Information science programs integrate study from the fields of communication, computer science, cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, mathematics, philosophy, engineering, business, and others. This interdisciplinary background gives graduates a broad knowledge of library automation, systems, budgets, online searching, research, and cataloging. Since the 1980s, most schools of library science have become schools of library and information science or simply schools of information science. Many schools permit or require students to gain some practical training in a library before applying for their first job as a librarian. A growing number of schools also require courses in research methods. To have sufficient time to teach the new skills needed by librarians without sacrificing any of the traditional bibliographic skills, a number of schools have increased the amount of class hours required for a degree. All programs to educate librarians share certain characteristics. They provide courses in cataloging and classification, reference, management, and collections development.Programs typically offer courses in the history of books and librarianship to give students a background in the profession's past. Students in most schools of library and information science have the opportunity to develop at least some degree of specialization. Some may take advanced courses in a particular library function, such as reference work, while others may take courses related to a particular type of library, such as a course in medical librarianship or public librarianship. Few four-year colleges and universities offer programs specifically for the training of library support staff. Because the range of work done by support staff varies so greatly, there is no uniform educational system for these nonprofessional positions. Many support staff have a four-year college degree, and some have graduate degrees. Others have only a high school education or a two-year associate degree from a community college. Library support staff often have no training specifically designed to prepare them for work in a library except for the training they receive on the job. In the United States and Canada, some library support staff are graduates of formal library training programs offered by two-year community colleges.
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