter, Schwabe, C. H. Schmolze, Gustav Techow, Alexander
Herzen, Louis Blanc, Malwida von Meysenbug and Alexander Schimmelpfennig.]
0q
[DE spells his name “Löwe” rather than “Loewe.”]
0qa
[DE inserts here “There was Malwida von Meysenbug.”
Malwida Freiin (Rivalier) von Meysenbug (1816-1903) was instructed in
music, painting and literature by her mother. A well-grounded higher
education was not an option for women, and the lack became painfully obvious
to her later when she tried to make an independent living. In 1844, she
became a democrat under her younger brother's influence, but having
previously founded a charity for poor workers. In 1850, to improve her
education so she could distance herself from her family, she joined the
University for Women in Hamburg which had been founded that year. In 1851,
she entered a "religion free" school which was suppressed in 1852.
She found herself obligated to flee Germany for London when the authorities
siezed politically incriminating letters she had written and resolved to
arrest her. In London, she was taken in by the Kinkels' circle. Supporting
herself by teaching German, journalism and translation allowed her to avoid
the dependent life of a nanny. In 1853, she began caring for Alexander
Herzen's children. She had gotten to know Herzen in the Kinkels' circle.
She adopted their youngest daughter, Olga, and together they went to Paris
in 1860. They lived in various places: Rome, Capri, Bern, Florence, Venice,
Munich. After Olga's marriage in 1873, she went to Bayreuth and from there
to Italy where she settled in Rome in 1877. She enthusiastically observed
the unification of Germany under Bismarck's guidance, 1866-1870. Her
memoirs (up to 1861) were published in 1869 with an additional volume
appearing later which covered up to 1898.
— Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 17, pp. 407-409.]
0qb
[Count Eduard Heinrich Theodor von Reichenbach (1812-1869) attended the
gymnasium in Breslau, and studied botany there and in 1831 when he went to
Jena. Back in Breslau in 1832, he joined the Burschenschaft, and was expelled
for that reason in 1833, and in 1835 sentenced to a year's imprisonment in a
fortress. After his release, he bought and worked on a series of estates or
farms. His Burschenschaft experience had made him a convinced republican, and
in the days leading up to March 1848, he opened his home to the political
opposition. He joined the Hallgarten circle, corresponded for Robert Blum's
paper and sheltered Polish refugees and emissaries from the 1846 Krakau
uprising. He was a member of the Frankfurt parliament and the Prussian
constituent assembly where he took his seats on the extreme left. In 1848, he
tried to convert resistance to the reactionary Brandenburg administration into
an uprising. Accused of high treason in 1851, he emigrated to London,
continuing on to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1853, where he lived on a farm,
returning to London in 1863, in which year he was also elected to a seat in the
lower Prussian house, which he could not take because the legislature was
dissolved.
— Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 17, pp. 407-409.]
0r
[DE adds here “Unfortunately we didn't see him often.”]
0ra
[Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim (1819-1880), German journalist and politician,
came from a Jewish family long prominent in banking. After his law
studies, he became a Privatdozent in Heidelberg in political science and
international law. But his inclinations to journalism soon won the upper hand,
and, his living assured by his family, he gave up teaching. He was very much
taken by the questions surrounding the movements of 1848. His feeble attempts
at practical politics nevertheless foundered and left him more and more to
make himself known through his pen and his theories. He spoke at the agitated
mass meeting at Unter den Zelten where the legislature's petition to the king
regarding the wishes of the people was discussed. He became one of the chief
editors, with A. Ruge and Meyen, of Die Reform which soon came under the
oversight of several democratic groups. Among his other co-workers on this
paper were Bakunin, Heinzen and Herwegh. Oppenheim sought a seat in the
National Assembly. He thought it sufficient to refer to his writings in
Reform where he developed his premise “that only with freedom did
the people become mature enough for freedom,” but the people of Berlin
had no patience with a candidate who campaigned only with his pen. This
experience convinced him even more he that he was suited to a writing career,
as he did not seem suited to speaking.
He went to Baden and, looking for secrets, broke into the private files of
the departed archduke. Brentano, the leader of
the provisional government, put him in charge of the government newspaper, the
Karlsruher Zeitung. When a schism broke out between Brentano's moderates
and G. Struve's terrorists, Oppenheim worked for the latter, and was dismissed
from the newspaper when they failed. He then traveled to Switzerland, France,
Holland and England. He returned in 1850 and continued to publish works on
democratic ideas. He denounced the democrats for the victories of the
Reaction, but thought the latter were ultimately to blame because they turned
to raw despotic power rather than continuing with their phony constitutionalism.
The occurrences of 1866 worked a great transformation in Oppenheim. He greeted
the new order with joy while other liberals were more skeptical. He joined
the Prussian Progressive Party and wrote two flyers for the elections, one of
which only saw limited distribution since the leaders saw it as too radical.
After 1870, for the first time he directly discussed practical questions,
writing on poor laws and economics. He was also critical of “fanciful thinkers
about the future among the teachers in the universities.” In 1874, he was
elected to the Reichstag from Reuß ä. L. and took his seat as an expert on the
1869 changes to commercial regulations. In 1877 he lost his seat to a social
democrat.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 24, pp. 396-399.]
0s
[DE says “labor” rather than “socialist.”]
0t
[DE omits “was frequently seen there.”]
0ta
[Emmanuel Barthélemy was originally a mechanic from Séaux, France.
Christine Lattek reports he served a term in jail for attempting to
murder a police agent (rather than killing a police officer as Schurz
reports). Lattek confirms much of the rest of Schurz's story. —
Christine Lattek, Revolutionary refugees: German socialism in
Britain, 1840-1860, Routledge, 2006, pp. 131-2.]
0u
[DE omits “I do not remember by whom” — added in AT.]
0v
[DE says “unusual” rather than “remarkable.”]
0w
[DE omits “the severest.”]
0x
[DE says “a man of not insignificant intelligence”
rather than
“men perhaps of considerable ability.”]
0y
[DE inserts here “... usual ...”
and omits “abstract.”]
0z
[DE says “an outlaw”
rather than
“outside of the protection of the law.”]
0aa
[DE appends here “... after that first visit.”]
0ab
[DE says “The servant had found the Englishman dead”
rather than
“The Englishman was found dead” and inserts
here “... his own ...”]
0ac
[DE inserts here “... to the ground ...”]
0ad
[DE omits “curious.”]
0ae
[DE inserts here “... Emperor ...”]
0af
[DE says “his ‘lover’” rather than
“the woman.”]
0ag
[DE omits “old.”]
0ah
[DE says “absorbing” rather than
“remarkable.” The full citation for Malvida
von Meysenbug's book is Memoiren einer Idealistin, Berlin:
Schuster & Loeffler, 1905.]
0ai
[DE omits “and of a susceptible imagination.”]
0aj
[DE gives this sentence as:
“In a pleasant manner, I became better acquainted with
Malvida von Meysenbug in the Brüning household.”]
0ak
[DE says “romantic” rather than profound, and inserts here
“... intelligent ...”]
0am
[DE inserts here “... university ...,”
and says “no small” rather than “an important.”]
0an
[DE says “other women” rather than
“some kindred spirits” and says
“college” rather than “high school.”]
0ana
[DE inserts here “... finally ...”]
0ao
[DE omits “the book already mentioned —.”]
0ap
[DE says “must have been something over thirty years old” rather
than “she may have been about thirty-five.”]
0aq
[DE says “overlook her appearance in her presence” rather than
“overlook that disadvantage in the appreciation of her higher
qualities.”]
0ar
[DE gives this sentence as “She had read much and assimilated much
of that reading.” — an AT change.]
0as
[DE says “warm” rather than “real,”
“friendship” rather than “principles,”
“visionary excess” rather than “imaginative
eccentricity” and omits “and nobility.”
After this sentence, DE adds “Everyone around her had the highest
respect for her, and not a few of them became her warm friends.“ — deleted in AT.]
0asa
[DE inserts here “... which prevailed ...”]
0at
[DE omits “of consequence” and appends here “... and she was
often and gladly seen at the evening gatherings” — the latter deleted in
AT.]
0au
[DE gives this paragraph as “The books which Malvida von Meysenbug wrote
after the time of which I speak are all inspired by her view
of the world and life. One of them, ‘Memoirs of an Idealist,’
had the rare distinction of experiencing a rebirth after
disappearing from the literary market for no good reason.
Malvida reached a ripe age and spent her last decades in Rome
in constant personal and written contact with a numerous
circle of friends, among whom were men and women of great
distinction who had for her eminent and sympathetic personality
the greatest respect and affectionate attachment. The friendship
we forged in London remained warm until her death.”]
0av
[DE gives this sentence as “Now an event occurred which
fearfully darkened the mood of refugeedom and correspondingly
altered my destiny.”]
0aw
[DE omits “and truly.”]
0ax
[DE says “made it appear as if this view of the situation
was not unfounded” rather than
“gave much color to this view.”]
0ay
[DE omits “in London” — deleted in AT.]
0az
[DE omits “suspected of republican sentiments.”]
0ba
[DE omits “criminal” (added in AT) and says
“re-establishment” rather than “establishment.”]
0bb
[DE omits “soon.”]
0bc
[DE says “earliest” rather than “clearest.”]
0bd
[DE says “they” rather than “our French friends” and
“they cried; they embraced” rather than
“and danced the Carmagnole and sang ‘Ça Ira.’”]
0be
[DE omits “2d and.”]
0bf
[DE omits “of the Faubourgs.”]
0bg
[DE omits “comparatively.”]
0bh
[DE says “a laughable ape” rather than
“the mere ‘nephew of his uncle.’”]
0bh
[DE says “terrible” rather than “consuming”]
0bi
[DE says “unpleasant” rather than
“impossible.”]
0bia
[DE says “recent events and their natural consequences” rather than
“downfall ... France” — an AT change.]
0bib
[DE omits “with this conviction” — added in AT.]
0bj
[DE omits “reckless and.”]
0bk
[DE omits “long.”]
0bka
[DE appends here “... of humanity” — deleted in AT.]
0bm
[DE omits “and how?”]
0bn
[Neither DE nor AE get the quotation marks
right here. In DE an open double quote before “Ubi”
needs to be removed. In AE, there was a dash after
“patria” which here has been replace by a period
and a close double quote.]
0bna
[DE and AT say “increase my pecuniary resources
somewhat by continuing to give lessons” rather than
“make some necessary preparations.”]
0bo
[DE says “been sitting for a good while already” rather than
“sat perhaps half an hour” and
“person” rather than “man.”]
0bp
[DE omits this sentence.]
0bpa
[Louis Blanc (1811-1882) French socialist politician and historian,
was a member of the provisional French government following the
revolution of 1848. Controversy over his socialist view obliged him
to flee in May of that year to London where he did
historical writing and research. He returned to
France in September 1870 as a private in the national guard and was
elected to the National Assembly in 1871. His last important act
was to obtain amnesty for the communists.]
0bpb
[DE says “thoughtful” rather than “animated.”]
0bq
[DE and AT omit this sentence, but perhaps it was added in AT
since there is an insertion mark with a line leading off the
paper.]
0br
[DE appends here “... and a troubled face.”]
0bra
[DE omits “upon his breast.”]
0bs
[DE inserts here “... at twilight ...” and says
“the fellow democrat” rather than “him.”]
0bt
[DE omits this sentence.]
0bu
[DE begins this sentence with
“We indeed became very well acquainted — admittedly
not on that day, but soon thereafter — and ...”]
0bv
[DE appends here “... of friends.”]
0bw
[DE begins this sentence with “Shortly ...” and adds another
sentence “As I sat with him in his room for the last
time, he made yet another attempt to keep me in Europe.”]
0bx
[DE omits this sentence.]
0bxa
[DE inserts here “... considerable ...”]
0by
[“pressed” is a literal translation of the German,
and perhaps was idiomatic English in the early 1900's, but
now perhaps “clasped” or even “held,”
“taken” or “shook”
would sound better and be appropriate. The word
appears again with respect to Kossuth, and this change
could be made with benefit there too.]
0bz
[DE says “as one listens to a great speaker no matter
what he speaks about” rather than
“as a very distinguished lecturer.”]
0ca
[DE appends here “... which since then has erected
monuments to the dead man.”]
0cb
[DE says rather “Then, unexpectedly a new era:”]
0cc
[DE appends here “... which from the beginning was carried
out with a blazing nationalism and carried through to victory.
It has since then been justifiably asked whether this
upwelling of national feeling would have been possible without
the preceding year of awakening, 1848. ‘The great year
of awakening’ — this is the name that it
should have in the history of the German people.”
A sentence similar to this appears at the end of
the next paragraph in AE.]
0cd
[DE omits “in 1851.”]
0ce
[DE omits “1852.”]
Notes to Margarethe
Meyer Schurz
1
[Johannes Ronge (1813-1887), founder of the German Catholic or
Christian Catholic movement in Germany, was in 1840 appointed chaplain for
Grottkau. His liberal tendencies brought him into frequent conflict with the
Roman Catholic authorities. In 1843, he had to give up his chaplaincy
because of an article he wrote for the Sächsischen Vaterlandsblättern,
and he became an instructor in Laurahütte. In 1844, Ronge wrote his public
letter to Bishop Arnoldi expressing the widespread discontent over the
exhibition of the Trier coat, and he was defrocked and excommunicated.
Ronge's touring ministry brought about 100 new congregations to his movement.
He decried declining spirituality and called for a separation from Rome, the
formation of a German national church and an end to oral confession, priestly
celibacy, Latin masses etc. During this time Johannes Czerski joined the
movement. (In 1844, Czerski had resigned from his office in order to remove
his congregation from the Roman Catholic Church.) A Leipzig council in
1845 brought the various congregations to a common agreement, and the number
of congregations increased further to about 300. While free-thinking
protestants were sympathetic with the movement, the conservative protestants
did what they could to discourage it. Soon a split began within the movement
between the more conservative Czerski and the more liberal Ronge, and an 1847
council in Berlin failed to mend it. The 1848 upheavals encouraged the
movement, but it was sharply curtailed during the following reaction, and
Ronge was obligated to leave for London, returning only in 1861. From here
on out, his tale was one of increasing superficiality. Ronge's success was more
due to discontent with the increasing assertion of Roman authority within the
Roman Catholic Church rather than Ronge personally. He was skilled as an
agitator, but did not have the depth of sprituality needed for reformation.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 29 (Leipzig, 1889),
S. 129-130. Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 22, p. 28,
reports that, after his return to Germany, Ronge sought to interest liberal
Jewish congregations in a common free religion, and that in the 1870's
and 1880's he agitated energetically against spreading antisemitism.]
2
[Heinrich Christian Meyer (1797-1848), Hamburg merchant and manufacturer. At
eight years of age, he sold walking sticks on the streets that his father had
made, and earned his nickname “Stockmeyer” (Stick-Meyer). At 18 he
left his father's workshop and went to work in Bremen for a manufacturer of
whalebone products; a year later he founded his own workshop for making walking
sticks. Through diligence, industry and organizational talent, he developed
his workshop into the largest and most modern factory in Hamburg, and by 1840
the business was known on both sides of the Atlantic. In 1837, it was the
first concern in Hamburg to use steam in industrial processes. The factory
made walking sticks, whalebone products and rubber goods. In 1842, Meyer was
a leader in the effort to rebuild Hamburg after a great fire. In his public
work, he also devoted himself to overcoming the many hindrances to connecting
Hamburg and Berlin via rail. As he had purchased land in this connection which
appreciated greatly in value, there was a suspicion that he and an English
engineer and others had used their public positions to enrich themselves.
A statue was erected to his memory in 1854 by his fellow citizens.
— Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 21 (Leipzig, 1885),
S. 578-579; Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 17 (Berlin, 1994),
S. 293-294.]
3
[Christian Justus Friedrich Traun (1804-1881), German industrialist,
went to school in Hamburg. He
married Bertha Meyer (1818-1863) when she was 16 years old. They had had six
children by the time they divorced in 1851 and Bertha left for London with
the three youngest. In 1856, he was one of the founders, along with Heinrich
Adolph Meyer, of the Harburger Gummi-Kamm-Compagnie, an offshoot of his
father-in-law's business. Harburg is a suburb of Hamburg.
— http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Traun
and http://www.die-harburger.de/T/Traunstieg.html,
visited 22 September 2008.]
4
[Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel (1782-1852), German philosopher,
philanthropist and educational reformer. He invented the name
“kindergarten,” German for “garden of children,”
and called the
superintendents “children's gardeners.” He laid great stress on
every child cultivating its own plot of ground, but this was not his reason
for the choice of the name. It was rather that he thought of these
institutions as enclosures in which young human plants are nurtured. In the
Kindergarten, the children's employment should be play. But any
occupation in which children delight is play to them; and Fröbel invented a
series of employments, which, while they are in this sense play to the
children, have nevertheless, as seen from the adult point of view, a distinct
educational object. This object, as Fröbel himself describes it, is “to
give the children employment in agreement with their whole nature, to
strengthen their bodies, to exercise their senses, to engage their awakening
mind, and through their senses to bring them acquainted with nature and
their fellow creatures.”
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.]
5
[In 1855, Margarethe Schurz introduced the Fröbel kindergarten to America
in Watertown, Wisconsin.
— Albert Bernhardt Faust, The German Element in the United States,
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1909, Vol. II, p. 237.
In 1860, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody opened the first English-speaking
kindergarten in Boston after she was visited by the Schurz family and was
“impressed by the poise and development of their six-year-old daughter.
. . . Miss Peabody devoted the next thirty years of her life to conducting
kindergartens, training kindergartners, and traveling to preach the need of
the new education. The kindergarten movement spread rapidly, for the
teachings of Froebel flowered in America as they have nowhere else in the
world.” — Mabel Flick Altstetter, “Some Prophets of the
American Kindergarten,” Peabody Journal of Education,
Vol. 13, No. 5 (March 1936), pp. 224-225.]
6
[Margarethe Schurz died after giving birth in 1876. —
Trefousse.]
END OF ANNOTATIONS
*
Edward Manley's annotations are taken from
Lebenserinnerungen Bis zum Jahre 1850: Selections by
Carl Schurz, edited with notes and vocabulary by Edward Manley
(Allyn and Bacon: Norwood, Massachusetts, 1913, printed
by the Norwood Press, J.S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co.),
which is a condensed and truncated
version of the German edition of Volume One.
(The full German edition is referred to here as DE).
The annotations strictly pertaining to the German
language were omitted. Annotations which included information already in
the American edition (referred to here as AE),
but not in the Manley's condensed version of DE, were also omitted.
In addition to Manley's annotations, the opportunity has
been taken to note significant (and perhaps not so significant)
differences between DE and AE.
Many times restoring information omitted in AE was necessary
to make sense of Manley's annotations in the context of AE.
Also, annotations have been added to items which
Manley neglected, perhaps due to lack of information or space.
The annotations as to differences between DE
and AE could be of interest to readers of either
edition. AE seems to be in some senses a second
draft of the material in DE, and probably some of
the differences in AE would have been applied
back to DE if Schurz had had time for such an
activity, which from all appearances he did not.
Carl Schurz's papers in the Library of Congress contain a typescript
draft of the American edition (referred to here as AT),
perhaps the raw result of
Eleonora Kinnicutt's translation process, with written insertions
in Schurz's hand which apparently represent new material for the most part,
but are sometimes re-inclusion of material from DE or re-translations.
Many of the new items probably appear in the notes above as information DE
omitted, and could be of interest to its readers,
and AE contained amplifications with regard to
the material in DE some of which could also be
of interest to readers of DE. AT
is very close to the final draft represented by AE,
certainly much closer than an exactly faithful
translation of DE would be, but there are
occasionally significant differences.
On the other hand, some omissions in AE represent
material which was judged, either by Schurz or Kinnicutt,
as unsuitable or irrelevant at that time for the American audience
— a more extended
draft preface excerpt
on Kinnicutt's contribution, from Carl Schurz's papers in the
Library of Congress, emphasizes this aspect —
or perhaps words that were just dropped in the haste of translation.
But, with the passage of time, perhaps this material is now suitable
and relevant, and the missing adjectives and adverbs, alternative
translations, etc. may provide useful information and nuance for
readers of AE.
In short, these notes are interim notes for a
refurbishing of DE and its American English translation,
as well as supplementary information for understanding the context
of the first volume of Carl Schurz's Reminiscences.
The reader may despair of following up all of the notes, in which
case some relief may be obtained by only following up the numbered
notes (those without a letter suffix) with perhaps the rest to
be left to a perusal after completely reading the chapter.
Both editions would have benefited from further editing had there
been time and resources. The serialization of AE
in McClure's Magazine is the most readable with its
section headers and more profuse illustration.
(Except for a frontispiece with the
portrait of Kinkel and Schurz,
DE, at least that published in 1906 by
Georg Reimer, has
no illustrations at all, and the “Volksausgabe” of
1911 omits even the frontispiece, though thankfully it does contain
chapter and section labels which are missing in the 1906 edition.)
Except to a very limited extent, I haven't compared the
serialization with the book to see if the differences go beyond
the section headers and more numerous and more copiously annotated
illustrations. My limited explorations didn't turn up any differences
in text and paragraphing.
DE and AE could
certainly learn from each other as far as paragraphing is concerned, and,
as I think my titles for the chapters indicate, there are three chapters
in AE which could be split into two with good effect.
The chapters of DE are in even more need of splitting
since it consolidates Chapter V and VI of the American edition into its
fifth chapter.
DE was put out by at least two Berlin publishers:
G.
Reimer, 1906-1912, and Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1923-1930.
The title of the first volume in all these editions, the one of primary
interest here, differs subtly from that of Manley's book, being
Lebenserinnerungen Bis zum Jahre 1852, that is up to 1852
(when Schurz first departed from England for America) rather than 1850
(when Schurz first sailed away from Germany to England).
At least one interesting
aspect of DE cannot really be translated at all. When
Schurz quotes anyone who speaks non-standard German, he does so in their
own dialect and then translates into standard German.
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