King of Lorraine, 855-69.
Waldrade was his second wife.
King of Lotharingia, now Lorraine, a central section of Charlemagne's empire.
Pope Nicholas I refused all his attempts to divorce his childless wife and
marry Waldrada, his mistress, who had borne him children.
King of Italy and Emperor of the West.
Holy Roman Emperor of the West with his father, Louis I, from 817. In the same
year Louis made him heir over his younger brothers, Louis the Pious, Pepin, and
later Charles the Bald, who were to rule separate kingdoms in his domain.
However, when Louis I died (840), the two remaining brothers (Pepin had died in
838) defeated Lothair at Fontenoy (841) and divided the empire three ways.
King of France and of Germany, 814-840, emperor of the West, suceeded his
father, Charlemagne. Sincerely religious, he was troubled by rebellious sons
and their territorial squabbles, which they pursued to the neglect of all else
and hastened the end of the Carolingian Empire. He divided his empire among
his sons (817) to take effect after his death, but the final disposition took
place only after his sons made war on each other. His son Lothair I succeeded
his as emperor.
King of the Franks, 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor of the West, 800-814.
The eldest son of Pepin the Short, he inherited Neustria, the northwestern half
of the Frankish kingdom, in 768 and annexed the other half upon his brother
Carloman's death (771). Responding to threats against Rome and his own
sovereignty, he led two armies into Italy and captured the Lombard throne
(773). In reprisal to constant Saxon raids, he began a long (772-785) and
brutal conquest of Saxony, finally securing it for Christianity and Frankish
law. He also deposed the disloyal duke of Bavaria and defeated the Avars of
the middel Danube (791-96, 804), adding new lands to his empire. By 811 he had
established the Spainish March, a Christian refuge in northern Spain. He was
coronated emperor by Pope Leo III (800). A man of great power and enthusiasm,
he initiated the intellectual, artistic, and ecclesiastical awakening known as
the Carolingian Renaissance. His empire, though lacking sufficient economic
and political structure to maintain unity after his death, had combined the
Germanic peoples for the first time. He was canonized in 1165.
King of the Scots, son of Cronan, lay abbot of Dunkeld, and grandson of Malcolm
II. He was killed in 1040 by Macbeth for reasons unclear ot historians. Two
of his sons, Malcolm III Canmore and Donald Bane, were later kings of the
Scots.
King of Scotland 1005-34, who in 1018 defeated the Northumbrians at Carham and
secured the Anglo-Saxon district of Lothian permanently for Scotland. In the
same year he gained control over Strathclyde, and thus completed the political
unification of northern Brian. In 1031 he paid nominal homage to Canute,
although the Danish ruler never interfered with his rule.
Frankish ruler. Upon the death of his father (714), he seized control of
Austrasia and Neustria. He later conquered Burgundy, Aquitaine, and Provence
and subjugated many German tribes across the Rhine. In 732 at Tours he halted
the advance of the Muslims from Spain. He divided his kingdom between his sons
Pepin the Short and Carloman.