mit Bezug zu: Kurt Wagenseil, William Taylour, Vita Sackville-West & Virginia Woolf, James Knapp-Fisher (Rupert Brooke, E.M. Forster), Alfred A. Knopf (E.M. Forster, Katherine Mansfield), Hilde & Paul Hamann, "Sagittarius", "New Statesman": "Index of General Articles" 1934, Buenos Aires: Sur (Virginia Woolf, Aldous Huxley, H.G. Wells), Ursula Pommer (Neil Postman → George Orwell ⇆ Aldous Huxley)
In English: Short Introduction | En français: Brève introduction | Magyarul: rövid bevezető | På svenska: Kort introduktion | краткое введение | In italiano: Breve introduzione | En español: Breve introducción
¶ Dies ist eine Liste von Personen, die mit der Bloomsbury-Gruppe in Verbindung stehen. Vieles an der Gruppe ist umstritten, auch ihre Mitgliedschaft: Es wurde gesagt, dass "die drei Worte 'die Bloomsbury-Gruppe' so oft verwendet wurden, dass sie fast unbrauchbar geworden sind" (Lee, a.a.O., S. 262). Sie beruht (I bis VIII) auf dem Artikel der englischen Wikipedia, Version vom 17. Mai 2023, unter Lizenz Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
¶
This is a list of people associated with the Bloomsbury Group. Much about the group is controversial, including its membership: it has been said that "the three words 'the Bloomsbury group' have been so much used as to have become almost unusable" (Lee, loc.cit., p. 262). It is based (part I to VIII) on the article of the English Wikipedia, version of 17 May 2023, under licence Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Fig. London, openstreetmap.org under Open Data Commons Open Database-Lizenz (ODbL). Bloomsbury to Knightsbridge (Wilton Place) and Chelsea in the South East and Old Kent Road in the South West of the Western part of the City (map above), the West India Dock Road and Pennyfields, mentioned in the article "Mitternächtiges London" (London at midnight) by Hans B. Wagenseil, in the newspaper "Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung", 3. Januar 1930, is in East London (map below) next to Limehouse, on the upper river side, in direction Isle of Dogs. The Savoy Hotel, whose address was used by Hans B. in 1937, is in the street The Strand in the district of the City of Westminster in direction Soho.
In the South of London are the counties Surrey, where E.M. Forster lived in the village Abinger Hammer in the Vale of Homedale in a house named West Hackhurst, West Sussex, where John Grotrian lived in Chichester and where Ellen Wagenseil worked at Lavant Hill House in Lurgashall, Petworth, in 1948/9 according to letters to Henry Miller, East Sussex, where Virginia Woolf lived later in the Monk's house in Rodnell, and Kent, where the Sackville-Wests lived in the Knole House in Sevenoaks and later since 1930 Vita Sackville-West and Harold Nicolson in Sissinghurst Castle next to Canterbury. Faringdon House, where Lord Berners lived, whom Kurt Wagenseil visited in 1936, is today in the county Oxfordshire, formerly in Berkshire.
I. Core members
The group had ten core members (Avery, loc.cit., p. 33):
Clive Bell, art critic*, **.
II. Included according to Leonard Woolf
In the 1960s, Leonard Woolf additionally listed the following Bloomsbury Group members (Lee, loc.cit., p. 263):
"Old Bloomsbury"
Later additions
III. Mentioned in various sources as included in the Bloomsbury Group
Various sources include the following:
Lady Ottoline Morrell (in: Lee, loc.cit.).
Thoby Stephen, brother to key members Adrian Stephen, Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell.
II. Omega Workshops
Roger Fry and other Bloomsbury Group artists such as Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant were involved in the Omega Workshops, a business which traded from 1913 to 1919. Other designers and manufacturers at the Workshops were not necessarily members of the Bloomsbury Group.
III. Ottoline Morrell circle
The Bloomsbury Group only partially identified with Lady Ottoline Morrell, but attended her parties at Garsington Manor. Others present:
L. P. Hartley ("Snapshot at Garsington Manor, Oxfordshire by Lady Ottoline Morrell, June 1923", National Portrait Gallery, London).
Figure of a quote inspiring Aldous Huxley, originally by William Shakespeare / Abb. eines Aldous Huxley inspirierenden Zitats ursprünglich aus William Shakespeare: "The Tempest" ["Der Sturm", geschrieben 1611, EA in "Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies", London: Issac Iaggard & Ed. Blount 1623], zitiert nach "The Dramatic Works of William Shakespeare: With a Glossary", London: Henry G. Bohn 1858, S. 22 [google.books.com]: "Miranda. O, wonder! / How many goodly creatures are there here! / How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world / That has such people in't!". In Aldous Huxley: "Brave New World" [EA 1932], Harmondsworth: Penguin 1976, S. 114: "'O brave new world that has such people in it. Let's start at once'", S. 166: "'O brave new world!' Miranda was proclaiming the possibility of transforming even the nightmare into something fine and noble. 'O brave new world' It was a challenge, a command".
IV. Hogarth Press
Hogarth Press was the publishing house owned by Leonard and Virginia Woolf after they had left the Bloomsbury area in 1917. Staff members and authors published by that company were not necessarily part of the Bloomsbury Group. The following are generally not seen as part of the Bloomsbury Group:
Published by Hogarth Press Hogarth Press personnel
Fig. "Kölnische Zeitung" (newspaper in Cologne) from 12.6.1938, Nr. 290, p. 18f.: "Knole im Herzen von Kent" by Hans B. Wagenseil [zeitpunkt.nrw].
V. LGBT extended groups
The Bloomsbury Group plays a prominent role in the LGBT history of its day. While still in the Bloomsbury area, LGBT activity was all very much in a single group, e.g. Duncan Grant, a homosexual with bisexual leanings (Angelica Garnett: "Deceived with Kindness" [EA 1984], 1995, p. 33), having affairs with Maynard Keynes, James Strachey, Adrian Stephen, David Garnett and straight Vanessa Bell. Names of LGBT people outside the Bloomsbury Group strictly speaking include:
Mary Garman.
Later the groups differentiated. Keynes married Lopokova [1925], and no longer belonged to any of the LGBT groups. Other groups more or less split according to the location of the members:
1. Lady Ottoline Morrell provided housing for Aldous Huxley at Garsington where he was married to Maria Nys after the war.
2. Also Duncan Grant and David Garnett had to work on the land as conscientious objectors during World War I. They started living with Vanessa Bell (also her son Julian) in Charleston Farmhouse.
Francis Birrell started a bookshop together with David Garnett later on.
3. Also during the First World War, Lytton Strachey and Dora Carrington moved to Tidmarsh Mill House, Berkshire. Later (in a ménage à trois with straight Ralph Partridge) they moved to Ham Spray House, Wiltshire.
Roger Senhouse was Lytton Strachey's last lover.
4. E. M. Forster spent his time as conscientious objector in Egypt, and remained there some time after the First World War. When returning to England his circle of LGBT friends and acquaintances included:
W. J. H. Sprott.
5. After Virginia Woolf had moved to Monk's House, East Sussex, she met Vita Sackville-West [until 1930 in Knole Castle, then Sissinghurst Castle, in Kent], writing her roman à clef "Orlando. A Biography" about her. Woolf also met the LGBT people around her, including (Souhami, loc.cit., pp. 123-124):
Harold Nicolson, Sackville-West's husband*,**, ****/7 (see also his translators Hermynia zur Mühlen, Hans B. Wagenseil and Hans Reisiger).
Fig. Lydia Lopokova, in: "Theatre Magazine", Volume 15, 1912. Vaslav Nijinsky, Igor Strawinski and Pablo Picasso were friends of her. Further reading in Milo Keynes: "Lydia Lopokova", London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1983; Judith Mackrell: "Bloomsbury Ballerina. Lydia Lopokova, Imperial Dancer and Mrs John Maynard Keynes", Bicester: Phoenix, 2009.
VI. Others
Others not generally considered part of the Bloomsbury Group properly speaking (some of them only befriended individual group members, not or only partially sharing their views or not in the same creative mindset):
Bernard Meninsky. Fig. Mulk Ray Anand: "The Lost Child and other Stories", London: Hague and Gill for J.A. Allen & Company 1934 (detail).
VII. Later offspring
Too young to be part of the original Bloomsbury group:
Nigel Nicolson, son of Harold Nicolson and Vita Sackville-West, also biographer of Virginia Woolf.
VIII. Critics of Bloomsbury
Wyndham Lewis*, ***.
[category added] Kingsley Martin, editor (1931-1960).
Also publishing in "The New Statesman": Clive Bell, E.M. Forster, Aldous Huxley, Julian Huxley, John Maynard Keynes, Rosamond Lehmann, Wyndham Lewis, Desmond MacCarthy, Raymond Mortimer, Harold Nicolson, Bertrand Russell, Vita and Edward Sackville-West, H.G. Wells, Virginia and Leonhard Woolf.
Contributions from German authors like Ernst Toller (Vol. 7, 1934, p. 544: "Promenade in Seville"; Vol. 8, Issue 193, "November 3, 1934", p. 613: "The Stalin-Wells-Conversation. A Comment", p. 908: "Cervantes"; Vol. 10, 1935, p. 220: "Grabbed by the Tail"; Vol. 11, 1936, p. 382: "A Letter from Prison", p. 931: "Noah's Song", Vol. 12, 1936, p. 350: "A British Free People's Theatre"), Arthur Koestler (Vol. 15, 1938, p. 452: "Two more Books on Spain"; Vol. 24, 1942, p. 255: "The Crank"; Vol. 34, 1947, p. 126: "Letter to a Parent of a British Soldier in Palestine") and Kurt Hiller (Vol. 8, Issue 199, "Saturday, December 15, 1934", p. 898: "The Death of Erich Mühsam", "recently appeared in Weltbühne")****/10.
Bibliography
Todd Avery: "Radio Modernism. Literature, Ethics, and the BBC, 1922-1938", London: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2006.
[ Anmerkungen. annotations. remarques ]
* Von den Wagenseil-Brüdern übersetzt. / Also translated by the Wagenseil brothers.
** Briefe von oder an oder über Kurt oder Hans B. Wagenseil. / Letters from or to or about Kurt or Hans B. Wagenseil.
*** See also artists' communities: Cap d'Antibes.
**** D. H. Lawrence: "Lady Chatterley's Lover" [first pub. 1928] was later published again at Paris: Obelisk Press in 1936.
***** John Maynard Keynes und Harry Dexter White lieferten 1943 Berechnungen, auf die in öffentliche Erklärungen im Zuge der Planungen einer neuen internationalen Währungsordnung Bezug genommen wurde. In Keynes' Berechnungen flossen dabei bereits Überlegungen für antizyklische Wirtschaftspolitik ein. Bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg und mit allmählicher Abweichung auch noch bis 1945 wurde weltweit auf den Goldstandard zur Definition eines Wechselkursmaßes gesetzt, das dann eingeführte Bretton-Woods-System verwendete den amerikanischen Dollar als Ankerwährung. Bis zu seinem Zusammenbruch 1973 habe es nicht nur Hyperinflations- und Deflationskrisen abgewehrt oder abgemildert, sondern damit auch der Einlagensicherungsgarantie des amerikanischen Glass-Steagal-Acts von 1932/33 Solidität verliehen, der aufgrund der Weltwirtschaftskrise erlassen wurde. Nach 1973 folgten Ölkrisen und Hyperinflationskrisen in - oft postsozialistischen - Staaten des Globalen Südens. Ab den 1980ern kam es in den USA zu einer Sparkassenkrise "Savings and Loan". 1999 wurde der Glass-Steagal-Act unter Bill Clinton aufgehoben. Vgl. für die Zeit ab 1973 den Artikel zu Ursula Pommer.
****/6 Batchelor (2022): "Vita's Berlin friendships: cosmopolitan women of letters" (in: Kathryn Batchelor, Lesley Chamberlain and Alison E. Martin, 'Harold in Germany, Vita in Love: Stories from Sissinghurst's Library', UCL Discovery) beschäftigt sich mit Selma Lagerlöf, Hermynia Zur Mühlen, Margaret Goldsmith, Annette Kolb und Else Lasker-Schüler (zu ihr siehe den Artikel zum Malik-Verlag, "König Ludwig II. von Bayern und Richard Wagner" von Annette Kolb erscheint 1947 im Querido-Exilverlag).
****/7 In "Etwas vom Essen", übersetzt von Hans B. Wagenseil, "Am häuslichen Herd", Vol. 61, Issue 9, 1957, S. 173: "Aber es gibt (oder gab) einen Oberkellner in der Welt, der mich mit Namen ansprach. Ich meine Olivier vom Pariser Ritz. Als ich vor einigen Jahren in Paris spazieren ging, traf ich Somerset Maugham. Ich lud ihn zum Essen ein. 'Wohin sollen wir gehen?' fragte er. 'Ins Ritz', sagte ich, 'weil ich dort mit Olivier befreundet bin.' Wir gingen ins Ritz, Es war, wie ich erwartete. Olivier eilte mit seinem huldvollen Lächeln auf uns zu. Er begrüsste zwar zuerst Somerset Maugham, aber ich nahm das nicht weiter übel. Im Gegenteil, ich freute mich auf das strahlende Wiedererkennungslächeln, das nun folgen würde. Schliesslich wandte er sich mir zu. Eine Wolke angestrengtesten Nachdenkens überzog sein sonniges Gesicht, aber sogleich verschwand es wieder, und beglückt sagte er: 'Mais voyons done, c'est Monsieur Bonstetten!'"; "Ich erinnere mich, dass André Maurois, dieser unentwegte Anglophile, mehr oder weniger dergleichen Ansicht war."
Norman Rose: "Harold Nicolson", Random House, Vintage Digital, 2014, chapter 9: "Once official work was over - or perhaps when Harold was at a loss how to entertain his guests - he would introduce them to Berlin's by now notorious night life, with which he was all too familiar. 'We went to the sodomites ball [Ball der Jugend, an annual affair],' Vita revealed to Virginia Woolf [29. Jan. 1929]. 'A lot of them were dressed as women, but I fancy I was the only genuine article in the room. A very odd sight.' Perhaps they would frequent the 'Cosy Corner', a favourite hang-out at Zollenstrasse 7 patronised by homosexuals and rent-boys. Eddy Sackville-West talked of being 'dragged about at night from one homosexual bar to another. The behaviour is perfectly open ... I was kissed indiscriminately ... The night passed like a dream.' Christopher Isherwood, who immortalised Berlin's free-and-easy lifestyle of the 1920s, recalled that many homosexuals thought working-class bars - the 'Cosy Corner'? - too 'rough' and 'felt safer in the high-class bars of the West End which only admitted boys who were neatly dressed ... [here] there were also dens of pseudo-vice catering to heterosexual tourists. Here, screaming boys in drag and monocled Eton-cropped girls in dinner-jackets play-acted the high jinks of Sodom and Gommorrah, horrifying the onlookers and reassuring them that Berlin was still the most decadent city in Europe.'".
Zu James Lees-Milne: "Harold Nicolson. A Biography", 2 Volumes, London: Chatto & Windus 1980/81, siehe Artikel Kurt Wagenseil: Prozessakten 1951.
****/8 Brian Christian de Claiborne Howard (13.03.1905-15.01.1958) "was an English poet and later a writer for the New Statesman", "he led a very active social life, tried to come to terms with his homosexuality, and published only one substantial poetry collection God Save the King (1930, Hours Press)", "[h]e had a long affair with Sandy Baird, whom he knew from Eton. Baird was killed in action in 1943 at 33-years-old [Fn. 8]", "[h]e suffered from bad health in the 1950s, and committed suicide by taking an overdose of sedatives after the accidental death of his lover, Sam Langford (1926-1958), who died suddenly but naturally in Howard's bath [Fn. 9, 10]" (WP, 16.06.22). Die Quellen sind D. J. Taylor: "Bright Young People. The Rise and Fall of a Generation 1918-1940", Random House 2010, S. 325 [Fn. 8]; Robert Aldrich, Garry Wotherspoon: "Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II", Psychology Press 2002, S. 258 (Artikel von Jason Boyd) [Fn. 9]; Patricia Juliana Smith: "Brian Howard (1905-1958)", glbtq.com, "an encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender & queer culture" 2002 (archived) [Fn 10]. Laut Christian Wagenseil, 31.07.2022, waren Brian und Sam in den 1950ern häufiger zu Besuch, Sam war dabei auch der Chauffeur von Brian. Das Brian Howard Archive ist im Eton College, MS 673. Bryant: Glamour Boys, 2020, S. 71 erwähnt einen gemeinsamen Besuch von Harold Nicolson, Eddie Gathorne-Hardy, Brian Howard und Sandy Baird im Blue Lantern Club. In Kurts Bibliothek ist Marie-Jaqueline Lancaster: "Brian Howard. Portrait of a failure" (London: Blond 1968) gelistet.
Siehe Briefwechsel Kurt Wagenseil an Henry Miller (correspondence with Henry Miller).
****/9 Vgl. Uwe Neumahr: "Das Schloss der Schriftsteller. Nürnberg '46. Treffen am Abgrund", München: Beck 2023, S. 46f.: "Ein anderer berühmter Autor trug aktiv dazu bei, die Hungersnot zu bekämpfen: George Orwell. Seine Haltung den Deutschen gegenüber war von einer 'paradoxen Fairness' geprägt, wie Werner von Koppenfels schreibt. Sie resultierte aus einem Scharfblick für die Ansteckungsgefahr totalitärer Denkmuster. Die Voraussetzungen, die zum Nazismus führten, waren in seinen Augen kein rein deutsches Phänomen. [...] Im April und Mai 1945, kurz vor Kriegsende, war er als Kriegsberichterstatter für den Observer unter anderem in Nürnberg gewesen und zuvor im zerstörten Köln".
George Orwell: "Pacifism and War", in: "Partisan Review", Vol. 9, Issue 5, London, September-Oktober 1942, pp. 414-21, esp. p. 415: "Pacifism is objectively pro-Fascist. This is elementary common sense. If you hamper the war effort of one side you automatically help that of the other. Nor is there any real way of remaining outside such a war as the present one. In practice, 'he that is not with me is against me'. The idea that you can somehow remain aloof from and superior to the struggle, while living on food which British sailors have to risk their lives to bring you, is a bourgeois illusion bred of money and security. Mr Savage remarks that 'according to this type of reasoning, a German or Japanese pacifist would be ›objectively pro-British‹.' But of course he would be!"
George Orwell: "Was beinahe alles ungültig macht, was über den Antisemitismus geschrieben wird, ist die Annahme im Geiste des Schriftstellers, dass er selbst immun dagegen sei. 'Da ich weiß, dass der Antisemitismus irrational ist', schließt er, 'ergibt sich daraus, dass ich ihn nicht teile'. [...] Man wird daher einsehen, daß der Ausgangspunkt für jede Erforschung des Antisemitismus nicht sein sollte 'Warum spricht dieser offensichtlich irrationale Glaube andere Leute an?', sondern: 'Warum spricht der Antisemitismus mich an? Was ist es an ihm, das ich als wahr empfinde?' Wenn man diese Frage stellt, entdeckt man zumindest seine eigenen Rationalisierungen, und es kann dann möglich sein, herauszufinden, was unter ihnen liegt. Der Antisemitismus sollte erforscht werden, - und ich meine damit nicht von Antisemiten, sondern auf jeden Fall von Leuten, die wissen, daß sie nicht immun gegen ein solches Gefühl sind" (zitiert nach "Denken mit George Orwell", Zürich: Diogenes 2003, S. 10-12, mit Quellenangabe 1945, L 230-2).
****/10 Zu Arthur Koestler und Kurt Hiller vergleiche Künstler*innenkolonie Berlin-Wilmersdorf und zu Ernst Toller und Erich Mühsam den Artikel Grete Lichtenstein. Koestler hat ein Nachwort beigesteuert zu George Orwell: "1984", übersetzt von Kurt Wagenseil, Zürich: [Diana-Verlag 1950].
Register der Überlieferung der Übersetzungen bis 1950Group of friends and relatives that became a movement
The Bloomsbury group started as a loose collective of friends and relatives living near Bloomsbury in London. Some of them knew each other from their time as students in Cambridge. Around World War I most of its key members had left the Bloomsbury area, where some of them later returned. The members of the Bloomsbury Group denied being a group in any formal sense, they however shared common values, among which was a strong belief in the arts (Ousby, a.a.O, p. 95).
Vanessa Bell, post-impressionist painter.
E. M. Forster, fiction writer*, **.
Roger Fry, art critic and post-impressionist painter.
Duncan Grant, post-impressionist painter, who later became a member of the Camden Town Group.
John Maynard Keynes, economist ("The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money", London: Mac Millan 1936).*****
Desmond MacCarthy, literary journalist (appears in a letter from Kurt Wagenseil to Viktor Meyer-Eckardt 1930).
Lytton Strachey, biographer.*
Leonard Woolf, essayist and non-fiction writer.
Virginia Woolf, fiction writer and essayist*, **.
Adrian Stephen.
Karin Stephen.
Saxon Sydney-Turner.
Mary (Molly) MacCarthy.
Julian Bell.
Quentin Bell.
Angelica Bell.
David Garnett.
Dora Carrington (in: Lee, loc.cit.).
James Strachey (in: Lee, loc.cit.).
Alix Strachey (in: Lee, loc.cit.).
Lydia Lopokova, Keynes' wife, accepted in the group (Clarke, loc.cit., p. 56).
Generally not seen as members of the Bloomsbury Group
I. Died before the group really existed
Eardley Knollys.
Philip Morrell.
Aldous Huxley and his wife Maria Nys.*
T. S. Eliot (in: Lee, loc.cit.).**
Katherine Mansfield (in: Lee, loc.cit.).*
Vita Sackville-West, "Hogarth Press's best-selling author" (in: Lee, loc.cit., p. 447)*, **, ****/6.
Julia Strachey, Lytton Stratchey's niece.
John Lehmann, later starting his own publishing company.**
Nina Hamnett.
Jane Ellen Harrison.
Rupert Brooke [see James Knapp-Fisher: Sidgwick & Jackson].
Arthur Hobhouse.
J. R. Ackerley.
Christopher Isherwood.
Siegfried Sassoon.
Forrest Reid.
Benjamin Britten (Michael De-la-Noy: "Eddy", London: The Bodley Head 1999, S. 205f.: affair with Edward Sackville-West; correspondence with Roger P. Hinks 1953).
Benedict Nicolson, their son.
Violet Trefusis, her former lover.
Ethel Smyth, another later acquaintance of Virginia Woolf (Spalding, loc.cit.).
Katherine Mansfield and John Lehmann, LGBT acquaintances linked to the publishing company she owned with her husband (Hogarth Press).
Mulk Raj Anand.*
Garman sisters, Lorna and Kathleen.
Jacques and Gwen Raverat (continued letter exchanges with Virginia Woolf after moving to France).
Bertrand Russell.*
Arthur Waley.
Hugh Walpole (in: Lee, a.a.O., p. 263).
G. E. Moore.
Ann Bridge.
Frances Partridge, married Ralph Partridge after Lytton Stratchey's and Dora Carrington's deaths and continued living in Ham Spray house.
Cressida Bell, daughter of Quentin Bell.
Burgo Partridge, son of Dora Carrington's widower, who later married Angelica and David Garnett's daughter.
Roy Campbell, poet.
D. H. Lawrence (Francis Spalding: "Duncan Grant. A Biography", London: Chatto & Windus 1997, pp. 169-170)*,****.
IX. "The New Statesman and Nation"
Brian Howard****/8 (review series "New Novels";
[...] Vol. 5, 1933, p. 532: "The Nazi Looks at Art" ["Mr. Brian Howard garantees the following conversation as an accurate record of an interview which took place during August of last year at the Brown House, Munich, between himself and Dr. Hau[!]fstaengl, press chief and social secretary to Hitler"]; Vol. 6, 1933, Supp. 14,10.33, xiv: "Art Now", p. 780: "Human, and All-too-Human";
Vol. 7, 1934, p. 272: "Toller" [about "I was a German", John Lane, Figure], p. 382: "Below the Belt" [about George Groddeck: "Exploring the Unconscious", Daniel], "April 7, 1934", p. 517f.: "World Danger No. 1" [about General Göring: "Germany Reborn", Elkin Mathews; Ernst Henri: "Hitler over Europe?", Dent; p. 518: "There were, after all, 13,000,000 old Socialists, Communists, and pacifists in Germany. Some parts of this section have been published in The New Statesman and Nation; those, for instance, concerned with the celebrated Revolutionary Groups of Five which were organised in most of the factories after the Revolution. The author contends that there is still to-day a substantial list of secret revolutionary units, all of which have been united, Catholics with Communists, in the Anti-Fascist Front"], p. 599: "Absolutism and Unit One", p. 711: "The Royal Academy. Bloddy but Unbowed", p. 857: "A Vanished World" [about "Happy Retrospect. The Reminescences of Count Wilczek", Bell], "June 16, 1934", p. 920: "Internment" [about Aladar Kuncz: "Black Monastery", Chatto and Windus]; Vol. 8, 1934, p. 64: "History and 'Civics'";
Vol. 9, 1935, p. 868: "Gentlemen v. Players"; Vol. 10, 1935, p. 22: "Town and Country";
Vol. 11, 1936, p. 162: "'Your Money and Your Life!'", p. 862: "Happy on Parade", p. 900: "The Powers of Geography", p. 991: "Seeing versus Believing"; Vol. 12, 1936, p. 786: "Carlo Sforza", p. 937: "Salavin";
Vol. 13, 1937, p. 122: "Time, Gentlemen, Please";
Vol. 15, 1938, p. 300: "The Great Psychosis", p. 484: "Hitler", p. 692-4: "A Perverse Story" [about Gaudens Megaro: "Mussolini in the Making", Allen and Unwin, p. 694: "Some people imagine that Facism is a by-product of Socialism. It is not. It is the dross, and one more book appeared that makes it clear"]; Vol. 16, 1938, p. 191: "A Symbolic Book";
Vol. 17, 1939, p. 656: "The German Emigration", p. 746: "The Lie as Education, and Why", p. 834: "Yogi Lancer", p. 890: "A Prayer for the Führer"; Vol. 18, 1939, p. 64: "The Capital", p. 154: "Ja Man";
Vol. 20, 1940, p. 162: "A Great Mother", p. 182: "A Last Minute Lession from the Spanish Posters", p. 420: "The Day before Yesterday";
Vol. 26, 1942, p. 289: "Colourful Pictures";
Vol. 28, 1943, p. 376: "New North-West Passage";
Vol. 29, 1945[!], p. 64: "Inside Information" [about Louis MacNeice: "Springboard. Poems, 1941-1944", Faber, and George Barker: "Eros in Dogma", Faber]; Vol. 30, 1945, p. 97: "A Composer's Schooldays", p. 393: "Master of Ceremonies", p. 443: "Mr. Connolly";
Vol. 31, 1946, p. 141: "Mr. Massingham's New Novel";
Vol. 34, 1947, p. 335: "Just a Song at Twilight", p. 395: "Through an Embassy Windscreen").
George Orwell*, ****/9 (Vol. 14, 1937, p. 314: "Experimentia docet"; Vol. 15, 1938, p. 428: "Glimpses and Reflections"; Vol. 20, 1940, p. 45: "On the Brink", p. 162: "Books in General", p. 193: "The English Civil War", p. 269: "Holding Out", p. 290: "History Books", p. 384: "Wishful Thinking and the Light Novel", p. 422: "Miss-Observation", p. 498: "By-Words", p. 574: "New Novels", p. 632: "Guerillas"; Vol. 21, 1941, p. 15, 89, 190, 278: "New Novels", p. 64: "Two Glimpses of the Moon", p. 168: "The People's Army"; Vol. 24, 1942, p. 342: "Perfide Albion"; Vol. 25, 1942, p. 23: "Pamphlet Literature"; Vol. 26, 1942, p. 109: "War in Burma").
"Sagittarius".
Bernard Shaw (f.e. Vol. 8, Issue 193, "November 3, 1934", p. 613: "The Stalin-Wells-Conversation. A Comment", combined with "A Comment" by Ernst Toller, following in Issue 194, "November 10", p. 653: "Shaw on Wells on Statin. A Comment" by John Maynard Keynes, p. 654: "A Reply to Mr. Shaw" by H.G. Wells, following in Issue 195, "November 17", p. 709: "Stalin-Wells continued" by Bernard Shaw).
Peter Clarke: "Keynes", London: Bloomsbury Press 2009, pp. 56, 57.
Hermione Lee: "Virginia Woolf", London: Chatto & Windus 1996.
Ian Ousby ed.: "The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995.
Diana Souhami: "Mrs. Keppel and Her Daughter. Portrait of a Lesbian Affair", New York: St. Martin's Griffin 1997, pp. 123-223.
Frances Spalding: "Virginia Woolf. Paper Darts. The Illustrated Letters", London: Collins & Brown 1991.
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